Studies on efficacy and stability of a vaccine bait containing ERA strain of rabies virus propagated in a BHK-21 cell line.

In a dose response study in foxes, the median protective dose of ERA BHK21 vaccine in a blister pack bait was 10(6.0) tissue culture infective doses (TCID)/mL, while artificially aged baits with titers of 10(6.3) TCID/mL induced seroconversion in 78% of foxes. There was no significant difference in the development of antibodies in foxes receiving 1, 2 or 3 mL volumes of vaccine in the bait. When baits were exposed to the elements and fed to foxes over a 21 day period, 85% of the animals seroconverted. Age, sex and the way in which the vaccine container was contacted did not appear to be factors in the responses of these animals. Juvenile foxes, approximately six months of age, were marked more readily with the tetracycline bait marker than older animals. Approximately 25% of foxes did not appear to respond well to vaccination and the titer of the vaccine was a critical factor in producing seroconversion in these animals.     

Safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine bait containing ERA strain of attenuated rabies virus.

Ninety percent of foxes fed commercial ERA vaccine in a specially designed bait developed rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine bait did not cause clinical signs of rabies when consumed by foxes, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats, cattle and monkeys. When presented, in the laboratory, to wild rodents of the species Microtus, Mus musculus and Peromyscus, the vaccine baits caused vaccine-induced rabies only in Mus musculus. Laboratory mice of the CD-1 and CLL strain were susceptible to vaccine-induced rabies; however, studies showed that transmission of virus to other animals did not occur. These studies suggest that the vaccine bait described could be useful in a rabies control program in areas where foxes and wild dogs are the principal vectors.     

Studies of ERA/BHK-21 rabies vaccine in skunks and mice.

ERA rabies vaccine virus grown in BHK-21 13S cells (ERA/BHK-21) and street rabies virus were titrated in mice by intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular inoculation. Mice were also given undiluted ERA/BHK-21 in baits. Skunks were given undiluted ERA/BHK-21 in baits and by intramuscular, intranasal and intestinal inoculation. Virus neutralizing antibody titers against rabies virus were measured over a three month observation period. The surviving skunks were challenged by intramuscular inoculation with rabies street virus from a skunk salivary gland suspension. When titrated in mice, ERA/BHK-21 had titers of 10(7.0), 10(5.2) and 10(3.9) median lethal doses per mL by the intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular routes, respectively. All skunks (8/8) inoculated intranasally developed paralytic rabies by 12 days after exposure to ERA/BHK-21 virus. None of the skunks that developed vaccine-induced rabies had infectious virus in the submandibular salivary glands. Vaccine-induced rabies also occurred in 1/8 skunks in the intramuscularly inoculated group and in 1/8 in the intestinally inoculated group. The survival rates of challenged skunks in the various groups were as follows: intramuscular, 7/7; intestinal, 2/7; bait, 0/8; and control, 0/8. These results indicate that ERA/BHK-21 virus has a significant residual pathogenicity in mice and in skunks by some routes of inoculation. Skunks given vaccine intramuscularly were protected against challenge, while those skunks given the vaccine in baits were not.     

抗狂犬病病毒ERA株单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及初步应用

将狂犬病病毒ERA株纯化后免疫雌性BALB／c小鼠。取其脾细胞与SP2／0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合，经克隆和间接ELISA筛选，获得3株稳定分泌抗狂犬病病毒ERA株单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株，分别命名为c7、c4和H3。经过鉴定：其腹水效价分别为1：1×10^3、1：5×10^4及1：1×10^4；且与犬瘟热病毒（CDV）、犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬腺病毒（CAV）不发生交叉反应；3株单抗均为IgG类型。采用G蛋白亲和层析柱对腹水进行纯化，将纯化后的单抗腹水用FITC（异硫氰酸荧光素）标记制备荧光抗体，建立了检测狂犬病病毒的荧光染色法。结果表明，该方法对狂犬病的实验室诊断具有快速和特异性高的特点。     

伪狂犬病病毒吉林分离株感染BHK-21细胞的超微结构变化

以猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)吉林分离株PRV-JL感染体外培养的BHK-21细胞为模型,通过透射电镜对PRV的形态发生学和宿主细胞超微结构的动态变化规律进行研究。结果显示,PRV能导致BHK-21细胞圆缩,并发生细胞融合,形成合胞体;电镜观察到的病毒粒子呈球形或椭圆形,成熟的病毒粒子直径大小为140~210 nm,未成熟病毒粒子直径为90~150 nm,多呈中空状,部分呈致密核芯。病毒吸附于细胞后以膜融合的方式进入细胞,在胞核内复制,装配好的病毒粒子以出芽的方式离开细胞核,获得最初的囊膜,进入胞浆;在胞浆内的病毒粒子又利用高尔基体的膜结构合成第2层囊膜,形成完整的病毒粒子;最后包裹有完整病毒粒子的高尔基囊泡与细胞膜发生融合,将病毒粒子释放到细胞外。感染细胞超微结构变化主要表现为:细胞胞浆空泡增多,内质网扩张,线粒体增生、嵴肿胀、脱落,最后空泡化,整个细胞裂解、破碎。     

伪狂犬病病毒疫苗株SA738侵染BHK-21细胞诱导其凋亡及Caspase3表达情况分析

旨在深入了解猪伪狂犬病病毒疫苗株PRV SA738侵染BHK-21细胞后,诱导细胞凋亡,细胞凋亡的时间及相关细胞凋亡因子表达情况。通过测定传统疫苗毒株Bartha-K61株和实验室人工筛选的gI-/gE-/PRV SA738病毒株滴度,分别利用2株疫苗毒株侵染BHK-21,采用原位双荧光染色法检测细胞凋亡,用分光光度法测定细胞凋亡因子Caspase-3表达情况。结果表明,低剂量gI-/gE-/PRV SA738疫苗毒株和Bartha-K61疫苗毒株均延迟侵染细胞的凋亡。缺失疫苗毒株gI-/gE-/PRV SA738延迟侵染细胞的凋亡时间比Bartha-K61疫苗毒株时间长,但侵染细胞增殖速度下降。细胞凋亡后期最终细胞死亡,正常细胞细胞死亡后无凋亡小体。gI-/gE-/PRV SA738疫苗毒株和Bartha-K61疫苗毒株侵染细胞凋亡后期凋亡小体形成,并检测到膜结构。在病毒侵染早期细胞内关键凋亡细胞因子Caspase3表现为上调。Caspase-3参与了病毒侵染过程中细胞凋亡的调控。     

Persistent infections of a field strain of rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma (NA-C1300) cell cultures.

Rabies virus from the brain of a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) from Ontario was inoculated into murine neuroblastoma (NA-C1300) cell cultures. These cultures were incubated and the cells were subcultured every three to four days. The presence of viral antigen in the cell cultures was monitored by direct immunofluorescent staining and in the culture fluids by titration in either baby hamster kidney (BHK/C13) or NA cells or in experimental mice. The virus-infected NA cultures evolved from an initial high viral concentration in supernatant fluid through a period of decreasing titers of infectious virus in the supernatant fluids to a final phase where no infectious virus has been found following cell culture and animal inoculation methods attempted although the persistently infected cells remained 95-100% viral nucleocapsid antigen-positive. Possible mechanisms involved in the perpetuation of this infection are discussed. This is the first report of a persistent infection of cell cultures by a field strain of rabies virus.     

BHK-21细胞的悬浮驯化及其在悬培条件下对口蹄疫A型病毒的培养

选取BHK-21细胞株进行悬浮驯化培养,通过对悬浮培养的培养液、PH、溶氧、罐压、搅拌等各种工艺条件的试验,摸索出稳定的培养条件,实现了连续传代49代。并通过接种口蹄疫A型鼠化弱病毒,比较了单层贴壁细胞和悬浮49代细胞接种病毒后的毒价。结果显示两种培养条件下,BHK-21细胞对口蹄疫A型病毒的培养没有明显差异。     

Multiplication and immunogenicity of a temperature-sensitive and thymidine kinase-deficient strain of Aujeszky's disease virus in pigs.

Hysterectomy-produced colostrum-deprived 5- and 27-day-old pigs were inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) with the temperature-sensitive and thymidine kinase-deficient ZHtsTK- strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), and the nasal swabs and organs of the pigs were periodically collected for virus isolation. No abnormal clinical signs were observed in these pigs, except for a mild febrile response. Viral shedding in the nasal swabs with low titers was detected in the pigs inoculated IN between postinoculation day (PID) 1 and 5, but not in those of the pigs inoculated IM. No contact infection, however, occurred in the cohabiting pigs. Viruses with low titers were isolated only from the muscles and lymph nodes at the site of inoculation in the pigs inoculated IM on PID 2 and 4, but not from any organs of the pigs inoculated IN. To investigate the ability of the ZHtsTK- strain to establish a latent infection in pigs, the pigs inoculated IM or IN with the ZHtsTK- strain were treated with prednisolone. No virus was detected in the trigeminal ganglia or the nasal swabs collected after prednisolone treatment by the cocultivation method. The immunological evaluation demonstrated that immunization of pigs with this strain was effective in preventing clinical signs caused by ADV infection. The duration of virus shedding was markedly shortened in immunized pigs, particularly in those immunized twice and the total quantity of virus recovered from immunized pigs was reduced in comparison with unimmunized pigs.     

狂犬病弱毒SRV9对街毒暴露小鼠的治疗效果

为评估狂犬病弱毒SRV9对狂犬病街毒暴露小鼠的治疗效果,首先将SRV9通过脑内和肌肉接种3周龄ICR小鼠检测其安全性,然后应用狂犬病街毒接种小鼠,随后在暴露后不同时间用SRV9治疗,研究其保护率.结果显示,SRV9对3周龄ICR小鼠安全,在街毒暴露后1、2、3d,SRV9的保护率分别为70％、60％、30％,而相同暴露时间下单剂量灭活疫苗联合免疫球蛋白的保护率分别是30％、20％、10％.对应用SRV9治疗而成活小鼠的中和抗体检测,发现所有小鼠的抗体水平均达到0.5 IU以上,这些数据初步显示活弱毒SRV9具有用于暴露后治疗的潜力.     

Establishment of a reverse genetics system for rabies virus strain Komatsugawa

The rabies virus strain Komatsugawa isolated from a dog in Tokyo in the 1940s retains biological properties as a field strain, providing an effective model for studying rabies pathogenesis. To facilitate molecular studies on the pathogenesis, this study aimed to establish a reverse genetics system for the Komatsugawa strain. By transfecting the full-length genome plasmid of this strain, infectious virus with artificially introduced genetic markers in its genome was rescued. The recombinant strain had biological properties similar to those of the original strain. These findings indicate that a reverse genetics system for the Komatsugawa strain has successfully been established.     

猪源新城疫病毒F和HN基因的表达及其对BHK-21细胞膜的融合作用

为了分析猪源新城疫病毒F和HN基因对BHK-21细胞膜的融合作用,采用RT-PCR方法从猪源新城疫病毒JL01株中扩增获得了F蛋白基因,并根据GenBank上登录的猪源新城疫病毒HN基因序列,合成了HN基因,分别将F和HN基因克隆到pKS载体上。又从大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中扩增得到T7RNA聚合酶基因,将报告基因EGFP与T7RNA聚合酶基因一起定向克隆到痘苗病毒转移载体pSTK上。再将pKS-F、pKS-HN与pSTK-T7-EGFP共转染BHK-21细胞,转染后16h,用Giemsa染液进行染色,可见明显的细胞融合现象。该研究证明猪源新城疫病毒JL01株的F和HN蛋白共同作用于BHK-21细胞使细胞膜融合。     

Milk whey as a serum supplement for the growth of FMD virus in BHK-21 cells

Two batches of experimental media containing 10% milk whey (sweet or sour) and 1% bovine serum supported the growth of BHK-21 cells in serial passages. The cell yield was greater than 2×10⁶/ml at 48 h. The cells were susceptible to inoculation with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus type A and the virus titres obtained were comparable with those in Eagle's MEM-G with 10% serum. The use of milk whey could reduce the consumption of serum required for the growth of FMD virus in BHK-21 cells by up to 90%.     

稳定表达T7 RNAP的BHK-21细胞系的建立

为建立能稳定表达T7RNA聚合酶(T7RNAP)的BHK-21细胞系以研究RNA重组疫苗,本研究从BL21(DE3)大肠杆菌中扩增T7 RNAP基因,定向克隆于质粒pcDNA3.1(+)中,经双酶切及测序鉴定,获得阳性重组质粒pcDNA3.1-T7 RNAP。用该质粒转染BHK-21细胞,经G418筛选14d后获得阳性细胞株。RT-PCR和western blot检测结果表明,建立了稳定表达T7 RNAP的BHK-21细胞系,并且在不同代次的阳性细胞中能稳定表达目的基因和蛋白,该研究为RNA病毒感染性质粒在细胞内转录及病毒拯救技术平台的建立奠定了基础。     

狂犬病病毒野毒株糖蛋白基因序列测定及分析比较

对我国河南某地野鼠体内分离的狂犬病病毒野毒株MRV糖蛋白全基因进行序列测定，与已发表的代表性毒株糖蛋白基因进行核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列的比较分析，结果表明在同一基因型中，MRV和国际标准攻毒株CVS的同源性最高(96．5％)，和中国减毒株CTN的同源性最低(79．8％)；在G基因的四个功能区中，氨基酸同源性最高的是抗原区，同源性最低的是膜内区；MRV的抗原部位和糖基化位点氨基酸均有变异；建立了各毒株的系统进化树。     

BHK-21细胞无血清悬浮培养生产新城疫病毒

为建立基于无血清悬浮培养细胞生产新城疫病毒(NDV)的工艺,本研究首先筛选了适于NDV增殖的乳仓鼠肾细胞(BHK-21)单克隆细胞株,并将鸡胚适应的NDV在筛选获得的细胞株(BHK-v002)中传代,获得细胞适应的NDV。进一步采用单因素实验法检测病毒感染复数(MOI)、TPCK-胰酶浓度、细胞培养液的稀释比例等工艺参数对病毒效价的影响。结果显示,NDV在无血清培养的BHK-v002细胞中增殖的最适条件为:当细胞生长至约9.0×10^6个/mL时,以培养液.新鲜培养基为2:1的比例补加新鲜培养基,使细胞密度达6.0×10^6个/m L,按MOI为0.005接种NDV LaSota株,TPCK-胰酶终浓度为5μg/mL。接种病毒后96 h收获病毒液的HA效价为8.5 log2HAU/25μL,单细胞产毒量(Svy)达到1 685.9病毒颗粒/细胞,半数组织细胞感染剂量(TCID50)为7.9 log10TCID50/100μL。本研究确定了NDV LaSota株在BHK-21细胞悬浮培养中的增殖条件,建立了基于BHK-21细胞无血清悬浮培养体系中NDV的生产工艺,该工艺操作简便,易于放大,为当前ND疫苗的鸡胚生产工艺提供了候选替代方案。