Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance

Feed fats and oils provide significant amounts of energy to swine diets, but there is large variation in composition, quality, feeding value, and price among sources. Common measures of lipid quality include moisture, insolubles, and unsaponifiables (MIU), titer, and free fatty acid content, but provide limited information regarding their feeding value. Lipid peroxidation is an important quality factor related to animal growth performance and health, but maximum tolerable limits in various lipids have not been established. Several indicative assays can be used to detect the presence of various peroxidation compounds, but due to the complexity and numerous compounds produced and degraded during peroxidation process, no single method can adequately determine the extent of peroxidation. Until further information is available, using a combination of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and anisidine value appear to provide a reasonable assessment of the extent of peroxidation in a lipid at a reasonable cost. However, fatty acid composition of the lipid being evaluated should be considered when selecting specific assays. Predictive tests can also be used to estimate the stability or susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation and include active oxygen method, oil stability index, and oxygen bomb method. A review of 16 published studies with pigs has shown an average decrease of 11.4% in growth rate, 8.8% feed intake fed isocaloric diets containing peroxidized lipids compared to diets containing unperoxidized lipids of the same source. Furthermore, serum vitamin E content was generally reduced and serum TBARS content was increased when peroxidized lipids were fed in these studies, suggesting that feeding peroxidized lipids negatively affects metabolic oxidative status of pigs. However, it is unclear if antioxidants are useful additions to lipids to maintain optimal nutritional value, or if their addition to swine diets is beneficial in overcoming a metabolic oxidative challenge.     

Effects of oils on feed mildew and quality

This study was performed to determine the effects of oils on feed mildew and feed quality. Under different moisture content conditions (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feeds were supplemented with 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% soybean oil. In addition, at different moisture content levels (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feed was supplemented with 12% of various types of oil (soybean, peanut, corn and fish). Subsequently, a mixed mold spore suspension was added. The feed samples were incubated at 28°C, and the total mold, water activity (Aw), moisture, acid value, crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), crude ash (CA) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were determined at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The results showed no significant variations in the feed moisture, CP, CL, CA and NEF contents. However, the acid value gradually increased in the feed samples with an extended incubation time and increasing initial moisture. The feed moisture content was a critical factor controlling feed mildew, and high levels of oil supplementation caused an elevated Aw. Additionally, peanut oil promoted mold growth in feed. These results provide a reference for the production and scientific management of formulated feed.     

根据猪体发育进行猪饲料的销售与服务

1猪体发育成年之后,猪体内营养物质的沉积变异极大,有的体内脂肪含量仅为5%,有的高达12%,蛋白质含量也变异较大。造成这种现象的原因,是平时的饲养管理和饲料营养成分比例及采食量交互作用的结果。由于肌肉组织水分含量达到65%左右,而脂肪组织水分含量仅有5%,这是脂肪组织消耗的饲料是瘦肉组织3倍多的直接原因。2猪饲料状况及对猪体发育的影响目前的饲料,只能够做到化学分析基础上的营养平衡,实际上,即使这样的平衡,也是估测值,因为每批原料之间都存在变异,我们假设没有这种变异。饲料的消化吸收利用率也受原料消化率、动物胃肠道机能、健康…     

"壮能"饲料增效剂对猪生长性能及肉质的影响

以中药鸡骨草、白花蛇舌草、蚶壳草等组成的复方制剂“壮能”饲料增效剂,对猪生长性能、肉品质具有一定的改善作用。本试验选用60头健康状况良好的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪,分为2组,一组为对照组,另一组为试验组,添加1‰“壮能”饲料增效剂组,试验期105天,试验结束时,取眼肌,分别在宰后45min、24h、48h测定肉质。结果表明,“壮能”饲料增效剂能提高猪的日增重,降低料肉比;提高猪肉pH值和系水力,降低贮存损失,对肉色、大理石纹、嫩度几乎没有影响。     

微生物发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能及肉质的影响

为了研究乳酸菌发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质的影响及其机理,选择体重约80 kg的杜×长×大三元杂交生长育肥猪320头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组8个重复,每个重复20头猪,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮中5%的原料经乳酸菌发酵处理后再与其他原料混合;试验预试期3 d,正试期4周,在第4周结束时,每组随机抽取6头猪进行屠宰,测定屠宰性能和肉质。结果显示:与对照组相比,饲喂发酵饲料对肥育猪的干物质采食量、平均日增重和料重影响差异不显著(P0.05),猪血清中的生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-I水平组间差异也不显著(P=0.11);试验组育肥猪的背最长肌pH_(45 min)和肉色评分显著增加(P0.05),背最长肌肉剪切力显著降低(P0.05);试验组血清谷胱甘肽还原酶活性有升高趋势(P=0.08)。结果表明:肥育猪饲料中添加5%发酵饲料原料可改善猪肉品质。     

茶饲料对猪生长性能及肉品质的研究进展

本文概述了茶叶及其加工副产物在猪饲料化利用方面的国内外研究进展,具体阐述了茶叶、茶渣、茶叶提取物以及发酵茶叶在猪饲粮中的应用效果.茶叶及其加工副产物是理想的猪饲料添加剂,是对茶资源的充分综合利用,其饲料化应用前景广阔.     

颗粒直径对饲料加工质量和肉鸡生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究同一配方条件下,不同颗粒直径对饲料加工品质(硬度、耐久性)的影响以及不同颗粒直径组合对肉鸡生长性能的影响。试验共选用864只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为8个处理组,0~21 d饲喂破碎料,22~42 d饲喂不同颗粒直径组合颗粒饲料,对8个处理组进行为期42 d的饲养试验。试验结果表明,饲料颗粒硬度随颗粒直径的增加而显著提高(P<0.05),颗粒耐久性指数(PDI)随颗粒直径的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。不同颗粒直径对肉鸡生长性能影响不显著,但饲喂第4处理组(22~35 d饲喂颗粒直径3 mm饲料、36~42 d饲喂颗粒直径4 mm饲料)颗粒料的肉鸡平均日增重最大、日采食量也相对较大、而料重比较小,所以在肉鸡饲养过程中建议22~35 d饲喂颗粒直径3 mm的颗粒料、36~42 d饲喂颗粒直径4 mm的颗粒料。     

有机铬添加剂对猪生产性能和肉质的影响

长期以来,高瘦肉率、高生长速度一直是猪育种选育追求的主要目标。但随着人们生活水平的提高,消费者不仅注重瘦肉率,也注重猪肉品质。在养猪生产实践中,人们常在猪饲粮中添加某些添加剂来改善猪肉品质。近年来,国内兴起使用有机铬的热潮。一些研究表明,在猪饲粮添     

Environmental effects on pig performance, meat quality, and muscle characteristics

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of diverse production systems on pig performance, muscle characteristics, and their relation to pork quality measures. Birth and rearing conditions were evaluated using 48 barrows during the fall/winter months. Pigs were farrowed in either indoor crates or outdoor huts. At weaning, indoor- and outdoor-born pigs were allotted randomly to treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design with two birth (indoor vs. outdoor) and rearing (indoor vs. outdoor) environments. Pigs housed indoors were on concrete-slatted flooring (1.2 m2/pig), and pigs housed outdoors were on an alfalfa pasture (212 m2/pig). Body weight data were collected. Muscle samples were removed within 1 h postmortem from the longissimus (LM) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. Muscle samples were stained histochemically to identify type I, IIA, and IIB/X muscle fibers. Boneless loins were collected from the left side of each carcass and aged for 14 d. Objective and subjective color measurements were taken on the longissimus muscle at the 10th rib on d 14 postmortem. Loin chops were evaluated for sensory attributes, shear force, and retail display features. Pigs born outdoors were heavier and had a greater ADG at most growth intervals postweaning (d 28, 56, and 112; P < 0.05) than pigs born indoors. Pigs reared outdoors were heavier (P = 0.02) at d 140 (120.1 vs. 112.9 +/- 4.9 kg), and had higher (P = 0.01) ADG (2.2 vs. 1.9 kg/d) and gain:feed ratios (0.41 vs. 0.37) than did pigs reared indoors. Birth x rearing environment interactions were not significant (P > 0.10) for most measures. Carcass and meat quality measures did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatment groups, but loin chops from outdoor born or reared pigs had higher (P < 0.05) a* values than chops from pigs born or reared indoors. The LM muscle of pigs born outdoors had a higher (P < 0.01) percentage of type I, and a lower (P < 0.05) percentage of type IIA fibers than did pigs born indoors. Pigs reared outdoors had a higher (P < 0.01) percentage of IIA fibers and a lower (P < 0.05) percentage of IIB/X fibers than did pigs reared indoors for the LM and SM muscles. Outdoor production systems may influence growth, pork color, and muscle fiber types.     

Diverse birth and rearing environment effects on pig growth and meat quality

Birth and rearing conditions were evaluated for their effects on pig growth, body composition, and pork quality using 48 barrows during the spring and summer months. Pigs were either farrowed in indoor crates or outdoor huts. At weaning, indoor-born and outdoor-born pigs were randomly allotted to indoor or outdoor treatments for growing/finishing. Body weight data were collected. Pigs were transported 5 h to a commercial processing plant, allowed 2 h of rest, and then processed as a group under commercial conditions. Boneless loins were collected from the left side of each carcass and aged for 14 d. Objective and subjective color measurements were taken on the longissimus muscle at the 10th rib on d 14 postmortem. Loin chops were evaluated for sensory attributes, shear force, and retail display features. Pigs born outdoors were heavier and had greater ADG at all growth intervals after weaning (d 28, 56, 112, and final weight, P < 0. 05) than pigs born indoors. Outdoor-born pigs had heavier carcass weights (91.2 vs 81.3+/-3.4 kg, P < 0.001), larger loineye areas (54.6 vs 49.7+/-0.2 cm , P < 0.05), and higher pork flavor intensity scores (6.5 vs 6.1+/-0.10, P < 0.01) than indoor-born pigs. Birth x rearing environment interactions were not significant for most measures. Backfat measurements at the last rib were greater (3.2 vs 2.8+/-0.05 cm, P < 0.05) for the pigs reared outdoors than for the pigs reared indoors. Pigs finished outdoors had more reddish pink color scores, lower shear force values, and lower L* values, indicating darker-colored pork, compared with pigs finished indoors (P < 0.05). Pig birth environment played a significant role in improving growth rates of outdoor-born pigs and increasing pork flavor intensity scores of loin chops from pigs born outdoors. Finishing pigs outdoors may improve pork color and tenderness but also may increase backfat thickness when they are fed conventional diets.     

几种添加剂对苏禽三凤绿壳蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质的影响

选用900只38周龄健康的苏禽三凤绿壳蛋鸡,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理组分6个重复,每个重复30只蛋鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,在基础日粮中添加0.015%土霉素为试验1组,在基础日粮中添加0.01%低聚木糖为试验2组,在基础日粮中添加0.015%产酶益生素为试验3组,在基础日粮中添加0.1%中草药提取物为试验4组。研究在鸡舍温度28.6℃情况下几种添加剂对苏禽三凤绿壳蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质的影响。试验表明:试验2、3、4组的产蛋性能和蛋白质均优于对照组和试验1组。综合各项指标以添加0.01%低聚木糖的试验2组效果为最佳。     

酵母培养物对生长猪的生产性能、饲料消化率及肠道微生物区系影响的研究

<正>酵母培养物(Yeast Culture)是一种复杂的发酵产品。它是由选定的酵母菌在特制的培养基上进行发酵后所产生的细胞外代谢产物和经发酵后变性了的培养基以及在酵母培养物的制造过程中作为生产代谢     

2016年不同来源饲用油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

文章运用气相色谱和气相-质谱联用仪对来自国内11个省份的171份油脂样品,包括豆油、猪油、禽油、鱼油和反刍动物用脂肪粉进行了脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明,动植物油脂的主要成分都为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸;反刍动物用脂肪粉主要为棕榈酸。同种油脂不同来源,脂肪酸组成存在较大差异,特别是猪油和禽油,说明市场上饲用油脂的质量差异较大。     

加工工艺对饲料营养价值及动物生产性能的影响

饲料是畜禽生产上开支最大的一项，在我国饲料支出约占总成本的６５％～７０％，通过恰当的加工方法可以获得较好的经济效益。饲料加工的目的正是为了充分发挥饲料营养价值的潜力，提高产品质量和饲养效果。饲料加工对动物营养的影响一直是饲料加工工艺学家和动物营养学家关心的问题，将加工工艺学和动物营养学有机结合起来能够更大提高动物生产性能。１粉碎粉碎的主要目的是增加饲料接触消化酶的表面积，以使之更易于消化，这也是饲料搅拌、制粒和接受其它处理所必需的。目前许多研究结果表明：粉碎对饲料营养价值和畜禽的生产性能有明显的…     

玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究猪饲粮中添加不同水平的玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响。将24头试验猪(体重接近)随机分为3个组,每组有8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组仅饲喂基础饲粮,试验组的饲粮以玉米蛋白饲料替代玉米和豆粕,替代比例分别是15%、30%,试验全期30 d。结果表明,15%玉米蛋白饲料替代组的日增重较对照组显著提高18.40%(P<0.05);15%玉米蛋白饲料替代组的料重比最低,较对照组显著降低8.31%(P<0.05),与30%玉米蛋白饲料替代组相比显著降低了11.11%(P<0.05)。试验1组和对照组之间的粗蛋白质消化率无显著差异,但试验2组较试验1组显著下降2.25%(P<0.01)。在粗脂肪消化率方面,试验2组较对照组显著降低了3.61%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组2的钙和磷的消化率分别显著下降7.11%(P<0.05),4.52%(P<0.05)。添加玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪的干物质和能量的消化率无显著影响。本试验条件下,日粮中添加15%玉米蛋白饲料对民猪杂交猪的采食量和日增重有促进作用,过高比例(30%)则会影响育肥猪的生长速度,降低其对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率。     

饲料中添加紫花苜蓿多糖对育肥猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究紫花苜蓿多糖对育肥猪生长性能及胴体品质的影响,选择体重相近的健康三元杂交育肥猪180头,随机分成3组,每个组3个重复,每个重复20头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加5.0%、10.0%紫花苜蓿多糖,预试验10 d,试验期60 d。在试验1 d和60 d测定生长性能指标,试验结束测定胴体品质。结果表明:(1)试验2、3组试验末重和平均日增重分别较对照组提高5.8%、6.2%、14.0%、14.9%(P <0.05),试验2、3组料重比分别较对照组降低4.6%、5.0%(P <0.05)。(2)试验2、3组屠宰率和瘦肉率分别较对照组提高4.2%、4.0%、5.8%、6.9%(P <0.05);试验2、3组胴体率均高于对照组(P> 0.05),试验2、3组背膘厚和眼肌面积分别较对照组降低7.8%、10.0%、8.9%、8.7%(P <0.05)。(3)试验2、3组肉质评价指标大理石评分、肉色、剪切力、p H24 h较对照组相比,均差异性不显著(P> 0.05)。综述所述,日粮中10.0%紫花苜蓿多糖可以提高育肥猪的生长性能和胴体品质。     

Evaluating processing temperature and feeding value of extruded-expelled soybean meal on nursery and finishing pig growth performance

We conducted two experiments comparing the use of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy) to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the optimal processing temperature of EESoy for nursery pig growth performance. Pigs (n = 330, 13.2 +/- 2.3 kg of BW) were fed a control diet containing SBM with added fat or one of five diets containing EESoy extruded at 143.3, 148.9, 154.4, 160.0, or 165.6 degrees C. All diets were formulated on an equal apparent digestible lysine:ME ratio. From d 0 to 20, no differences were observed (P > 0.32) in ADG or ADFI (average of 544 and 924 g/d, respectively). However, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (quadratic, P < 0.01, range of 0.56 to 0.60) with increasing processing temperature, with the greatest improvement at 148.9 degrees C. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the feeding value of EESoy relative to SBM with or without added fat for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial production facility. A total of 1,200 gilts (initially 24.5 +/- 5.1 kg of BW) was used, with 25 pigs per pen and eight replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two sources of soybean meal (SBM or EESoy) and three levels of added fat. Pigs were phase-fed four diets over the experimental period and added fat (choice white grease) levels were 0, 3.4, and 7% initially, with the added fat levels decreasing in the next three dietary phases. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy in EESoy (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by SBM with added fat. From 24.5 to 61.2 kg, pigs fed EESoy had greater (P < 0.07) G/F than those fed SBM. Increasing added fat in either EESoy- or SBM-based diets increased G/F (linear, P < 0.0003). From 61.2 to 122.5 kg, ADG and G/F were unaffected in pigs fed EESoy and/or increasing added fat (P > 0.10). For the overall growing-finishing period, ADG was unaffected (P > 0.61) by increasing energy density of the diet; however, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G/F increased (P < 0.02, range of 0.37 to 0.40) as energy density increased with either EESoy or added fat. Carcass leanness was not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that EESoy should be extruded at 148.9 to 154.4 degrees C, and that increasing dietary energy density by using EESoy and/or added fat improves feed efficiency in finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.     

植物性饲料添加剂及其在蛋鸡养殖中的应用

通常情况下,相比肉鸡和种鸡养殖,蛋鸡养殖中存在饲料水平相对较差、饲养环节中疾病较多等问题。近些年来,随着食品安全和饲料安全理念为更多的人所关注,在蛋鸡饲料生产中新技术和新产品的应用层出不穷,植物性饲料添加剂（Phytogenic Feed Additives,PFA）即是其中新兴的一类。随着生产实践发展的要求,需要正确和合理地选择使用植物性饲料添加剂。文中就植物性饲料添加剂在海兰褐蛋鸡养殖中的实际应用进行验证,以实际生产的实践数据为在海兰褐蛋鸡养殖中合理使用PFA提供基础数据。     

Cytokines as markers for infections and their effect on growth performance and well-being in the pig

Exposure to micro-organisms commonly elicit the production of cytokines. These soluble factors enhance several innate immune functions that aim to limit the spread of infection. Further, many of the pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the ensuing specific immune response. In addition to their effects on cells of the immune system, cytokines also are important regulators in the so called immune-neuroendocrine network. The microbial structures that are necessary for induction of cytokine production are not conclusively determined but in general, bacteria preferentially induce the production of IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas virus induce the production of Type 1 interferons (IFN-α/β). The onset of production of these cytokines is rapid, and several of them may reach systemic levels during a short period after infection. Thus, cytokines can serve as markers for ongoing infections and be used for discrimination between infections of bacterial or viral origin. Results from experimental and field studies show that serum IFN-α and IL-6 seem to be useful markers for ongoing (subclinical) viral and bacterial infections, respectively, in the pig. Consequently, demonstration of these cytokines can be valuable tools in heard health monitoring programs.