海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料配方及稳定性研究

以海棠果、灵芝、桂花为主要原料,蔗糖、柠檬酸、β-环状糊精、黄原胶、CMC-Na为辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验和响应面试验优化海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料配方,并提高其稳定性。结果表明,海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料的最佳配方为：海棠果汁添加量50%,灵芝汁添加量6%,桂花汁添加量12%,蔗糖添加量100 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.2 g/L;复合稳定剂配方为：黄原胶添加量0.3 g/L,CMC-Na添加量0.4 g/L,β-环糊精添加量0.6 g/L。按此配方制备的复合饮料产品外观呈橙黄色,口感酸甜柔和,具有海棠果、灵芝、桂花的香气。     

红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的研制

研究一款以红枣和灵芝多糖为主要原料的新型饮料。以超临界CO2萃取灵芝孢子油后所剩的灵芝孢子粉为原料,经水提醇沉技术获得灵芝多糖;通过单因素试验和正交试验等方法对红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的制备及稳定性进行研究。结果表明,红枣汁最佳制备工艺为：红枣清洗去核,以液料比30∶1（mL/mg）的比例加入水,煮沸30 min后,用超声水提处理2次,超声提取70 min,温度70 ℃;灵芝多糖最佳提取条件为：液料比35∶1（mL/mg）,提取温度40 ℃,超声波功率600 W下提取90 min;红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料最佳配方为：红枣汁添加量250 g/L,灵芝多糖添加量50 g/L,柠檬酸添加量15 g/L,木糖醇添加量40 g/L,壳聚糖添加量0.2 g/L。所得产品口感饱满、风味鲜美且稳定性好,是一种新型的集营养与保健于一体的多功能复合饮品。红枣灵芝多糖复合饮料的开发满足了目前功能性产品开发趋势的需求,同时,也可为优质功能性红枣产品、灵芝多糖产品的开发提供借鉴。     

响应面法优化山药葡萄复合饮料的制作

以山药和葡萄为主要原料制备复合饮料,采用单因素试验得出山药与水的最佳配比为1∶6(g∶g);在单因素试验基础上,经Box-Behnken响应面优化法,最终确定山药葡萄复合饮料的最佳配方为白砂糖添加量5.17%,柠檬酸添加量0.16%,山药汁∶葡萄汁配比值0.59,在此配方下山药葡萄复合饮料感官评分为92.10分。采用正交试验确定了产品的最佳稳定剂配方,即黄原胶添加量0.15%,CMC添加量0.30%,海藻酸钠添加量0.10%。     

白茅根-淡竹叶复合运动饮料的研制及抗运动疲劳功能评价

以优质的白茅根和淡竹叶为原料,经过切割、浸泡、过滤步骤后辅以适当的蜂蜜、柠檬酸等进行调配,并对白茅根添加量、淡竹叶添加量、蜂蜜添加量、柠檬酸添加量4个因素进行单因素试验,在此基础上进行正交试验,优化白茅根-淡竹叶复合运动饮料的工艺配方。结果表明,白茅根-淡竹叶复合运动饮料的最佳工艺配方为：白茅根添加量4.0 g,淡竹叶添加量5.0 g,蜂蜜添加量6.5 g,柠檬酸添加量0.3 g。按此条件生产出的白茅根-淡竹叶复合运动饮料口感较佳,营养丰富。小鼠试验表明,小鼠经连续白茅根-淡竹叶复合运动饮料灌胃30 d后,与对照（灌胃等体积的0.85%生理盐水）相比,负重游泳时间显著延长,说明白茅根淡竹叶复合运动饮料具有一定的抗运动疲劳效果。     

响应面法优化人参果枸杞葡萄复合饮料工艺

以人参果、枸杞和葡萄为原料,研制一种人参果枸杞葡萄复合饮料。通过正交试验确定了复合汁中人参果汁、枸杞汁和葡萄汁最佳体积配比为4∶3∶5。在此基础上,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验优化的最佳配方为：复合汁添加量44%,白砂糖添加量6.7%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%。复合稳定剂为0.1%羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）+0.15%卡拉胶。按上述配方制得的人参果枸杞葡萄复合饮料感官品质较好,呈透亮的橙红色,酸甜可口、协调适当,具有人参果特有的香气,风味独特。     

鼠曲草果蔬复合保健饮料的研制

以鼠曲草、胡萝卜和苹果为主要原料研制保健饮料。通过正交试验优化超声波辅助水提法提取鼠曲草中有效成分的工艺条件以及复合饮料配方。结果表明,鼠曲草有效成分的最佳浸提工艺参数为:料液比1∶100(g/m L),超声功率160 W,提取温度80℃,提取时间20 min,此时黄酮得率为2.82 mg/g;鼠曲草苹果胡萝卜复合饮料的最佳配方为:苹果汁与胡萝汁比1∶1(m∶m),鼠曲草浸提液添加量10%,蔗糖添加量8%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%。按此工艺制得的饮料为均匀的橙红色,组织细腻,滋味柔和,酸甜可口,具有苹果、胡萝卜和鼠曲草的清香。     

香菇木耳复合饮料配方优化及其品质分析研究

以香菇和木耳为原料,感官评分为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化香菇木耳复合饮料配方。结果表明,香菇木耳复合饮料最佳配方为：香菇木耳复合提取液添加量40%,白砂糖添加量8%,柠檬酸添加量0.10%,在此条件下,感官评分为88.6分;按照最佳配方制得的香菇木耳复合饮料对羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均有一定的清除能力,在体积分数为100%时,清除率分别为71.49%和64.82%;制备的香菇木耳复合饮料感官指标、理化指标中可溶性固形物含量（6.5%）和微生物指标均符合植物饮料国家标准（GB/T 31326—2014）的要求。     

鼠曲草黄酮饮料的研制

以鼠曲草为原料,采用水提法提取鼠曲草中的黄酮类物质,再将鼠曲草水提液、柠檬酸、白砂糖、羧甲基纤维素钠进行调配,制作鼠曲草黄酮饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验分别对鼠曲草黄酮水浸提工艺及鼠曲草黄酮饮料配方进行优化。结果表明,鼠曲草黄酮的最佳浸提工艺为：浸提料液比1∶130(g/mL),浸泡时间30 min,提取时间2.5 h,浸提温度80℃;鼠曲草黄酮饮料最佳配方为：以100 m L饮料计,鼠曲草水提液添加量40 mL,白砂糖添加量9 g,柠檬酸添加量0.05 g,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.05 g。按此配方制备的饮料可溶性固形物含量8.39%,总黄酮含量6.56 mg/100 mL。按上述工艺配方制备的鼠曲草黄酮饮料呈青绿色,具有鼠曲草的清香,酸甜适口。     

铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺及其抗氧化性研究

在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验优化铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺,并研究了复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·的清除作用。结果表明,铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料的最佳配方为:铁皮石斛汁料液比1∶15(g/mL),铁皮石斛汁与苹果汁体积比6∶4,黄原胶添加量0.04 g/100 mL,白砂糖添加量4.0 g/100 mL,柠檬酸添加量0.1 g/100 mL;按最佳配方制得的复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·均有较好的清除作用,在1.0 mL/mL时,清除率分别为70.6%和22.4%。制备的复合饮料具有明显铁皮石斛和苹果清香,酸甜适中,口感细腻。     

红枣鹰嘴豆粉复合饮料的研制

以红枣和鹰嘴豆粉为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定红枣汁浸提的最佳条件为料液比1∶6,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间1 h;红枣鹰嘴豆粉复合饮料的最佳配比为红枣汁与鹰嘴豆粉汁的质量比7∶3,白砂糖添加量7.5%,柠檬酸添加量0.15%,黄原胶添加量0.25%,制成的复合饮料酸甜适口,具有浓郁的红枣香气和轻微的鹰嘴豆汁的味道,是集营养和保健于一体的天然饮品。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.