鲆鲽鱼类产地溯源系统平台研究

为了保证鲆鲽鱼类产品的质量安全,围绕鲆鲽鱼类“从养殖到餐桌”的全过程,研究建立了一套由生产管理系统、监督管理系统、追溯查询系统等构成的产地溯源系统平台。该平台为养殖企业、监督管理部门和消费者提供了一个相互交流的工具,为鲆鲽鱼类产地溯源体系的建立提供了保障,可以为保证产品的质量安全发挥重要作用。     

不同规格鲆鲽类的生化组成及营养价值比较

分析了不同规格鲆鲽类的生化组成并进行了营养价值研究和安全性评价。结果表明,不同规格的鲆鲽类鱼肉氨基酸都符合FAO/WHO公布的氨基酸理想模式:EAA/TAA含量在40%左右、EAA/NEAA在60%以上,重金属含量都符合国内外相关标准,所以鲆鲽类蛋白质都属于理想安全的优质蛋白质。不同规格鲆鲽类的FAA/TAA的比例都相近,而1～2kg的鲆鲽类的必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸含量普遍高于0.5kg的大菱鲆。     

科技信息

鲆鲽类全雌苗种大规模培育技术研究通过验收5月5日,由中国水产科学研究院黄海所雷霁霖院士主持的公益性行业(农业)科研专项鲆鲽类全雌苗种大规模培育技术研究通过了受农业部科教司委托,农业部科技发展中心组织的专家验收。项目实施期间,在鲆鲽类全雌苗种培育、良种选育、养     

国家鲆鲽类产业技术体系培训班在秦皇岛市昌黎县举办

为加快鲆鲽类产业技术体系建设进程,推动当地鲆鲽类养殖品种的繁育、产品质量安全和鲆鲽类养殖新技术推广,2012年11月17日,河北综合试验站、装备与工程研究室、北戴河综合试验站在河北省秦皇岛市昌黎县联合举办了"鲆鲽类产业技术体系昌黎培训班"。此次培训特邀请了装备与工程研究室倪琦研究     

全球鲆鲽类贸易状况及对我国鲆鲽类养殖的启示

分析了全球鲆鲽类的生产特征,认为过去20年资源量和捕捞量相对稳定,为满足日益增长的市场需求,发展鲆鲽类养殖是大势所趋。重点研究了全球鲆鲽类的国际贸易状况,结果表明:鲆鲽类的流通和贸易主要是欧盟的区域内贸易和美加贸易,美国、加拿大和欧盟是鲆鲽类主要的进出口市场；亚洲是鲆鲽类重要的进口市场,中国和日本分别居第一位和第二位；鲆鲽类的净出口国有冰岛和印度尼西亚,净进口国有日本和意大利,而鲆鲽类产业内贸易活跃的国家有加拿大、德国和法国。在上述分析的基础上,结合我国鲆鲽类的国际贸易状况,从生产管理和市场营销两个方面对我国鲆鲽类养殖产业的发展提出了建议。     

我国鲆鲽类生殖内分泌研究进展

鱼类的生殖和苗种繁育是鱼类养殖业持续健康发展的必要前提和关键技术基础之一,是海洋生物技术的重要研究领域.近年来,我国北方沿海鱼类繁殖生理主要围绕鲆鲽类“下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴”的组织结构特征、性腺发育规律、性类固醇激素、生殖相关功能基因内分泌调控机制等方面开展了较系统的研究.本文重点介绍主要养殖鲆鲽类“下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴”中表达的重要功能基因的研究进展,并综述了鲆鲽类生殖相关组织的结构及其内分泌系统特征、性腺发育的生理特性及其与环境因子和激素诱导的关系、性类固醇激素的表达变化规律及其与水温及光周期调控关系等.旨在为鲆鲽类生殖活动的精准调控和建立苗种繁育新技术提供参考.     

鲆鲽类产业技术需求调查与建议

一、被调查单位总体概况 在回收的128份问卷中,辽宁29份,河北18份,天律7份,山东57份,江苏6份,福建11份.被调查单位数量分布与鲆鲽类主产区产量分布基本吻合,可反映出产业技术需求总体状况.从养殖单位性质看,被调查的128家养殖生产者中,16家为养殖企业,112家为个体养殖户.从养殖品种及其分布看,被调查养殖单位所养殖的鲆鲽类品种有大菱鲆、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎、星突江鲽、条斑星鲽、圆斑星鲽、漠斑牙鲆以及欧鳎.其中101户养殖了大菱鲆,32户养殖了牙鲆,31户养殖了半滑舌鳎,2户养殖了星突江鲽,6户养殖了条斑星鲽,5户养殖了圆斑星鲽,2户养殖了漠斑牙鲆,1户养殖了欧鳎.     

鲆鲽类养殖综合信息管理系统的构建解析

以PowerBuilder9.0作为信息管理系统的设计软件,以Windowsxp为服务器/客户应用软件平台,对鲆鲽类养殖的基本信息、生产记录、投入品、质量检测、病害防治及产品销售等六个模块进行系统集成,建立了一个无公害水产品养殖基地的信息管理系统。该系统是一个管理系统,通过它可以对鲆鲽类的养殖进行信息查询、质量安全监测、主要病害及重大疫病预测预报等功能。     

星突江鲽苗种实现规模化生产

6月,中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所组织有关专家在日照市海洋水产资源增殖站对该所承担的国家鲆鲽类产业技术体系（CARS-50）研究任务“星突江鲽苗种规模化繁育技术”和国家“十二五”863计划项目“新养殖海水种类苗种繁育技术”子课题“星斑川鲽苗种繁育技术”进行了现场验收。课题组在集成鲆鲽类亲鱼生殖调控技术的基础上,于2012年春开展了星突江鲽苗种规模化繁育技术研究,通过亲鱼优选、温光等综合调控亲鱼产卵、受精卵孵化环境控制和苗种规模化培育等配套技术工艺研究,实现了苗种规模化生产。     

鲆鲽类半封闭循环水养殖系统运行效果评价

根据鲆鲽类海水鱼的生理生态特点,整合双排水、多级物理过滤、臭氧消毒杀菌、纯氧混合增氧等关键的水质调控技术,构建了低能耗、低成本、高效益的半封闭循环水养殖系统,以大菱鲆为试验对象,通过试运行探讨了其可行性和实用性。养殖试验分3个阶段,对期间各项水质指标的动态变化进行了监测。结果表明:在日换水率为50 %时,各项水质指标均保持在鲆鲽类生长的适宜范围内；大菱鲆生长情况良好,成活率92 %,平均养殖密度达18.4 kg·m-3；与流水养殖模式比较,养鱼污水经过循环利用,每生产1 kg鱼节约能耗24 %,节水85 %。该鲆鲽类半封闭循环水养殖系统的可行性和经济性良好,适宜于在山东、河北、辽宁等北方沿海地区大力推广应用。     

Creatine turnover in the starry flounder,Platichthys stellatus

Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) were cannulated and a bolus of 9 Ci¹⁴C-creatine in saline was injected into the caudal vein. The fish were sacrificed at intervals ranging from 1h to 36d after label injection. Creatine pool size (PCr+Cr) and creatinine (Crn) content in blood, muscle, gills and liver were analyzed and specific activities (SA) determined.Mean concentrations of PCr+Cr/Crn in PCA-extracts of muscle, gills, liver and blood of experimental fish (at rest) were 38.1/2.40, 4.1/0.25, 5.6/0.45 and 0.3/n.d. mol.g^–1 respectively.Within 10 min, plasma SA had decreased by approximately 90%. In white muscle, the rate of¹⁴C–Cr appearance as well as label disappearance was slow compared to gills and liver. In fish examined 36d postinjection, mean SA in muscle had decreased to 23% of maximum SA which occurred 24h after injection.¹⁴C–Cr was incorporated into the liver tissue at a very high rate, SA being two orders of magnitude higher in liver than in white muscle. Over the first 6d, retention of label was observed in liver; after 36d only 3% of the original label was detected.Creatine pool size (PCr+Cr) in white muscle decreased with food deprivation. In flounder sacrificed after 36d, PCr+Cr was only 52% that of fed control fish, suggesting that creatine or precursors for its biosynthesis are supplied with the diet.     

MS-222对牙鲆麻醉效果

以MS-222为麻醉剂,在13～14℃水温条件下,用浸浴麻醉方法测试了不同麻醉剂浓度和不同麻醉时间对牙鲆复苏时间、复苏率和24h存活率及长时间麻醉对复苏率的影响以及超有效浓度麻醉剂（60mg/L）麻醉后的抗露干能力。预备实验证明,本试验条件下麻醉剂的有效浓度为50mg/L。实验表明,将麻醉剂浓度从50mg/L提高到200mg/L,供试鱼被麻醉的时间由288s缩短至50s,复苏时间由94s延长至106s;用60、100和200mg/L的麻醉液持续麻醉后,可获得100%复苏率的最长麻醉时间分别为64、32和32min,牙鲆经MS-222麻醉后抗露干时间延长。牙鲆麻醉后复苏过程中存在较大的个体差异,但一旦复苏,牙鲆24h内的存活率可达100%。实验表明,MS-222的合理麻醉浓度为60mg/L,此浓度下最长麻醉时间为64min,麻醉露干时间应低于60min。     

Compensatory Growth of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. and Changes in Biochemical Composition and Body Condition Indices during Starvation and after Refeeding in Winter Season

Compensatory growth and changes in biochemical composition, hematocrit and body condition indices of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were assessed during starvation and after refeeding. Twenty juvenile fish were stocked into each 200‐L flow‐through tank to give five treatments with three replicates per treatment: control group fish (C) were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk, whereas the Sl, S2, S3, and S4 fish were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk after 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation, respectively. During starvation, weight decreased linearly with periods of feed deprivation up to 3 wk. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (g/fish) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 or S4, but not significantly different from those of fish in C or Sl. Feed consumption of flounder (g/fish) was proportional to duration of feeding except for that of fish in S2. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in C, but not significantly different from those for fish in Sl, S3, or S4. During starvation, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and lipid content of flounder without liver decreased with periods of feed deprivation. However, HSI and condition factor (CF) for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in Sl, S3, S4 and C except for CF in Sl at the end of the feeding trial. Proximate composition of flounder without the liver was not significantly different among treatments at the end of the feeding trial. In considering above results, juvenile flounder achieved compensatory growth with up to 2‐wk feed deprivation. Compensatory growth of flounder fed for 6 wk after 2‐wk feed deprivation was well supported by improvement in SGR, FER, and PER. HSI could be a good index to monitor changes in body condition during starvation and after refeeding.     

Fish and seafood traceability based on AFLP markers: Elaboration of a species database

Several sociological, health and conservation arguments request a correct labelling of seafood products. Nowadays, molecular genetics is a useful tool for food chain traceability, particularly in regards to species identification. Among the variety of PCR-based molecular markers, AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) have recently been used to investigate genomes of different complexities. This paper assesses the potential use of the AFLP technology to determine fish and seafood species in processed commercial products and domestic stocks. In particular a species database of fish, molluscs and crustaceans has been created with the aim to identify species of origin of seafood products by previously defined AFLP patterns. Different EcoRI and TaqI primer combinations were selected from 20 screened combinations in relation to the total number of detected fragments and polymorphic ones. Most informative combinations were E32/T32, E32/T33, E33/T33, E33/T37, E33/T38, E40/T33, E40/T37, E42/T32, E42/T37. The comparison of informative markers between unknown frozen or fresh products and reference samples has enabled the accurate identification of 32 different species. The taxonomic characterization has been performed either at the species or at the population level depending on the number of available individuals. AFLP variation at the population level is particularly helpful for the stock traceability of domestic strains. Size homoplasy was also investigated in one species to assess the rate of non-homologous comigrating fragments and to detect additional polymorphic markers to be used in stock identification. Results of Band Sharing Index (BSI) and percentage of polymorphic fragments are presented and are discussed in relation to the wide applicability of AFLPs both for fish and seafood safety and authenticity testing in such fields as food traceability and restocking management. The database, available upon request at nonnis@biol.unipr.it, will be continuously updated.     

Prolonged photoperiod improves the growth performance for a hatchery reared right-eyed flatfish

Rearing winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in captivity for aquaculture and stock enhancement is a viable option to relieve fishing pressure and aid in ongoing recovery strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of photoperiod on growth and survival of young-of-the-year juvenile winter flounder. Juveniles were reared for 12 weeks at three photoperiods: 24 light/0 dark, 18 light/6 dark, and 12 light/12 dark. Twenty fish were stocked into each of 18 enclosures with six enclosures per treatment. Fish in all treatments were fed to satiation every four hours. All fish were imaged at stocking and at three-week intervals. Growth was measured as changes in standard length (SL) and body area (BA). As early as Week 3, fish in all treatments were significantly different in terms of SL and BA. In general, fish grown under continuous 24 light were the largest and fish in the 12 light/12 dark regime were the smallest. Maximum specific growth rates of 0.41 % per day for SL and 0.83 % per day for BA were achieved in the 24 light/0 dark photoperiod. Average mortality rate over the course of the experiment was 9.17 % and there were no significant differences in the number of dead fish among the treatments. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a longer day coupled with available food will increase growth rate for winter flounder juveniles, without affecting survival. By extending the photoperiod, growth in young-of-the year winter flounder is accelerated, bringing the growth rate of winter flounder close to that of other commercially produced flatfish.     

牙鲆和半滑舌鳎5S rDNA基因的染色体定位及鲽形目5种鱼类的分子系统学分析

利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术将5S rDNA基因定位在牙鲆和半滑舌鳎染色体上,结果表明,5S rDNA基因在雌、雄性半滑舌鳎的一对同源染色体上分别存在2个杂交信号位点;在二、三倍体牙鲆的同源染色体上分别存在2个和3个杂交信号位点,杂交信号明显且特异。本研究首次将5S rDNA基因定位在半滑舌鳎和三倍体牙鲆的染色体上,为牙鲆及半滑舌鳎倍性鉴定、染色体鉴别提供了有效方法。此外,根据牙鲆5S rDNA基因编码区序列设计引物,扩增出大菱鲆和半滑舌鳎5S rDNA基因编码区序列,与鲽、塞内加尔鳎、大口黑鲈、七鳃鳗的5SrDNA基因序列进行同源性比较后发现,5种鲽形目鱼类5S rDNA基因序列同源性高达98.3%,系统发生分析结果显示5种鲽形目鱼类聚为一支;各序列中GC含量均显著高于AT含量。     

Effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder. Three different taurine level diets were prepared by supplementation of taurine (T-0%, 0.5% and 1.5%) to the basal diet. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out twice at 20 °C by using different size of fish (average body weight: 0.3 g in Experiment I and 3.7 g in Experiment II). The feeding behavior of fish was observed throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiments, fish were killed for amino acids analysis.

The final average body weight and feed efficiency of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the T-1.5% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the T-0% diet in Experiments I and II. Abnormal feeding behavior such as multiple feeding while swimming in the water column was observed in the T-0% group in Experiment I. These findings indicate that taurine is essential for normal growth and development of normal feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder.     

High‐throughput Cryopreservation of Sperm from Sex‐reversed Southern Flounder,Paralichthys lethostigma

The Southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is a valuable aquaculture fish with established markets in the USA. All‐female production in this species is an important technology for aquaculture because the females usually have body sizes twice those of males at the same age, and sex‐reversed males (genotypic XX neomales) are used for all‐female production by crossing with genetically normal females. However, sperm volume from the neomales is usually small (<0.5 mL) and limits their application for all‐female fish production. Cryopreservation of sperm from these sex‐reversed neomales will provide access on demand with increased efficiency to extend the application of neomales. The goal of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of sperm from the Southern flounder by using an automated high‐throughput processing system. The objectives were to: (1) determine the effect of osmolality on activation of sperm motility; (2) evaluate the effect of extender solutions on sperm motility capacity; (3) evaluate the acute toxicity of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol) on sperm motility, and (4) estimate the effect of cooling rate on sperm cryopreservation and post‐thaw fertilization. Sperm motility was activated when osmolality was 400 mOsmol/kg or higher. Of the three extender buffers tested, HEPES4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) at 300 mOsmol/kg resulted in better protection for sperm motility than did Hanks' balanced salt solution and Mounib solution at 300 mOsmol/kg during 7 d of refrigerated storage. After 30 min equilibration with the cryoprotectant of 15% DMSO, sperm motility was 24 ± 21% (fresh sperm motility without any cryoprotectants was 42%). After cooling at a rate of 20 C/min, post‐thaw sperm motility was 8 ± 5% and fertilization was 63 ± 40% evaluated at the 32–64 cell stage (5 × 10⁵ sperm per egg). Overall, a protocol was developed for sperm cryopreservation in the Southern flounder with high‐throughput processing, which provides a tool to preserve the valuable genetic resources from neomale flounders, and enables germplasm repository development for the Southern flounder.     

池塘养殖牙鲆肠道和环境菌群结构对益生菌制剂的响应

为研究益生菌制剂对池塘养殖牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肠道及环境菌群结构的调控效果,采用高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析手段构建牙鲆肠道、养殖水体、饵料和池塘底泥的16S rDNA基因测序文库,分析不同样品中菌群组成和多样性在益生菌制剂调控过程中的变化趋势.结果显示,添加益生菌制剂后,池塘底泥和牙...     

Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 wk. After a 1-wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets ( P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets ( P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose-response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% ( R² = 0.94) based on WG, and the second-order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy.