南方夏季肉牛舍湿帘风机负压通风系统降温效果

为改善南方夏季肉牛舍环境条件,该文对湿帘风机负压通风系统在肉牛舍的降温效果进行了探究。试验以栓系饲养西门塔尔公牛为试验对象,对环境、肉牛生理及增重情况进行测定。结果表明：降温后,试验舍平均温度降低3.2 ℃（P<0.01）,相对湿度增加21.3%（P<0.01）,肉牛附近风速增加0.30 m/s（P<0.01）,肉牛体感温度降低1.8 ℃（P<0.01）;试验牛呼吸频率平均降低13次/min（P<0.01）,皮温降低0.92 ℃（P<0.01）,平均日增质量提高0.13 kg/d（P>0.05）。由此可知,在肉牛舍中采用湿帘风机负压通风系统进行降温,能够有效改善舍内热环境,有助于缓解肉牛热应激,具有技术可行性。     

牛舍冷风机-风管上置置换通风系统设计及降温效果

为了探索一种高效且运行成本低的牛舍降温方式,该试验通过设计合理的风管布置和开口,采取上置置换通风的模式对肉牛舍降温。该设计方案用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法验证其可行性,并通过实际测试设定风机开启和关闭的适宜时间,试验表明:处理舍系统产生的冷风大量流向牛活动区域,温湿度梯度比对照舍明显,达到了局部降温的节能目的。该系统开启后,10:00-18:00期间,处理舍牛的平均热负荷指数(heat load index,HLI)比对照舍降低7.4(P0.01),平均呼吸频率降低12次/min(P0.01),平均日增质量提高0.37 kg/d(P0.01),缓解了肉牛的热应激,提高了肉牛的养殖效益。处理舍由于相对封闭,故牛活动区域平均相对湿度、CO2和NH3浓度分别比对照舍高26.8%、252 mg/m3、0.54 mg/m3(P0.01),但牛舍环境空气质量符合相关行业标准的要求。该试验为冷风机-风管通风降温系统设计提供了一些参考参数,有利于该系统的优化,并发挥更好的降温效果。     

冷风机-风管对南方开放式牛舍的降温效果

为改善南方夏季开放式肉牛舍环境条件,该文设计湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统,采用风管定点送风、孔口射流高速出风的模式,将冷风均匀送至肉牛活动区域进行局部降温。该研究以栓系饲养西门塔尔牛为试验对象,对环境、肉牛生理及增质量进行测定。结果表明:测定期间,在肉牛站立(1.3 m高度)和躺卧背部高度(0.7 m高度),与对照舍相比,处理舍的平均温度分别降低2.0和1.8℃,平均相对湿度皆增加10%,平均风速分别增加0.69和0.47 m/s(P0.01);试验舍内氨气和二氧化碳平均质量浓度比对照舍分别降低0.17和81 mg/m3,热负荷指数(heat load index,HLI)均值降低2.84(P0.01);试验牛的呼吸频率降低22次/min、直肠温度降低0.35℃、皮温降低1.04℃,差异均极显著(P0.01)。在整个试验期间,处理舍肉牛未出现患病情况,日增质量为0.92 kg/d;对照舍肉牛患病率高达47%,日增质量为0.54 kg/d,差异极显著(P0.01)。该研究表明在开放式牛舍中进行湿帘冷风机-纤维风管局部降温,有助于缓解肉牛热应激,应用于南方夏季高温高湿天气下技术和经济可行。     

湿帘冷风机-纤维风管通风系统对妊娠猪猪舍的降温效果

夏季高温严重影响母猪生产性能,为缓解空怀妊娠母猪夏季热应激,该文采用湿帘冷风机-纤维风管通风系统,以风管定点送风、开孔喷射出风的模式,将冷风输送至妊娠猪活动区域进行局部降温试验,对照猪舍采用自然通风模式。试验结果表明:在舍外日平均最高气温39.9℃,平均温度31.5℃、湿度85.6%时,试验舍和对照舍日平均温度、日平均最高温度分别为27.7、29.6和30.2、32.5℃(P0.01),湿度分别为87.5%和82.5%(P0.05);试验舍风管纵向开孔出口平均风速为7.23 m/s,风管下风速从高往低逐渐衰减,母猪活动区域风速为0.99 m/s,对照舍风速为0.16 m/s(P0.01)。试验舍和对照舍CO2浓度分别为1 849和2 444 mg/m3(P0.05),NH3浓度分别为1.48和4.96 mg/m3(P0.01)。试验舍和对照舍平均温湿度指数分别为70.4和73.6(P0.01),有效环境温度分别为12.1和19.5℃(P0.01),试验舍全天均处于舒适范围。母猪平均皮温分别为33.3和34.1℃(P0.05),呼吸频率分别为72.3和87.5次/min(P0.05)。从生产性能来看,试验舍和对照舍6~9月母猪采食量分别为81.0和72.0 kg/(头·月),试验舍显著高于对照舍(P0.05),7~11月试验舍和对照舍母猪分娩率分别为89.3%和78.9%,窝产活仔数分别为12.6和11.7头/窝,出生窝质量分别为18.0和17.1 kg/窝,以上指标均差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统的局部降温和风冷效果好,可有效改善舍内热环境,缓解母猪热应激。     

吊顶对湿帘风机纵向通风牛舍环境及牛生理的影响研究

为了改善湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的降温效果和气流分布的均匀性,同时提高肉牛活动区的风速,该试验在实测的基础上,采用流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对安装吊顶的湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场进行模拟。模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,经吻合性验证,风速的平均相对误差,Y=0.7m截面为27%,Y=1.2 m截面为14%,Y=1.7 m截面为13%,认为模型有效。结果表明:安装吊顶后,舍内的气流分布均匀,肉牛活动区域风速适宜,可为肉牛提供更为适宜的饲养环境。舍内Y=0.7 m截面的平均风速为0.75 m/s,Y=1.2 m截面的平均风速为0.88 m/s,Y=1.7 m截面的平均风速为1.00 m/s。未安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(35.0±2.7)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(30.0±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(30.1±0.8)℃,较舍外平均降温14%;安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(37.2±2.1℃)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,较舍外平均降温16%,说明安装吊顶后降温效果显著。安装吊顶后,舍内平均相对湿度80.9%,有害气体浓度均在饲养标准范围内;呼吸频率为36次/min,平均等温指数(equivalent temperature index,ETI)为23.96,均未达到热应激水平。     

开放式牛舍舍内喷雾和屋面喷淋通风降温改善肉牛生产性能

为缓解南方夏季高温高湿热应激对肉牛生产性能的影响,探讨不同降温方式对肉牛的降温效果。以江西省地方品种锦江黄牛为试验对象,试验分为3组,每组8头牛,试验1、2和3组分别为舍内通风组、舍内喷雾通风组和屋面喷淋通风组,3个组牛的平均体质量分别为(250.38±24.54)、(247.93±24.54)和(250.00±24.02)kg(P0.05),试验于2014年7—8月进行。分别测定了环境温度、湿度,肉牛直肠温度、呼吸频率和日增质量等,结果表明:屋面喷淋运行期间(10:00—18:00),与1组相比,3组舍内距屋顶0、1、2和3 m处温度分别降低4.79(P0.01)、2.13、1.37和1.42℃;湿度分别增加9.66%(P0.01)、6.76%(P0.01)、2.66%和1.80%;在14:00时,距离地面高度1.5和0.5 m分别降低1.20(P0.05)和1.07℃;呼吸频率降低12次/min(P0.01);直肠温度差异不显著;日增质量提高0.19 kg/d,提高率为26.38%(P0.05)。喷雾运行期间14:00时,与1组相比,2组肉牛体感温度喷雾前后分别降低0.51和1.43℃(P0.05),在18:00分别下降0.70和1.60℃(P0.05);呼吸频率降低13次/min(P0.01);直肠温度差异不显著;日增质量提高0.08 kg/d,提高率为11.11%。从以上结果可以看出,喷雾通风和屋面喷淋通风均可以一定程度缓解肉牛的热应激。     

复合保温卷帘改善寒区开放式牛舍冬季热湿环境

针对北方寒区卷帘牛舍冬季舍内温度过低、影响奶牛健康和生产的现状,该文结合黑龙江地区的气候特点,以牛舍温度不低于(5 ℃为设计目标,通过对卷帘材料的传热性能、厚度和面密度等进行测试,研究筛选了2种传热系数小于1.23 W/(m2(℃)的复合保温卷帘：1号白色保温卷帘（白色涤纶布+珍珠棉+喷胶棉+珍珠棉+白色涤纶布,1.01 W/(m2(℃)）和2号灰色保温卷帘（PE编织布+喷胶棉+针刺棉毡+镀铝PE编织布,0.89 W/(m2(℃)）。将2种保温卷帘分别安装在同一栋试验舍内,以原有的单层卷帘牛舍为对照舍进行了为期2个月的现场应用效果试验。试验结果表明,2种保温卷帘的透光性存在显著差异（P<0.05）,但保温效果不存在显著差异（P>0.05）;试验舍和对照舍在两侧卷帘开启25 cm、南侧开启25 cm和两侧封闭3种工况下,试验舍的平均温度和相对湿度均显著高于对照舍和舍外（P<0.05）,其舍内平均温度范围是(12.45～(16.70 ℃,平均相对湿度范围是88.53%～97.73%。因此,新型保温卷帘虽然比单层卷帘具有更好的保温性能,但是奶牛依旧处于低温高湿的状况下,表明只改善卷帘的保温性能并不能保证使寒区奶牛舍内温度高于最低温度的要求,寒区应慎重采用可封闭开放式的牛舍建筑形式。     

南方开放式肉牛舍夏季喷雾降温效果

为缓解南方肉牛夏季养殖过程中的热应激,该试验采用喷雾联合悬挂式风机的降温措施对不同品种肉牛的降温效果进行了研究。试验以西门塔尔杂交牛和锦江黄牛为试验品种,测定了环境、直肠温度、呼吸频率和日增质量等评价指标。结果表明:喷雾运行阶段,处理舍空气温度平均可降低2.1℃(P<0.01),相对湿度增加5.8%(P<0.01),降低3.2℃的体感温度(P<0.01);对西门塔尔杂交牛,喷雾结合风机的降温方式可降低其12:00-18:00的平均直肠温度0.3℃和呼吸频率11次/min(P<0.01),有效解除热积聚状况,但对其日增质量无显著提高;对锦江黄牛,喷雾可以降低其呼吸频率14次/min(P<0.01),有效缓解其热应激,日增质量提高0.19kg/d(P<0.05),提高率为27.5%。     

江淮地区冬季羊舍供暖及通风换气效果

为改善江淮地区冬季肉羊养殖福利状况、提高肉羊生产水平,该文以江淮地区最常见的双坡顶有窗封闭羊舍为研究对象,利用油汀式电暖气为羊舍供暖以及负压风机与电暖气相结合方式为羊舍通风换气进行试验研究。结果表明：冬季舍外有效温度为3.04 ℃,供暖羊舍空气温度和羔羊日增质量可分别比对照羊舍提高3.4 ℃和29 g,空怀母羊日平均采食量比对照舍降低90 g,说明羊舍冬季供暖经济可行;换气羊舍空气温度、相对湿度通风前后差异不显著（P＞0.05）,NH3质量浓度和CO2体积分数通风前后差异显著（P＜0.05）,证实这种换气方式能够解决羊舍冬季保暖与通风换气的矛盾。综合认为,该研究为南方江淮地区冬季肉羊舍环境调控奠定了基础。     

冬季恒温饮水装置和屋顶采光对提高肉牛生长速率的影响

为改善西北地区冬季肉牛养殖的福利状况、提高肉牛生产水平,该研究采用恒温饮水装置和牛舍屋顶采光措施对肉牛每日体质量增加的影响及经济可行性。处理舍利用研制的拴系饲养恒温饮水装置为牛只提供20℃温水,对照舍牛只饮用4℃凉水;2栋牛舍结构样式完全相同,均设屋顶采光带。试验结果表明:恒温饮水试验处理舍与对照舍牛只每日体质量增加分别为1.85和1.63kg/d,差异极显著(P<0.01)。处理舍屋顶采光使舍内接受太阳辐射热量为463.363MJ/d,并使南、北两侧的日平均辐射强度分别达到7和59W/m2,差异极显著(P<0.01);从上午10:00至下午15:00,处理舍南北侧平均温度分别为4.87、5.60℃,对照舍分别为4.92、6.04℃,均差异显著(P<0.05);2栋牛舍的南侧与南侧、北侧与北侧平均温度之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。牛舍南、北两侧的牛体质量增加分别为1.64和1.84kg/d,差异极显著(P<0.01),说明屋顶采光效果明显。恒温饮水装置与牛舍屋顶采光措施均能极显著提高冬季肉牛每日体质量增加,经济可行。     

开孔方案对肉牛舍湿帘冷风机-纤维风管送风降温效果的影响

该研究通过纤维风管4种开孔方案设置,结合湿帘冷风机,满足到达1.3 m高度时,1号、2号、3号及4号风管射流风速分别为1.5、2.3、3.1、3.9 m/s;测量牛舍的环境指标和试验牛的生理指标,比较缓解热应激效果,探索较优化的开孔方案。结果表明：测定期间,4个风管区域之间温度差异不显著（P>0.05）,平均比舍外低2.1℃（P<0.05）;相对湿度均低于85%。试验牛所在3号风管区域平均风速最高,为1.32 m/s;1号风管区域最低,为0.62 m/s。二氧化碳浓度3号风管区域最低,1号风管区域最高（P<0.05）。牛只呼吸频率3号风管区域最低,为42次/min,1号风管区域最高,为52次/min,肉牛呼吸频率与试验区风速显著负相关。该研究表明,湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统可有效缓解肉牛热应激,开孔方案设置满足到达1.3 m高度时射流风速为3.1 m/s的风管效果最优。     

夏季肉牛舍湿帘风机纵向通风系统的环境CFD模拟

为了研究湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的夏季降温效果,该试验在现场环境指标实测的基础上,采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场与温度场进行模拟,并对系统进行改进与优化.模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,结果表明:舍内温度分布均匀,但受牛体挡风的影响,气流分布不均,高风速区主要集中在屋顶及饲喂走道,可达0.9～1.2 m/s;牛活动区域风速较小,均小于0.6 m/s,不能满足饲养标准.在75个风速测定点剔除异常值后,气流场的相对误差范围为0.16％～94.41％,平均相对误差为34.53％,45个温度测点的相对误差范围为0.09％～10.74％,平均相对误差4.71％.通过温度场吻合性结果确定模拟与实测有较好的吻合度.在不改变牛舍围护结构及舍内构造的前提下,对牛舍进行优化,舍内安装导流板,使得温度与气流场的分布均匀性显著提高,降温效果更为显著.该研究可为湿帘风机牛舍的优化设计和环境调控提供参考.     

低屋面横向通风牛舍空气流场CFD模拟

低屋面横向通风(low profile cross ventilated,LPCV)牛舍作为中国大型奶牛场一种新的牛舍建筑形式近年来得到了广泛应用,但实际运行中存在舍内气流分布不均匀、夏季高温高湿、冬季低温高湿等环境控制技术瓶颈。为了研究LPCV牛舍空气流场的分布规律,以指导该种牛舍的改进和优化设计,该文在现场实测的基础上,采用计算流体动力学CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法,根据现场和实验室实测值所确定的风机、湿帘等边界条件,对LPCV牛舍的气流分布进行了三维数值模拟。模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中。模拟结果表明:挡风板和颈枷下面矮墙的设置影响了舍内气流分布的均匀性。在既有牛舍挡风板设置和矮墙高度不能改变的情况下对牛舍进行了局部改造,改造后舍内气流分布得到明显改善,平均风速增加了52.8%,气流不均匀性指标降低了41.8%。模拟值与实测值的对比表明,28个测点测试值与模拟值平均相对误差的平均值为17.1%,说明现场实测与数值模拟有较好的吻合度。该研究可为中国LPCV牛舍结构优化设计和环境调控提供参考。     

Utilizing Composted Beef Cattle Manure and Slaughterhouse Waste as Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers for Calcareous Soil

Effectively utilizing composts requires that their nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents be used as fertilizer, but how this is best accomplished is not fully understood. The authors' objective was to quantify N and P availability of a calcareous clay loam soil receiving composts derived from four contrasting beef cattle feedlot feedstocks applied at 50, 150, and 450 mg total P kg^?1 and supplemented twice with fertilizer N for a 42-week greenhouse plant bioassay. Three composted manures from beef cattle fed distinct diets and a composted mix of slaughterhouse and construction waste were applied. Inorganically fertilized and non-amended soils were included as controls. Canola (Brassica napus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were grown in pots containing 1.5 kg air-dried soil for six alternating 7-week cycles. Soils amended with composted manure from beef cattle fed typical finishing diets had the lowest apparent N recovery (31%) and the greatest soil nitrate after 42 weeks (25 mg N kg^?1). Phosphorus availability was greater with composted manure from beef cattle fed distillers' dried grains than composted manure from beef cattle fed typical finishing diets and a composted mixture of slaughterhouse and construction waste. Apparent P recovery (66%) was greatest from composted manure of beef cattle fed corn (Zea mays L.) distillers' dried grains applied at 50 mg total P kg^?1. Composted manure from beef cattle fed distillers' dried grains had greater P availability than conventional composted beef cattle feedlot manure. Overall, performance of the composted mixture of slaughterhouse and construction waste was similar to the composted beef cattle manures.     

高压和氯化钙结合处理对牛肉嫩度的影响

为探明高压和氯化钙（CaCl2）注射结合处理对僵直后期牛肉嫩度的影响,首先分别对CaCl2浓度、高压强度及保压时间对宰后36?h的牛背最长肌嫩度的影响进行分析,在3个单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面中心组合设计法,对高压和CaCl2结合处理嫩化牛肉的工艺参数进行优化,并通过透射电镜对肌纤维的超微结构进行分析。结果表明：以CaCl2浓度、高压强度和保压时间为自变量,剪切力值为响应值,得到的二次多项式回归模型拟合度高（决定系数R2=0.9742）;高压强度、保压时间、CaCl2浓度、高压强度和保压时间的交互作用对牛肉嫩化效果极显著（P＜0.01）,高压强度和CaCl2浓度的交互作用对牛肉嫩化效果显著（P＜0.05）。高压和CaCl2结合处理嫩化牛肉最佳工艺为：高压强度241?MPa,CaCl2浓度0.24?mol/L（样品质量5%的注射量）,保压时间14?min。应用此工艺嫩化牛肉,和对照相比牛背最长肌剪切力值下降了52.98%,肌纤维间隙增大,肌节完整性遭受破坏,牛肉嫩度明显改善。     

Residual Effects of Novel versus Traditional Organic Amendments for Rain-fed No-till Barley: Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and N2O Emissions

Organic amendments recycle nutrients, but N₂O emissions are both environmental and agronomic concerns. We conducted a 4-year field experiment to determine no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yield and nutrient uptake and soil N₂O emissions following a single application of six amendment treatments: (1) no amendment (Check); (2) synthetic N fertilizer (Fert); (3) fresh beef cattle feedlot manure (ManureF); (4) beef cattle feedlot manure compost (CompostR); (5) beef cattle feedlot manure composted with cattle mortalities (CompostM); and (6) separated solids from anaerobically digested cattle feedlot manure (ADM). Barley grown in Year 1 (2006), Year 2 (2007), and Year 4 (2009) (with Year 3 (2008) under fallow) had higher grain yields from ManureF (4.73 Mg ha^?1) in Year 2 and ADM (6.30 Mg ha^?1) in Year 4 (p < 0.05) than other treatments. The grain N and P contents were not affected (p > 0.05), but N uptake over 3 years (112.8 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1), and P uptake in Year 1 (19.1 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) and Year 2 (14.3 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) from ManureF, were higher (p < 0.05×) than other treatments. The cumulative N₂O emissions from ManureF in Year 1 (1.488 kg N ha^?1) and from ADM in Year 2 (1.072 kg N ha^?1) were higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments while the fraction of applied N emitted as N₂O was small (0.00 to 0.79%) and not affected by treatment. However, the percentages of applied N emitted as N₂O from compost and ADM were similar to synthetic fertilizer and livestock manure.     

Multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry for the identification and prioritization of malodors from confined animal feeding operations

Odor profiling efforts were directed at applying to high-density livestock operations some of the lessons learned in resolving past, highly diverse, odor-focused investigations in the consumer product industry. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used for field air sampling of odorous air near and downwind of a beef cattle feedyard and a swine finisher barn in Texas. Multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (MDGC-O) was utilized in an attempt to define and prioritize the basic building blocks of odor character associated with these livestock operations. Although scores of potential odorant volatiles have been previously identified in high-density livestock operations, the odor profile results developed herein suggest that only a very few of these may constitute the preponderance of the odor complaints associated with these environments. This appeared to be especially true for the case of increasing distance from both cattle feedyard and swine barn facilities, with p-cresol consistently taking on the dominant odor impact role with ever increasing distance. In contrast, at- or near-site odor profiles were shown to be much more complex, with many of the well-known lower tier odorant compounds rising in relative significance. For the cattle feedyard at- or near-site odor profiles, trimethylamine was shown to represent a significantly greater individual odor impact relative to the more often cited livestock odorants such as hydrogen sulfide, the organic sulfides, and volatile fatty acids. This study demonstrates that SPME combined with a MDGC-O-mass spectrometry system can be used for the sampling, identification, and prioritization of odors associated with livestock.     

Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed

Pomegranate peel is a nutritive-rich byproduct whose amounts are extensively growing due to the exponential increase in the production of pomegranate juice and "ready to eat" arils. Pomegranate peel is a rich source for antioxidants and thus may serve in the prevention of cattle diseases and in the improvement of beef products, making it an attractive component in beef cattle diets. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of commonly used storage practices on the nutritive and antioxidative properties of pomegranate peel. In general, storage conditions preserved most antioxidant capacity. Ensiling ambivalently affected the nutritive values of the peel and promoted increased levels of antioxidative components. In addition to polyphenols, nonphenolic components, such as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, contributed to the total antioxidative capacity, and several minerals found in the peel added to its nutritional value. Dietary supplementation with fresh peels promoted significant increases in feed intake and alpha-tocopherol concentration in the plasma, with positive tendency toward increased weight gain of bull calves. All in all, the nutritive value and the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate peel turn it into a favorable health-promoting constituent of feedlot beef cattle diet.     

基于离散元法的牛肉咀嚼破碎模型构建

为了实现准确、便捷、客观地牛肉嫩度分级检测。该文利用离散单元法构建牛肉块在口腔中咀嚼破碎模型,并进行仿真模拟。研究中选取50头牛的眼肉作为试验样品,30头牛用于构建模型,20头牛用于验证仿真模型的准确性。试验牛样品在75~80℃的恒温水浴中加热至样品内部温度达到70℃时取出,冷却至室温(20℃)。利用质构仪测得牛肉样品的剪切模量、法向刚度等参数,同时测得密度、碰撞恢复系数、摩擦系数等构建离散元模型需要的相关参数。利用测得的参数构建牛肉咀嚼破碎的离散元仿真模型。将咀嚼破碎的牛肉微颗粒作为离散单元模拟仿真中的最小单位,利用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型中的颗粒体积力将牛肉块替换为微颗粒黏结的颗粒簇。在咀嚼作用下,当任意2个微颗粒之间的法向应力和切向应力超过最大极限值时,颗粒簇就开始破碎,仿真牛肉的咀嚼破碎过程。研究中利用离散元模拟仿真4个咀嚼周期并记录力和牛肉颗粒的变化。采用感官评定法和剪切力测定分别验证仿真的准确性,准确率都达到90%。研究表明,利用离散元模拟仿真能有效地实现牛肉嫩度等级的预测评定,为牛肉嫩度品质检测提供新方法。     

大型自然通风奶牛舍空气颗粒物浓度监测方法中测点数和位置优化

对奶牛舍颗粒物浓度和分布进行实时连续监测,是评估其环境风险和制定科学减排措施的前提。随着大型奶牛舍的快速发展,对尽可能少且科学地布置测点数量和位置并能够对舍内颗粒物浓度进行精准监测,提出了新的挑战。为探究测点优化布置方案,该研究基于物联网技术在大型自然通风奶牛舍内3个相邻饲养区域布置17个采样点,对总悬浮颗粒物（total suspended particle, TSP）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度进行了连续6个月监测,得到舍内浓度平均值（视为“真值”）;利用系统聚类和误差分析方法得到优化的测点方案,并将其颗粒物浓度结果与6种传统测点方案进行对比,以确定最优的测点数量和位置方案。结果表明,舍内3个饲养区域内颗粒物浓度分布均匀,PM_2.5浓度在不同采样高度上无统计差异（P>0.05）,而TSP浓度在屋顶通风口下方（9.0 m）明显低于1.5和2.5 m高度（P<0.05）。与真值相比,优化测点方案的TSP和PM_2.5浓度监测误差绝对值之和分别为6.4%～22.6%和4.7%～14.2%,均低于传统测点方案。综合考虑优化方案的科学性和传统方案的易操作性,确定最优测点方案为：在奶牛舍中央屋顶通风口下方1.0～2.0 m处布置1个测点,在奶牛卧床上方2.5 m高度布置2个测点,上述3个测点按奶牛舍斜对角线进行布置;另外,分别在挤奶通道、饲喂通道、清粪通道上方2.5 m高度处各布置1个测点;共计6个测点。该优化测点方案可满足监测准确性和易操作性要求。