姜油纳米乳液超声波乳化制备工艺及其稳定性研究

以辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯为乳化剂,采用超声波乳化的方法制备了姜油纳米乳液,并探讨了环境因素对其稳定性的影响。通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定以乳化性能良好的Purity Gum 2000(PG)和Hi Cap 100(HC)2种辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯进行纳米乳液制备。以PG为乳化剂时,最佳工艺参数为超声功率430 W,姜油质量分数9%,乳化剂质量浓度0.1 g/m L,所得纳米乳液的平均粒径为(148±4.23)nm。以HC为乳化剂时,最佳工艺参数为超声功率410 W,姜油质量分数9.2%,乳化剂质量浓度0.125 g/m L,所得纳米乳液平均粒径为(162±3.25)nm。PG和HC姜油纳米乳液均具有良好的p H值、离子强度抵抗性。酸性环境有利于姜油纳米乳液的稳定性保持。Ca离子浓度变化对姜油纳米乳液稳定性的影响大于Na离子,PG姜油纳米乳液对离子强度的抵抗能力大于HC姜油纳米乳液。在姜油纳米乳液中添加适量的麦芽糊精可以起到抗冻的作用,PG姜油纳米乳液的抗冻性能优于HC姜油纳米乳液。     

超高压均质对紫苏油纳米乳液稳定性的影响

采用大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)-磷脂酰胆碱作为表面活性剂,利用超高压均质技术制备紫苏油纳米乳液,探究不同SPI质量分数以及超高压均质压力对紫苏油纳米乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着SPI质量分数和超高压均质压力的增加,紫苏油纳米乳液的平均粒径和PDI值逐渐降低,在SPI质量分数为4%、均质压力140 MPa条件下紫苏油纳米乳液均一稳定,粒径最小为241.03 nm,PDI值最低为0.13;经过21 d的储藏试验,用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪测定紫苏油纳米乳液的物理稳定性,在SPI质量分数4%、均质压力140 MPa条件下,紫苏油纳米乳液未发生脂肪上浮或溶液聚集等现象,同时纳米乳液的平均粒径也未发生较大的变化,表明紫苏油纳米乳液在这一条件下具有较强的储藏稳定性。通过圆二色谱测定紫苏油纳米乳液中界面蛋白的二级结构变化,结果表明,超高压均质使α-螺旋的相对含量降低,而无规卷曲和β-折叠的相对含量升高,这说明界面蛋白的二级结构的变化对紫苏油纳米乳液的稳定性有一定的影响。     

两种大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱纳米乳液粉末化特性研究

将超声处理及高压均质后的纳米乳液,直接利用真空冷冻干燥法制备了大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱的乳化粉末,并进一步通过扫描电子显微镜、激光粒径分析仪、红外光谱等手段对真空冷冻干燥粉末以及复原乳液的物理化学等特性进行研究。研究发现冻干粉末复原乳液水复溶性良好,基本保持了与原始乳液相同的纳米级粒径。扫描电子显微镜及冻干粉末的粒径分布显示超声和高压均质制备的纳米乳液粉末结构致密均匀,表面无裂缝和孔隙,且高压均质制备粉末的表面更为平整,粒径分布总体呈现单峰分布,粒径平均值仅为6.13μm。使用超声和高压均质制备的纳米乳液冻干粉末的包埋产率和效率均达到90%以上,同时超声制备的纳米乳液冻干粉末更有利于β-胡萝卜素的包埋,更好地防止β-胡萝卜素损失。采用红外光谱学实验验证后发现,高压均质制备纳米乳液粉末的蛋白α-螺旋与β-折叠结构含量较低。与大豆蛋白-磷脂酰胆碱纳米乳液相比,真空冷冻干燥粉末的储藏稳定性及货架期显著提高。     

不同超声条件重组油体乳液制备及其稳定性研究

为构建稳定的重组油体乳液,研究了不同超声功率（200、400W）和不同超声时间（6、12、24min）对制备重组油体乳液稳定性的影响。为揭示不同超声条件与重组油体乳液稳定性的关系,采用动态激光散射、激光共聚焦显微镜和圆二色谱,研究了不同超声条件制备的重组油体乳液流体动力学半径、微观结构和Oleosin蛋白的二级结构变化。结果表明,利用超声处理制备的重组油体乳液乳化性、储藏稳定性和界面吸附能力远高于未经超声处理的乳液,并且随着超声时间的延长,乳液粒径逐渐变小,乳滴形状规则、分布均匀,乳液表面负电荷增加;当超声条件为200W、24min时,制备的重组油体乳液最为稳定,其乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数分别高达652.2m2/g和605.2min;不同超声处理改变了Oleosin蛋白的二级结构,影响其与磷脂酰胆碱的结合能力,进而改变乳液在油-水界面吸附特性,证明适宜强度的超声处理有利于重组油体乳液的形成。     

薄荷油纳米乳液消化规律与稳定性研究

研究了薄荷油纳米乳液在体外模拟消化过程中乳液包埋对其平均粒径、ζ-电位、游离脂肪酸释放率以及薄荷醇生物可利用度的影响。激光扫描3D共聚焦显微镜观察薄荷油纳米乳液的显微结构,研究发现薄荷油完全被SPI包埋,纳米乳液液滴呈球状形态,表明大豆蛋白完整地吸附于纳米乳液的油-水界面处,呈现出核壳状结构。高压均质处理制备的薄荷油纳米乳液的游离脂肪酸释放率及薄荷醇生物可利用度远大于薄荷油的对照组。薄荷油纳米乳液在模拟胃消化阶段,乳液的平均粒径、ζ-电位均变大,乳液的微观结构表明消化体系出现液滴聚合现象;在模拟肠液消化后,薄荷油纳米乳液的界面蛋白被水解,油滴被消化,乳液的平均粒径减小、ζ-电位绝对值增加。通过多重光散射稳定性分析仪检测薄荷油纳米乳液的稳定性,薄荷油稳定性指数为2.8,且检测过程中并未出现乳液上浮和絮凝等现象。     

不同结晶度几丁质纳米晶体制备皮克林乳液稳定性研究

通过酸解的方法获得不同结晶度的几丁质纳米晶体(Ch N),采用均质协同超声技术制备O/W型皮克林乳液。通过X射线衍射和傅里叶红外光谱计算分析了几丁质纳米颗粒的结晶度及官能团变化,进而对O/W乳液的微观结构、界面接触角、物理稳定性、热稳定性、乳析稳定性、储藏稳定性进行测定,分析了不同结晶度的Ch N对乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明:酸解并不会破坏几丁质的官能团,但是酸解可以改变几丁质的结晶度,且酸解2. 5 h时获得的Ch N结晶度最大,为78. 15%;结晶度高的Ch N制备的乳液形成更稳定的网状结构,Ch N更多地附着在油-水界面,使得乳液具有更小的界面接触角,提高了乳液的亲水性;研究还发现,结晶度高的Ch N制备的乳液热稳定性指数和物理稳定性指数较高,分别为63%和69. 52%;乳析稳定性好,乳析指数不足1%;另外,Ch N稳定的乳液在常温下储藏30 d均不分层,具有良好的储藏稳定性,且结晶度最高的Ch N制备的乳液粒径最小,储藏稳定性最好。因此,可以通过提高几丁质纳米晶体的结晶度制备稳定的O/W型皮克林乳液。     

pH值和EGCG对β-胡萝卜素乳液化学稳定性的影响

以β-胡萝卜素为芯材,利用α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)为乳化剂制备了不同pH值的乳液,并利用表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)作为抗氧化剂添加到乳液中,考察了不同pH值条件下,EGCG对β-胡萝卜素乳液化学稳定性的影响,探索了EGCG抗氧化机理。结果表明:在pH值2. 0和pH值7. 0的β-胡萝卜素乳液中,EGCG可以作为抗氧化剂抑制β-胡萝卜素降解。在pH值2. 0的乳液中,未添加EGCG和添加了0. 500 0%EGCG的乳液在贮藏7 d后,β-胡萝卜素的保留率分别为50. 45%和89. 37%;在pH值7. 0的乳液中,未添加EGCG与添加了0. 100 0%EGCG的乳液中,β-胡萝卜素的保留率分别为83. 97%和93. 48%,贮藏前后β-胡萝卜素乳液的色差发生显著变化(P 0. 05)。     

玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯乳液制备及其稳定性研究

为了探索适宜的玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯(ZDP)乳液制备工艺,通过高压均质方法,采用2种天然乳化剂:大豆卵磷脂(SL)和乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和4种合成乳化剂:十聚甘油单油酸酯(PGE18)、十聚甘油单月桂酸酯(PGE12)、蔗糖酯(SE15)和吐温80(T80),以及2种不同油相:大豆油(SO)和中链甘油三酯(MCT),分别制备了ZDP乳液,研究了不同乳化剂种类和质量分数以及油相种类对ZDP乳液性质和稳定性的影响。同时,在最佳乳化剂条件下,研究了ZDP添加量对乳液性质的影响。研究结果表明:天然乳化剂乳化制备所得ZDP乳液平均粒径大,且稳定性一般。小分子合成乳化剂制得的ZDP乳液平均粒径小,但稳定性差异大。其中,PGE18为乳化剂时制备的乳液各项指标较好,且在质量分数为0.8%时乳化效果最好。MCT为油相较SO为油相制备所得乳液稳定性好。因此,选择质量分数为0.8%的PGE18为乳化剂,MCT为油相,高压均质可以制得粒径小于200 nm的ZDP乳液,且在4℃下贮藏28 d仍可保留约90%的ZDP。ZDP添加量变化在4~32 nmol/g时对ZDP乳液的粒径和电位无显著影响。     

EGCG对β-胡萝卜素乳液物理稳定性的影响

以β-胡萝卜素为芯材,利用α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)为乳化剂制备了不同p H值的乳液,并利用表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)作为抗氧化剂添加到乳液中,测定了乳液的粒径、电位、包埋率、快速稳定性、界面蛋白含量,考察了p H值和EGCG添加量对β-胡萝卜素乳液物理稳定性的影响,并对稳定性机理进行了研究。结果表明:EGCG添加量对p H值2. 0和p H值7. 0的乳液粒径、电位和包埋率没有显著影响(p 0. 05),但对不同p H值乳液的快速稳定性影响显著(p 0. 05)。在p H值2. 0的乳液中,当EGCG添加量大于0. 2%时,随着EGCG添加量的增加,乳液稳定性下降;在p H值7. 0的乳液中,当EGCG添加量小于0. 02%时,乳液的稳定性比未添加EGCG的乳液稳定性高;当EGCG添加量在0. 02%～0. 10%时,随着EGCG添加量的增大,乳液稳定性降低。当EGCG添加量大于0. 10%时,EGCG的添加使β-胡萝卜素乳液快速分层,不能得到稳定乳液,原因是EGCG可以与α-LA相互作用使α-LA沉淀,致使没有足够的α-LA作为乳化剂稳定乳液。     

溶剂替换法制备β-胡萝卜素纳米粒子与稳定性

采用溶剂替换法制备β-胡萝卜素纳米粒子,通过考察4种乳化剂对制备纳米粒子粒径及分布的影响和测定贮藏过程中粒子粒径和β-胡萝卜素含量变化,研究了其稳定性.试验结果表明:以酪蛋白钠为乳化剂制备的β-胡萝卜素纳米粒子粒径大于以Tween 20、蔗糖脂肪酸酯和月桂酸十甘油酯为乳化剂制备的纳米粒子;向蔗糖脂肪酸酯中添加酪蛋白钠,以此混合物作为乳化剂可以制备平均粒径小于50nm的β-胡萝卜素纳米粒子;贮藏过程中,所有乳化剂制备的β-胡萝卜素纳米粒子粒径均保持较好的稳定性,β-胡萝卜素含量随着贮藏时间延长而减小,特别是在Tween 20为乳化剂制备的纳米粒子中降解最为明显.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。