小麦部分多基因家族的基因表达与耐热性获得的关系

采用两个耐热性有差异的小麦亲本Sturdy（感热）和Mustang（耐热）及其正反交组合,在热击条件下,对不同基因型的基因表达差异进行了研究。结果表明：随机引物和家族基因引物均能扩增出热击条件下的差异表达条带。包括父本特异表达型、母本特异表达型和正反交特异表达型。表明耐热性获得与热击蛋白的表达和其它基因的调控有关。     

东亚粳稻遗传评价（GUVA）材料在寒地稻区试验初报

为了进一步拓宽寒地稻区水稻品种的遗传基础,为育种者提供优异的亲本材料,获取新的有益基因,充实寒地水稻种质库,同时为东亚粳稻遗传评价(GUVA)提供寒地稻区的试验数据。首次对GUVA提供的41份材料进行了熟期、抗稻瘟病性、抗冷性、株型等方面的遗传评价。结果表明,参试材料熟期普遍偏晚,抗稻瘟病性较强,抗冷性较强,株型较好。指出一些熟期相对较早,抗稻瘟病性较强、抗冷性较强、株型较好、综合性状优良的材料,可以在寒地水稻育种工作中加以利用,以拓宽寒地稻种资源的遗传基础。     

刈割方式对紫花苜蓿生物量和粗蛋白含量的影响

 紫花苜蓿(Medicigo sativa L.)是重要的豆科牧草,刈割是利用紫花苜蓿的关键技术措施之一。本文以在云贵高原热带和亚热带地区表现优异的7个紫花苜蓿品种为研究对象,分析了不同刈割处理对紫花苜蓿品种产草量和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：刈割处理对紫花苜蓿不同品种的鲜草产量、干草产量及粗蛋白含量均有显著的影响。14号品种（1085）在45cm的刈割方式下鲜草产量最高,达到了86400kg/hm2,且显著高于30cm刈割和孕蕾期刈割（P＜0.05）;同一刈割处理下,不同的品种之间产草量和粗蛋白含量也存在显著的差异（P＜0.05）,45cm刈割处理时,14号品种（1085）的鲜草产量显著高于其余6个紫花苜蓿品种（P＜0.05）,而粗蛋白含量则是16号品种（1075）的最高,且显著高于其余6个紫花苜蓿品种（P＜0.05）。不同刈割处理对参试的紫花苜蓿品种产草量和粗蛋白含量分析,表明在45cm刈割方式下,苜蓿的产草量,粗蛋白含量和粗蛋白产量最高,故云贵高原热带和亚热带地区苜蓿生产的最适宜刈割高度是45cm。     

高寒地区超强抗寒新品种“东农冬麦1号”的选育

为选育出能在黑龙江省高寒地区安全越冬的冬小麦品种,从1994年开始进行了冬小麦抗寒育种工作和保护越冬的栽培技术研究。由于冬麦抗寒性属于数量遗传性状,因此选用抗寒较强的品种间杂交和多亲本杂交,以利于抗寒基因累加和超亲遗传。几年来共杂交471个组合,于2002年从Norstar×(牡引88-13×Alabaskaja)组合中,选育出一个抗寒高产的新品系(东农024)。后经四年区域试验和生产试验,并结合保护越冬栽培措施,不论雪大或雪小年份都能安全越冬。2007年1月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,正式命名"东农冬麦1号"开始推广,成为有史以来第一个能在黑龙江省高寒地区越冬的冬小麦新品种。     

玉米耐旱性的配合力分析（英文）

采用完全双列杂交Griffing方法Ⅰ,分析了不同双亲耐旱性组合类型对后代耐旱性的影响及其亲本间耐旱性的一般配合力、特殊配合力和反交效应,同时对耐旱性主要遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,玉米耐旱性的GCA效应存在显著差异,SCA效应存在极显著差异,R效应的差异不显著,6个亲本之间的耐旱性存在明显的差异,其中郑58耐旱性最强,PH4CV最差。用郑58、吉853、新自8717做耐旱亲本改良对后代耐旱性提高具有增益优势。基因的加性效应对后代耐旱性的提高因亲本和组合而异。因此,耐旱性遗传基因的表达,仅仅取决于加性效应和非加性效应,而与反交效应关系较小,玉米耐旱性的选择宜在高代进行。     

Germ-line transmission of a c-abl mutation produced by targeted gene disruption in ES cells

A substitution mutation has been introduced into the c-abl locus of murine embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination between exogenously added DNA and the endogenous gene, and these cells have been used to generate chimeric mice. It is shown that the c-abl mutation was transmitted to progeny by several male chimeras. This work demonstrates the feasibility of germ-line transmission of a mutation introduced into a nonselectable autosomal gene by homologous recombination.     

The chimpanzee as an animal model for investigating alcoholism

Young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) will accept ethanol in quantities sufficient to produce symptoms of withdrawal when ethanol is subsequently discontinued. Mild to severe symptoms of physical dependence, including grand mal seizures, are observed when ethanol is abruptly withdrawn after 6 to 10 weeks of chronic oral intake. In addition, the rate of disappearance of ethanol in blood increased during periods of chronic ingestion, an indication of developing metabolic tolerance. These results suggest that the young chimpanzee may be a suitable model for experimental studies of alcoholism.     

河北省地方水（陆）稻品种耐逆性研究

对河北省地方水(陆)稻品种耐逆性进行了鉴定,并在此基础上分析了耐寒性、耐旱性、耐盐性种质分布情况。对耐性频度较高的耐寒性、耐旱性从水、陆稻,熟期,不同稻作区等方面进行了详细研究。结果表明:耐寒、耐旱品种频度高、强度大,耐寒品种高达86.44%,高耐率23.53%;耐旱品种为48.77%,高耐率31.65%;耐盐性品种仅为6.46%,并且无高耐性和耐性品种。耐寒品种频度水稻高于陆稻,各熟期类型分布频度接近,随纬度增加、经度西移和温热条件降低而增加;耐旱性品种频度和强度均是陆稻高于水稻,早稻早熟耐性频度最高,其余熟期比较接近,河北省东北地区高,西北及冀中库淀地区低。     

Features of the photosynthetic apparatus in winter and spring wheat plants with different cold tolerance

It has been shown that winter wheat differs significantly not only in cold tolerance but also in the nature of changes in functional organization of the photosynthetic apparatus. Such changes occur already in the first hours of low temperature action, minimizing the adverse effects of cold on plants. They are of an adaptive nature and, along with others, permit the plants of winter wheat to survive under cold conditions. Accounting for these specific features may be useful for breeding to create cold-resistant varieties, as well for assessing the prospects of their introduction to regions that are characterized by frequent and significant lowering of temperature with long-term nature included in the period of active plant vegetation.     

Establishment of a Gene Expression System in Rice Chloroplast and Obtainment of PPT-Resistant Rice Plants

In contrast to the situation of random integration of foreign genes in nuclear transformation, the introduction of genes via chloroplast genetic engineering is characterized by site-specific pattern via homologous recombination. To establish an expression system for alien genes in rice chloroplast, the intergenic region of ndhF and trnL was selected as target for sitespecific integration of PPT-resistant bar gene in this study. Two DNA fragments suitable for homologous recombination were cloned from rice chloroplast genome DNA using PCR technique, and the chloroplast-specific expression vector pRB was constructed by fusing a modified 16S rRNA gene promoter to bar gene together with terminator ofpsbA gene 3 sequence. Chloroplast transformation was carried out by biolistic bombardment of sterile rice calli with the pRB construct. Subsequently, the regenerated plantlets and seeds of progeny arising from reciprocal cross to the wild-type lines were obtained. Molecular analysis suggested that the bar gene has been integrated into rice chloroplast genome. Genetic analysis revealed that bar gene could be transmitted and expressed normally in chloroplast genome. Thus, the bar gene conferred not only selection pressure for the transformation of rice chloroplast genome, but PPT-resistant trait for rice plants as well. It is suggested that an efficient gene expression system in the rice chloroplast has been established by chloroplast transformation technique.     

大茎野生种后代在甘蔗育种中的利用

选择有突出优良性状的几个大茎野生种后代作为甘蔗杂交亲本利用，结果表明：杂交后代表现早中熟或中晚熟、生长快、植株高、粗生耐旱、抗风力强、高产稳产、宿根性好。已从中选育出粤糖７９－１７７、粤糖８４－１６０、粤糖８６－３５３和粤糖８６－３６８等优良品种和品系。在所研究的大茎野生种后代亲本中，证实了崖城７３－２２６、Ｆ１７２是优良的父本，Ｆ１６０是优良的母本。在应用时，选择优缺点能够互补的当地栽培种或常用主要亲本与之杂交较易获得成功。ＰＴ４３－５２利用效果较差，应少用作亲本。Ｆ１５６、Ｆ１６９交配亲本少，定植实生苗数不多，育种效果尚难肯定，有待进一步研究。     

TOLERANCE BETWEEN HOST AND DONOR TISSUE IN BIRDS

Two methods were used to develop tolerance in the host toward donor cells. In the first method chicken embryos were joined by the parabiotic union of the chorioallantoic membranes after 9 days of incubation. The second method consisted of the use of embryonic transplants of limb buds from donor embryo to host embryo. These transplants were made after 96 hours of incubation with chicken embryos. Other species used were incubated to comparable development. Both methods were successful in the development of tolerance. However, the degree of tolerance attained varied within each method.     

A functional protein chip for pathway optimization and in vitro metabolic engineering

Pathway optimization is difficult to achieve owing to complex, nonlinear, and largely unknown interactions of enzymes, regulators, and metabolites. We report a pathway reconstruction using RNA display-derived messenger RNA-enzyme fusion molecules. These chimeras are immobilized by hybridization of their messenger RNA end with homologous capture DNA spotted on a substrate surface. Enzymes thus immobilized retain activity proportional to the amount of capture DNA, allowing modulation of the relative activity of pathway enzymes. Entire pathways can thus be reconstructed and optimized in vitro from genomic information. We provide concept validation with the sequential reactions catalyzed by luciferase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase and further illustrate this method with the optimization of the five-step pathway for trehalose synthesis.     

球花石斛的最佳授粉时间及杂交亲和性的研究

以球花石斛为材料,在不同的开花时期进行人工授粉及与其他石斛品种杂交,探究球花石斛不同授粉时间对坐果率和蒴果成熟度的影响及球花石斛与其他石斛品种杂交的亲和性。结果表明,球花石斛只有在人工异花授粉情况下才能坐果;同株异花授粉和异株异花授粉坐果率分别为81.0%和94.4%;球花石斛开花第5天或开花第6天授粉坐果率最高;开花后人工授粉越晚,蒴果的成熟率、横径、纵径和膨大率越低;球花石斛与麝香石斛、玫瑰石斛、晶帽石斛、喇叭唇石斛、黄火鸟石斛、龙马石斛正反交都不能正常坐果。为了保证人工授粉坐果率与蒴果成熟率,球花石斛的授粉工作应在花后6 d内进行。     

Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex

Humans restrain self-interest with moral and social values. They are the only species known to exhibit reciprocal fairness, which implies the punishment of other individuals' unfair behaviors, even if it hurts the punisher's economic self-interest. Reciprocal fairness has been demonstrated in the Ultimatum Game, where players often reject their bargaining partner's unfair offers. Despite progress in recent years, however, little is known about how the human brain limits the impact of selfish motives and implements fair behavior. Here we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation substantially reduces subjects' willingness to reject their partners' intentionally unfair offers, which suggests that subjects are less able to resist the economic temptation to accept these offers. Importantly, however, subjects still judge such offers as very unfair, which indicates that the right DLPFC plays a key role in the implementation of fairness-related behaviors.     

一株抗铬芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析

从湖北省大冶市某矿区土壤中分离到1株可以在含7mmo·L-1铬(Cr6+)的培养基上正常生长的菌株,命名为MD08.对该菌株进行了形态学观察和生理生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列分析.结果表明,MD08为革兰氏阳性细菌,椭圆形,中央有1个大的芽孢,利用葡萄糖产气产酸,甲基红试验显示为阴性;通过对该菌株的16S rDNA进行测序和同源性比较,发现它与芽孢杆菌的同源性达到99%,该菌株被鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium);MD08对多种重金属普遍具有较高的抗性,可以用于重金属污染的微生物修复和研究微生物与重金属的相互作用.     

小麦抗穗发芽研究方法的初步评价

对 10 6份小麦不同灌浆时期的穗发芽和种子发芽进行了测定 ,7份具不同穗发芽抗性基因型的完整穗、脱粒种子和切取的胚部发芽测试以及抗穗发芽小麦与易穗发芽小麦杂交的F2 单株测定与遗传分析。结果表明 :①由于不同基因型的灌浆速度、生理成熟和种子脱水速度不同 ,导致不同基因型的发芽高峰值出现在不同时期 ;②不同基因型的胚发芽率随灌浆期延长而增加 ,种子发芽和穗发芽率则呈现各自的高峰值 ,说明不同基因型的穗发芽抗性来源于胚以外的其他方面的抑制 ,因而在作遗传分析时 ,F1植株上的种子 (胚 )发芽应视为F1的表现 ,其他类推 ;③由于穗发芽受环境影响很大 ,通过简单的“抗×易”杂交和F2 的单株测试 ,有时不能准确地判定控制基因的数目 ,而单体和双端体分析能够较好反映基因所在的染色体或染色体个数和表达的显隐性关系等 ;④由于很难一次性地确定F2 所有单株的真实差异 ,因而在进行分子标记时 ,经过多年测定的稳定株系为对象较为可靠 ;⑤对穗发芽测试所涉及的问题作了简要讨论。     

Malignant lymphomas following allogenic disease: transition from an immunological to a neoplastic disorder

The graft versus host reaction which occurs in F(1) hybrid mice injected with parental spleen cells was used to examine several immunological theories of neoplasia. Long-term survivors of this reaction developed lymphoid neoplasms which resembled Hodgkin's disease and lymphosarcoma. Mice with these tumors were chimeras, but the parental cells present within their spleens had specific immunological tolerance toward host antigens. This, together with the finding that the tumors were transplantable only to isogenic recipients, indicates that the tumors were of host rather than donor origin.     

生菜品种比较试验

2005年对6个生菜品种(品系)分别在春保护地和秋露地进行了品种比较试验。试验结果表明,04SP03和04SP07综合表现最为突出,均表现极耐先期抽薹,04SP03表现中早熟,产量最高,口感微甜,品质好,叶质脆,叶色鲜绿,叶片数多;04SP07极早熟,产量在极早熟品种中最高,口感清淡,叶质脆,叶色鲜绿。04SP03和04SP07可分别作为中早熟和极早熟生菜新品种在天津地区推广种植。     

How bees remember flower shapes

Bees are able to learn to distinguish between flowers with different shapes or patterns. Some studies have suggested that bees remember only isolated features such as spatial frequency and line angles, rather than the photographic search images that are characteristic of vertebrates. New data indicate that this presumptive vertebrate-invertebrate dichotomy is false; bees can store flower patterns as a low-resolution eidetic image or photograph.