雌性鸭胚胎和雏鸭的抑制素和促性腺激素的分泌

测定了从孵化 ２１ ｄ 到出壳后 １ 日龄雌性鸭胚胎和初生雏 鸭外周及卵巢中具免疫活性的抑制素含量，同时也测定了促卵泡生成素（ Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ）和促黄体生成素（ Ｌ Ｈ）的含量⒚在判定有效后，用牛的抑制素放射免疫系统测定抑制素的含量⒚在第 ２１ 日至 ２５ 日时胚胎血浆中抑制素含量处于低水平， 到第 ２６ 日达到最大值，第 ２７ 日稍降后，抑制素含量在出生后快速下降⒚ Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 含量在胚胎期无显著变化，其含量的变化与外周抑制素含量的变化相对独立⒚卵巢中抑制素含量在孵 化的第 ２５ 日有显著下降，并于第 ２６ 日时快速回升⒚卵巢和血浆中 抑制素的含量在整个研究阶段后者比前者高约 １０ 倍 ⒚血浆 Ｌ Ｈ 从第 ２１ 日开始下降，至第 ２５ 日 接着有所回升并于第 ２７ 日达第二峰值⒚总之，血浆抑制素和 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 在雌性鸭胚胎中不存在负反馈关系， 这预示着胚胎期抑 制素的主要作用 不是抑制垂体分 泌 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ，同 样 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 也不影响抑 制素的分泌⒚     

Follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the female rat: cyclic release is dependent on circulating androgen

In adult cyclic female rats, intravenous injections of an antiserum to testosterone prevented the continued increase in serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which normally occurs during the early morning hours of estrus. This treatment did not prevent the initial increases in serum FSH (and luteinizing hormone) which occur during the critical period (1400 to 2000 of proestrus), nor did it interfere with subsequent ovulation. These observations indicate the existence of two separate mechanisms for preovulatory FSH release in the rat and implicate circulating testosterone as the stimulus for continued secretion of FSH during estrus.     

性腺肽类激素在动物生殖调控中的作用

阐述了性腺肽类激素抑制素、活化素及卵泡抑素对动物生殖机能的影响及其分泌的调节。抑制素和卵泡抑素均可抑制垂体FSH的活性,从而影响动物的生殖功能。抑制素受内分泌、旁分泌及自分泌作用;卵泡抑素以自分泌方式调节颗粒细胞功能,促进卵泡的黄体化;活化素以自分泌方式调节颗粒细胞的分化,阻止排卵卵泡的黄体化,并有诱导产生和增加FSH受体的功能。     

不同处理方法对家兔超数排卵的影响

[目的]确定家兔稳定高效的超数排卵方法。[方法]PMSG试验组母兔颈部皮下注射PMSG 406、0、80 IU/只,FSH试验组母兔颈部下注射FSH 6次,每次间隔12 h,注射量递减,总用量分别为80、604、0 IU/只,注射PMSG、FSH后耳缘静脉注射HCG 100 IU/只,计算卵子回收率,比较2种处理方法的超数排卵效果。[结果]应用PMSG超排时,60 IU/只试验组的卵子回收率显著高于其他2组(P<0.05)。应用FSH递减法超排时,总用量为60 IU/只的试验组的卵子回收率显著高于其他2组(P<0.05)。FSH递减法试验组和PMSG试验组的卵子回收率无显著差异(P>0.05)。[结论]以60 IU/只的PMSG联合100 IU/只的HCG对家兔进行处理的超排效果最好,卵子回收率达70%。     

Naturally occurring antihormones: secretion of FSH antagonists by women treated with a GnRH analog

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein essential for gonadal development and steroidogenesis. Recent studies suggest that deglycosylation of FSH results in the formation of antagonistic proteins that are capable of binding to gonadal receptors but that are devoid of bioactivity. Treatment of hypogonadal women with an antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone substantially decreased serum FSH bioactivity with minimal changes in immunoreactivity. Chromatofocusing and size fractionation of the serum samples indicated the secretion of immunoreactive FSH isoforms that are devoid of bioactivity but that are capable of blocking FSH action in ovarian granulosa cells. These findings provide the first demonstration of naturally occurring circulating antihormones. These FSH antagonists may play an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gonads.     

Nesfatin-1对初情期雌性大鼠促性腺激素及其mRNA表达的影响

为探究侧脑室注射Nesfatin-1对雌性大鼠促性腺激素水平及其mRNA表达的影响,对初情期前雌性大鼠的侧脑室注射Nesfatin-1,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测促黄体素(Luteinizing hormone,LH)和促卵泡素(Folliclestimulating hormone,FSH)mRNA在垂体中的变化,采用酶联免疫分析法检测血清LH和FSH的浓度。结果表明:在初情期前的雌性大鼠中,Nesfatin-1可促进初情期启动、增加卵巢重量、血清LH水平、垂体LH mRNA和FSH mRNA的表达增加(P0.05);但Nesfatin-1对FSH水平的影响不突出,注射后15min时增加(P0.05),60min不产生影响(P0.05)。侧脑室注射Nesfatin-1后15和60min均能提高血清LH水平,15min时提高更明显(P0.05),但对FSH水平的影响不尽相同。在成年的雌性大鼠中,Nesfatin-1对LH和FSH的分泌不产生影响(P0.05)。Nesfatin-1可通过下丘脑诱导和增强初情期过渡阶段雌性大鼠LH和FSH的释放及LH、FSH mRNA的表达。     

不同处理方法对新疆褐牛同期发情效果的影响

为新疆褐牛胚胎移植和人工授精选择高效的同期发情方法。经直肠检查,具有功能性黄体的新疆褐牛母牛149头,采用CIDR+FSH+PG、孕酮海绵栓+PMSG+PG、1次肌肉注射PG、2次肌肉注射PG、GnRH+PG方法进行同期发情处理,比较不同处理方法同期发情的效果。结果表明:1次肌肉注射PG与CIDR+FSH+PG、孕酮海绵栓+PMSG+PG、2次肌肉注射PG、GnRH+PG方法的同期发情率分别为48.28%与80.65%、75.00%、75.00%、72.41%,差异显著(p0.01)。可见处理方法以2次肌肉注射PG法为好,同期发情率高,简单易操作且成本低。     

广西沼泽型母水牛发情淡季生殖激素的变化规律研究

[目的]研究发情淡季母水牛生殖激素的变化规律及各激素之间的相互关系。[方法]采用酶联免疫分析方法(ELISA)测定了发情淡季广西沼泽母水牛血样中促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、抑制素(INH)、雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P4)的浓度变化,并结合B超技术检测了母水牛卵泡在发情周期中的变化。[结果]广西沼泽型母水牛血样中E2和P4浓度呈波动式变化。其中,E2分别在排卵后第13天d下降到基础水平。FSH在排卵后的第10天出现峰值;LH在排卵前2天出现峰值;INH在排卵后第4天出现峰值。各种激素之间存在相关性。FSH、LH和INH三者两两之间存在极显著相关性,INH与E2、P4存在显著相关性,E2与P4存在极显著相关性。[结论]该研究可为指导适时配种、提高广西本地沼泽型母水牛的繁殖力提供理论参考。     

Patterns of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation of the rat

The interrelation between the secretion of two hypophysiotropic peptides, growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin (SRIF), in the generation of episodic growth hormone (GH) secretion was inferred from direct measurements of immunoreactive GRF and immunoreactive SRIF concentrations in the hypophysial-portal plasma of the rat. Secretion of immunoreactive GRF was found to be episodic, with maximal concentrations present during periods of expected GH secretory episodes. Secretion of immunoreactive GRF was accompanied by a moderate reduction in portal plasma levels of immunoreactive SRIF. Passive immunoneutralization of SRIF was associated with increased concentrations of immunoreactive GRF in hypophysial-portal plasma. On the basis of these observations, it appears that each GH secretory episode is initiated by pulsatile secretion of immunoreactive GRF into the portal circulation, which is preceded by or is concurrent with a moderate reduction of inhibitory tone provided by portal immunoreactive SRIF. These experiments provide direct insights into central and adenohypophysial mechanisms by which GRF and SRIF interact to generate episodic secretion of GH.     

胸腺肽对幼龄雌性小鼠生殖器官指数及性激素水平的影响

研究了胸腺肽对幼龄雌性小鼠生殖器官指数及性激素水平的影响.以幼龄雌性小鼠为试验动物,连续30d皮下注射不同剂量的胸腺肽,观察各剂量胸腺肽处理对幼龄雌性小鼠卵巢、子宫脏器指数的影响,并检测血清中促卵泡激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E_2)的含量.结果表明,与正常饲养对照组比较,各剂量胸腺肽处理的小鼠卵巢指数、子宫指数降低,差异显著或极显著(p<0.05,p<0.01).其中,0.30mg·mL~(-1)胸腺肽处理组小鼠卵巢指数最低,比正常饲养对照组下降了 36.07%.0.60mg·mL~(-1)胸腺肽组小鼠子宫指数最低,比正常饲养对照组下降了38.08%.与正常饲养对照组相比,各剂量胸腺肽处理小鼠FSH、E2水平降低,差异显著或极显著(p<0.05,p<0.01).其中,0.60mg·mL~(-1)胸腺肽组FSH和E2含量都为最低,分别比正常饲养对照组下降14.48%和17.59%.可见,胸腺肽能降低幼龄雌性小鼠生殖器官指数及血清中性激素水平,从而影响幼龄雌性小鼠的生殖内分泌系统.     

延长来曲唑的用药时间对大鼠多囊卵巢综合征造模的影响

目的观察延长来曲唑的用药时间对多囊卵巢综合征（PCO S）模型大鼠血清性激素水平和卵巢形态的影响。方法 60只雌性SD大鼠随机等分为3组,21天组和30天组分别给予来曲唑连续灌服21、30 d,对照组不作任何处理。HE染色观察卵巢组织学变化,放免法测定大鼠血清性激素水平。结果对照组卵巢可见多个黄体及不同发育阶段的卵泡;来曲唑组有较多囊状扩张卵泡,尤以30天组更明显,但黄体数量明显减少。与对照组比较,来曲唑组的T水平升高（P〈0.01）,E2、P水平降低（P〈0.01）,且21天组的FSH、LH水平升高（P〈0.05或0.01）。30天组的FSH、T水平明显低于与21天组（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论适当延长来曲唑的使用时间可使FSH水平降低、LH水平增加,卵巢多囊变更为典型。     

主动免疫抑制素提高奶牛超数排卵胚胎产量的研究

 【目的】研究免疫抑制素提高奶牛超数排卵的效率以提高胚胎产量。【方法】免疫组首次免疫抑制素α亚基融合蛋白（1 mg?头-1）与白油佐剂混合乳液,首免后第28、56 d分别进行2次加强免疫,剂量为0.5 mg?头-1。对照组同时注射生理盐水与白油佐剂的混合乳液。在第二次加强免疫后10 d,采用FSH四日递减法进行超排处理,并根据母牛发情表现进行人工授精,试验一使用常规冷冻精液输精,试验二使用分离的雌性精子输精,输精后第7天进行冲胚。【结果】主动免疫抑制素能够有效提高血液抗抑制素抗体效价。试验一,免疫抑制素组头均获胚/卵总数为（15.8±2.8）枚,显著高于对照组（8.3±1.5）枚（P＜0.05）;头均可移植胚胎数为（9.6±3.1）枚,稍高于对照组的（5.8±1.6）枚（P＞0.05）。试验二,免疫抑制素组发情时间早于对照组(P＜0.05);输精后第7天血液孕酮浓度显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;头均获胚胎总数和头均可移植胚胎数分别为（15.4±1.9）枚和（5.7±0.7）枚,显著高于对照组的（9.1±1.2）枚和（3.1±0.5）枚(P＜0.05);免疫组获得的一级胚胎为（3.8±1.0）枚,占总可移植胚数的58%,显著高于对照组的（0.6±0.2）枚或19.8%(P＜0.05)。【结论】主动免疫抑制素能够促进牛卵泡发育、提高超排效率和胚胎产量,在使用性控精液输精时不仅大幅提高雌性胚胎数量,同时大幅提高胚胎质量。     

Endocrine and ovarian responses in water buffalo cows immunized against inhibin and subjected to the Ovsynch protocol

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of stimulating ovarian follicle development in order to improve fertility in water buffalo cows by immunization against inhibin. The experiment was carried out in early summer(May) and included 24 multi-parity crossbred Murrah-Swamp buffaloes that were divided into immunized(n=11) and control(n=13) groups. Each immunized cow was administered with a 2-m L immunogen of mineral oil adjuvant containing 2 mg of recombinant inhibin α-subunit fusion protein. The controls were treated with the adjuvant only. All animals received Ovsynch protocol treatment, starting on the day of the antigen administration, and they were artificially inseminated upon behavioral estrus. As a result, all of the immunized buffaloes generated antibodies against inhibin during the experimental period and had higher plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), activin, and estradiol(E2) related to estrous expression. A higher proportion of immunized animals expressed estrus behavior than did the controls(72% vs. 30%, P0.05). On average, inhibin-immunized buffaloes had significantly more large follicles(≥9 mm in diameter) than the controls(mean±SEM; 1.2±0.1 vs. 0.84±0.1, respectively; P0.05) and a slightly higher mean total number of follicles(≥2 mm; 11.4±0.7 vs. 9.0±1.1, respectively; P=0.09) and small(2–4 mm) follicles(8.81±0.6 vs. 6.84±1.0, respectively; P=0.12). A higher percentage of cows ovulated in the immunized group than in the control group(91%(10/11) vs. 54%(7/13), respectively; P0.05). Moreover, inhibin-immunized cows had slightly larger corpus luteum(CL) than the controls 9 days after ovulation and significantly higher(P0.01) post-ovulation peak plasma progesterone(P4) concentrations. Immunization against inhibin also marginally increased the conception rate 42 days after insemination(45.8% vs. 15.4%; P0.05). These results demonstrate that immunization against inhibin, coupled with the treatment with the Ovsynch protocol, can constitute a new technique to increase fertility in water buffalo cows.     

Studies of GnRH-AActive Immunization Effects on LH and FSH Secretion and Histostructure of the Ovary and Uterus in Rabbits

The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of active immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A) on secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary,and to observe the histological structures and development about ovaries and uteri in female rabbits.24 female rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=6),namely,experimental group Ⅰ (EG-I),experimental Ⅱ(EG- Ⅱ),experimental Ⅲ (EG-Ⅲ),and control group (CG).Rabbits were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 mL GnRH-A (alarelin)antigen respectively at concentrations of 100,100 and 50 μg mL-1 respectively,in EG-Ⅰ,EG-Ⅱ and EG-Ⅲ.Alarelin antigen was re-injected in EG-Ⅱ and EG-Ⅲ with the same dosage on 20 d.CG was a blank.The ovarian and uterine samples were collected aseptically at the end of the experiment of 70 d.The tissue slices were observed under light and electron microscopes.Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were measured with ELISA.The results showed that serum LH concentrations in EG-Ⅱ and EG-Ⅲ reached the peak levels on 50 and 40 d respectively,and LH level in EG-Ⅱ exceeded other 3 groups on 50 d (P＜0.05).FSH level in EG-Ⅱ was higher than those in EG-Ⅰ,CG (P＜0.01) and EG-Ⅲ (P＜0.05) on 40 d.GnRHA could increase the number of primary follicles,enlarge the primary follicle vertical diameter (PFV) and primary follicle transverse diameter (PFT),and promote growth and maturation of follicles.The endometrial epithelium thickness (EET) and uterine wall thickness (UWT) in three EGs were less than that in CG (P＜0.05).GnRH-A can increase the quantities of mitochondrial cristaes,cortex granules in cytoplasm,broaden and lengthen zona pellucidas and microvilli of oocytes.It also enlarged nuclei of ooxytes and mitochondria,thereby it promoted the development of oocytes.Re-injection of 100 μg alarelin antigen enhanced the secretion of LH and FSH.GnRH-A promoted the growth and maturation of ovaries and follicles,suppressed uterine development,and also influenced histostructure of ovaries and uteri in female rabbits.     

亚慢性染镉对未成年大鼠雌性生殖内分泌毒性研究

通过皮下注射CdCl2,研究了亚慢性染镉对未成年雌性SD大鼠血清性激素（雌二醇E2、孕酮P、卵泡刺激素FSH和黄体生成素LH）水平及生殖器官发育的影响。结果表明：各染镉组体重和卵巢湿重低于对照组（P〈0．05）,高剂量组的子宫系数及湿重低于对照组（P〈0．05）：各染镉组血清中P的水平低于对照组（P〈0．05）;而各染镉组血清的E2、FSH、LH与对照组无差别（P〉0．05）。结论为亚慢性低剂量镉暴露对未成年雌鼠生殖内分泌系统具有明显的毒性作用。     

抑制素主动免疫对青年奶山羊生殖的影响

本试验研究了抑制素主动免疫对青年奶山羊外周血生殖激素和产羔的影响。选用8只青年奶山羊,随机分成两组,每组各4只。试验组用人抑制素α亚单位片段(1-32)3次皮下注射进行免疫,生理盐水作对照,然后对8只羊间隔11d连续3次颈部肌肉注射氯前列烯醇(PG)0.1mg,末次注射PG发情后本交配种。结果为试验组4只奶山羊首免后均产生了抗体,末次免疫分别达到1∶64,1∶128,1∶64和1∶64,而对照组均未检测出抗体。8只青年奶山羊第3次注射PG后36～42h内全部发情,试验组的外周血促卵泡激素(FSH)的浓度高于对照组,且峰值的出现较对照组早,雌二醇(E2)的平均浓度显著高于对照组,而促黄体激素(LH)和孕酮(P)的平均浓度差异不显著。试验组比对照组产羔数提高80%。结果说明抑制素主动免疫能提高青年奶山羊的生殖性能。     

山羊超数排卵试验

用四种方法对30头次山羊进行超数排卵。方法1:PMSG(700～1350IU)静注+hCG(750～1000IU)或LH(150IU)静注;方法2:PMSG(1000IU)肌注+LH(100～200IU)静注;方法3:PMSG(1000～1350IU)肌注+hCG(750～1000)静注;方法4:FSH(总剂量为300IU,分六次肌注,每日二次,连用三日)+LH(100～150IU)静注。结果发现方法3得到的平均排卵数最高(7.4个/头),其次为方法4(6.5个/头),再次为方法2(3.4个/头)。方法1平均排卵数为2.4个/头。试验表明应用常规的方法3、方法4对山羊进行超数排卵是较为有效的超排方法,其中以方法3采卵手术率最高,为42.9％(3/7)。     

Activin-binding protein from rat ovary is follistatin

Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor beta protein family, was originally isolated from gonadal fluids and stimulates the release of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Activin has numerous functions in both normal and neoplastic cells. Various cells synthesize activin and have a specific binding site for this peptide. However, the molecular basis for its actions is unknown. A binding protein for activin was purified from rat ovary and was identical to follistatin, a specific inhibitor of FSH release. It is likely that the binding protein participates in the diverse regulatory actions of activin.     

聚乙烯吡咯酮与促卵泡素配合治疗奶牛卵巢萎缩的研究

本试验应用聚乙烯吡咯酮(PVP)与促卵泡素(FSH)相结合,利用PVP可以对FSH起包被和缓释而延长FSH在动物体内半衰期这一特性,进行了对奶牛卵巢萎缩的治疗试验,并与FSH分次注射和PMSG注射法的疗效进行了比较,试验结果表明,PVP与FSH结合组(A组)的疗效效果与FSH分次注射组(B组)、PMSG注射组(C组)间差异不显著(p>O.05),但治愈率分别高8.3和13.9个百分点。     

绵羊胎儿发育期母体和胎儿血浆中促卵泡激素的变化

为了认识动物胎儿期垂体 性腺轴调节机制的发生 ,本研究建立了绵羊促卵泡刺激素 (FSH)的生物学测定方法 ,并用该方法测定和研究了绵羊不同发育时期的胎儿及母体血浆中促卵泡激素FSH含量 (B FSH)。结果证明 ,在绵羊胎儿发育的早期 (6 0d) ,血浆中B FSH含量较低 ,但在中期 (6 0～ 12 0d)显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而后期至羔羊新生期显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )。雄性胎儿中期血浆B FSH含量显著高于雌性胎儿 ,其他时期无显著的性别差异。在妊娠 6 0～ 90d间 ,母体血浆FSH较高 ,之后显著降低 (P <0 0 5 )并持续到出生期。在胎儿发育过程中母体血浆中B FSH的变化与胎儿血浆B FSH的变化无显著的相关性。