提高稻田尿素氮利用率若干方法与机理探讨

应用15N示踪技术,研究了稻田使用脲酶抑制剂（BTPT）、硝化抑制剂（EP）及养萍对尿素氮肥效的影响。试验结果表明,稻田使用BTPT和EP均提高了氮素利用率及水稻产量,BTPT、EP和BTPT＋EP处理的15N回收率分别为17.4％、17.8％和18.0％,与不用抑制剂的对照相比,分别提高3.1、3.5和3.7个百分点;水稻产量分别为5300、5150和5450kg／hm2,比对照分别提高了11.8％、8.7％和15.0％。稻田养萍可以抑制氨的挥发,减少尿素氮的损失;养萍及养萍后翻压两种处理的15N回收率分别为28.8％和34.7％,比不养萍的对照分别提高了3.3和9.2个百分点;土壤15N残留率分别为29.3％和40.1％,比不养萍的对照分别提高了5.1和15.9个百分点。养萍对当季水稻产量增加效果不大,而养萍后翻压对当季水稻产量可提高近5％。     

闽北山垄田稻萍鱼共生体系与萍体氮素循环利用效率研究

将稻－萍－鱼共生体系的综合耕作技术引入山垄稻田。试验结果表明:山垄稻田中草鱼、尼罗罗非鱼以红萍为饵食,其鲜鱼产量分别达3568kg／hm2和3702kg／hm2;中稻和再生稻产量分别达5710～6006kg／hm2和3478～3772kg／hm2,比施化学氮肥处理区分别提高689．0～1132．5kg／hm2和458．4～658．9kg／hm2。15N试验结果显示:在稻萍鱼体系中鱼体和水稻对红萍氮总利用率达52．8％～57．9％．而施用化学氮肥处理区的水稻对氮素利用率仅为33．5％。连续两年实施稻萍鱼共生体系耕作技术．山垄田土壤有机质平均提高0．15％,且整个耕作体系病情指数下降42．1％～50．7％．减少农药施用量,有助于生态环境改善,达到增产增收的目的。     

稻田养萍模式下不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发及红萍生物固氮作用的影响

红萍对水体铵态氮浓度较为敏感，稻田放养红萍模式下，红萍的生物固氮作用及其抑制氨挥发的作用对不同施氮量的响应未知。红萍为水生蕨藻共生体，具有很强的生物固氮能力。红萍可作为优质绿肥放养于稻田，以替代部分化学氮肥，起到节能减排的效应。为明确稻田养萍模式下不同施氮量对红萍生物固氮作用和田间氨挥发的影响，采用盆栽试验设置了0、75、150、225、300kg/hm²共5个施氮(以纯N量计)水平，监测了稻田放养红萍和水稻单种各处理的氨挥发量、生物固氮速率和水稻产量。结果表明：(1)同一施氮水平下，稻田放养红萍可显著降低氨挥发日通量峰值及氨挥发总量。在施氮量为225 kg/hm²时，稻田放养红萍对氨挥发总量的抑制作用最大，与水稻单种相比，抑制幅度可达83.2%。(2)红萍的生物固氮速率及固氮总量与施氮量呈线性负相关关系，随施氮量的增加，固氮速率和固氮量逐渐降低，施氮量300 kg/hm²并放养红萍处理得到的固氮速率及总量同不施氮肥不养萍处理之间无显著差异。(3)与不养萍处理相比，放养红萍组各处理的水稻产量都明显增加，其中施氮量为225...     

15N标记绿肥喂猪后还田的转化和效益的研究

本文用１５Ｎ标记绿肥与无Ｎ淀粉配制成饲料喂猪，猪体平均回收饲料１５Ｎ２３．５１％；猪粪回收１５Ｎ２３．８５％，猪尿回收１５Ｎ２８．７６％；饲料绿肥Ｎ的总回收率为７６．１２％。猪粪，尿还田，水稻全株对Ｎ的回收分别相当于饲料绿肥Ｎ的３．７５％和７．．２５％。其中转化至稻谷的分别为２．５１％和４．８２％。以经济产品计算，猪体和稻谷共回收饲料绿肥１５Ｎ３０．８４％，比１５Ｎ绿肥与尿素配施还田稻回收的绿肥Ｎ     

冀北高原草甸栗钙土春小麦中化肥氮去向的研究

在冀北高原张北县的草甸栗钙土上，采用＾１５Ｎ质量平衡法和微气象学技术，对春小麦中氮肥的去向，以及氨挥发进行了田间原位观测。试验中的氮肥用量为Ｎ４．８３ｋｇ／亩，１／３作基肥、２／３作追肥。基肥随播种施入，追肥于拔节期撤施，随即灌水。结果表明，小麦回收、土壤残留和损失的肥料氮各占施入氮量的３７．８％－４８．３％、３３．８％－４０．４％和１４．３％－２５．４％。其中，尿素作基肥与作追肥的处理之间，其氮     

黑土-春小麦中三种化学氮肥的去向

用＾１５Ｎ田间微区试验研究了黑土－春小麦中作基肥施用的尿素、碳 和硝酸钾三种氮肥的氮素去向。试验设在黑龙江省海伦市郊区,氮肥用量为纯Ｎ７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,施肥深度为１０ｃｍ。结果表明,硝酸钾和尿素的氮素利用率相当,分别为５８．４％和５５．９％,显著高于碳铵（４２．６％）。硝酸钾的土壤中的残留率（２８．７％）显著低于碳铵（３８．８％）和尿素（３８．２％）,氮素总损失在５．８％￣１８．６％之间,碳铵的     

红壤土柱中营养元素的淋失:Ⅱ.NH4-N和NO3-N的淋失

在实验室用土柱对发育于红砂岩的红壤进行了ＮＨ４－Ｎ、ＮＯ３－Ｎ淋失的研究，不同处理的土柱每天用蠕动泵从土柱顶端加去离子水１２０ｍｌ，持续９２天，结果表明，对照处理的ＮＨ４－Ｎ、ＮＯ３－Ｎ淋失量均很低，并以ＮＯ３－Ｎ略高。施用尿素后，ＮＨ４－Ｎ和ＮＯ３－Ｎ淋失均有一定的增加，但ＮＨ４－Ｎ的淋失量增加较多，Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ（多种肥料的混合）处理的这种趋势就更加明显；ＫＮＯ３处理的，ＮＯ－Ｎ淋失很快，淋     

稻田脲酶抑制剂对^15N—尿素去向的影响

尿素施入稻田后迅速水解成ＮＨ＾＋４，两天后水层ＨＮ＾＋４－Ｎ含量即达峰值，混施脲酶抵制剂后，峰值可推迟１天，峰高降低，＾１５Ｎ示踪试验表明：ＰＰＤ和ＮＨＰＴ两种抑制剂能明显促进水稻对氮素的吸收，亦提高水稻对尿素氮的利用率，减少损失率，并在一定程度上具有增产效果，尤其是在高氮水平下，效果更加明显，而ＨＱ则较差。稻草的施用对水稻生长有一定的影响，降低了水稻对肥料氮素的吸收，但能能提高肥料氮素在土壤中的     

北京地区潮土表层中NO3--N的转化积累及其淋洗损失

本试验利用渗滤池设施，采用化学分析和同位素技术相结合的方法研究了北京地区潮土表层中施用氮肥后ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ转化积累及其１３０ｃｍ土体的淋洗状况。常规分析结果表明，在春小麦和夏玉米的生育前期可以观察到氮素明显地向ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ的转化积累，其强度随尿素施用量的增加而明显增加，而尿素、硝铵、硫铵等不同氮肥品种处理之间有差异但大多不显著。同时夏玉米期间转化积累作用比春小麦期间强烈。＾１５Ｎ标记试验结果表明     

施用尿素、红萍对水稻生长及其氮素利用效率的影响

应用~(15)N示踪技术研究了尿素和红萍氮素对水稻分蘖、成穗和产量的影响以及当季水稻对氮素的利用率。结果表明:30十30kgN/ha尿素分别作基肥和分蘖期追肥(U-2),10十20十30kgN/ha尿素分别作基肥、分蘖肥和穗肥(U-3),30十30kgN/ha的红萍分别作基肥和分蘖期追肥(A-2),和不施氮肥对照(CK)处理,水稻分蘖总数分别为465.0,495.0,579.0,403.5万/ha;成穗率分别为81.9％,78.8％,69.8％,74.4％;每穗平均粒数分别为75.8,80.6,78.2,74.7粒。施红萍的稻谷产量与等氮量尿素相当。施用尿素和红萍处理,水稻生长前期平均出蘖速度明显不同,而且水稻不同时期分蘖,其成穗数和每穗粒数均随分蘖时间推移呈逐渐递减变化。试验结果表明:红萍作基肥当季的氮素利用率为41.3—48.2％,高于尿素作基肥的利用率(28.0—31.9％),但尿素作追肥(45.7—46.2％)则优于红萍作追肥(37.5—43.2％)。U-3,A-2,U-2处理当季氮素利用率分别为47.7—50.6％,39.2—45.7％,37.0—38.8％。     

控释尿素施用对水稻吸氮量及产量的影响

以15N标记尿素及用其制成的有机-矿质材料控释尿素为供试肥料,探讨其在黑土水稻田上使用后水稻对N的吸收利用及水稻产量的变化。结果表明:控释尿素比普通尿素氮肥利用率提高了3.64%～19.92%,土壤中N的残留量增加6.37%～20.86%,可提高水稻产量8.66%～25.70%。     

稻田中藻类的生长状况及其对肥料氮的固持

为了确定藻类对稻田生态系统中氮素固持与迁移过程的影响程度,本研究采用田间小区和15N微区试验,在水稻生长的不同时期,观测了藻类在稻田中的生长状况,定量测定了藻类的生物量和氮素固持量.结果显示,稻田中的藻类具有明显的群落演替特征,水稻生育初期以球状藻为主,中后期则以丝状藻为主.藻类的生长可分为两个阶段,即生长期和衰亡期,其中,生长期从稻秧移栽初期至拔节期,衰亡期从拔节期至水稻收获.在衰亡期,藻类生物量随时间的变化符合生长曲线模式.藻类生物质干重在2007和2009年水稻生育期的变化范围分别为205～610 kg/hm2和12～353 kg/hm2,而藻类氮素固持量则分别为N 5.4～17.5 kg/hm2和N0.4～11.0 kg/hm2.15N微区试验结果显示,藻类对15N的固持量为N 0.3～6.0 kg/hm2,占氮素总固持量的54％～68％,平均为57％,表明藻类固持的氮素中大部分来源于当季施入的氮肥.     

稻萍鱼体系中红萍供氮的特点

应用~(15)N示踪技术,研究了稻萍鱼共生体系中红萍氮素的循环利用效率。试验结果表明,红萍作饵针对尼罗罗非鱼生长有良好效率,早、晚季稻田的鱼体增重率分别为47.9％和52.1％。鱼体排泄物对水稻生长有益,其稻谷产量与等量红萍压施作肥料的结果相近。早、晚季稻田罗非鱼对~(15)N-红萍的利用率分别为21.73％和23.76％,早、晚季水稻对鱼体排泄物中~(15)N利用率分别为18.90％和16.59％,其~(15)N总利用率分别达40.63％和40.35％。而红萍直接压施作肥料,早、晚季稻株对萍体氮素的利用率分别为28.84％和24.30％。     

红壤地油菜上施用的尿素态氮的去向及尿素在提高油菜产量中的效率

Fate of urea nitrogen(N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the 15N mass balance technique.and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated in a field plot experiment.One hundred and thirty -eight kg N/ha,86kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kg N/ha as top dressing,was applied with band application technique.The experiment was conducted in the southeast of china ,near Yingtan City,Jianxi Province.Results from 15N mass balance study showed that when urea urea was applied as basal dressing the plant recovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Treatment T (with application of N,P,K,B and lime),Plant recoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments-K,-B-lime and RS(without application of K,B or lime as well as with additional rice straw compared with Teatment T),which were not significantly different from Treatment T.In contrast ,plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P(without application of P), indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape.However,N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was high up to 71.6% for Treatment-P,while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N(including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% for Treatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing,while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top drssing,It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band application method in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low,and the efficiency of the applied N was quite high,7.1kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N for Treatment T.Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield,and the yield was very low when neither of them was applied.The yield in Treatment-K was significantly lower than that in Treatment T,With the former accounting for 77% of the later.     

Fate of Azolla spp. and urea nitrogen applied to wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Using ¹⁵N, the fate of N applied to wetland rice either as Azolla or urea was studied in a field at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). In bigger plots nearby, yield response and N uptake were also determined with unlabelled N sources. Azolla microphylla was labelled by repeated application of labelled ammonium sulfate. Labelled and unlabelled N were used alternately in applications of Azolla or urea 0 and 42 days after transplanting, in order to determine the effect of the time of application on the availability of Azolla N. The quantities of Azolla N incorporated were 23% more than those of urea N (30 kg N ha^–1) in the isotope plots or 7% less in the yield response plots. Grain yield and total N uptake by the rice plants in the yield-response plots were higher in the urea-treated plots than in the Azolla-treated plots, but the physiological effect of Azolla N (grain yield response/increase in N uptake) was higher than that of rea. The labelled N balance was studied after the first and second crops of rice. Losses of labelled N after the first crop were higher from urea (30%–32%) than from Azolla (0%–11 %). Losses in N applied as a side dressing 42 days after transplanting were less than those of N applied basally. No further losses of ¹⁵N occurred after the first crop. The recovery of Azolla ¹⁵N in the first crop of rice was 39% from the basal application and 63% from the side dressing. The recovery of urea ¹⁵N was 27% from the basal application and 48% from the side dressing. Recoveries of residual N from both Azolla and urea during the second rice crop were similar. Laboratory incubation of the Azolla used and the changes in labelled exchangeable N in the soil showed that at least 65% of Azolla N (4.7% N content) was mineralized within 10 days.     

Liming reduces nitrogen uptake from chemical fertilizer but increases that from straw in a double rice cropping system

Liming materials are widely applied to alleviate soil acidification and increase rice yield in acidic soils, but their effects on nitrogen (N) use efficiency are still unclear. Here, we conducted a field-, pot-, and micro-plot experiment to investigate how the application of slaked lime (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) affects the fate of chemical fertilizer-N and straw-N in a double rice cropping system. In the field experiment, liming increased grain yield and N uptake by an average of 9.0% and 10.6%, respectively. In contrast, CaCl₂ application did not affect rice yield and N uptake, suggesting that the effects of lime application were not related to the addition of Ca²⁺. Results from a ¹⁵N tracer experiment (i.e., ¹⁵N-labeled urea and straw) indicated that liming reduced N uptake from fertilizer (−5.7%), but increased N uptake from straw (+31.3%). Liming also reduced soil retention of both urea- and straw-N and increased their loss rates. Taken together, our results indicate that although liming increases rice yield and N uptake, it lowers the use efficiency of fertilizer N and facilitates N losses. In addition, our results emphasize the need for long-term studies on the impact of liming on soil N dynamics in paddy soils.     

氮肥去向的研究--Ⅰ.稻田土壤中氮肥的去向

氮肥施入土壤后的去向,直接关系到作物增产和环境保护,是农业和环境科学研究中的基本资料。对氮肥去向的研究,以在田间条件下进行的意义比较大。因此,1978-1980年,我们在华东地区三种不同土壤上,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪的方法,分别测定了施用于水稻和小麦的几种常用氮肥的去向,并以尿素为重点,研究了施肥方法、施肥时期、土壤水分状况以及硝化抑制剂等对氮肥去向的影响。所得结果将分别整理。本文是稻田试验方面的初步总结。     

Changes in the N Recovery Process from 15N-Labeled Swine Manure Compost and Rice Bran in Direct-Seeded Rice by Simultaneous Application of Cattle Manure Compost

The N recovery from ¹⁵N-labeled swine manure compost and rice bran with or without simultaneous application of unlabeled cattle manure compost was examined in a paddy field with direct-seeded rice during a 1-year period (1 crop season). In all the ¹⁵N-labeled materials including (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄, the processes of N recovery from the ¹⁵N materials by rice plants were different between the plots with and without application of cattle manure compost. At the tillering stage, the N recovery rates from the ¹⁵N materials in the plots with application of cattle manure compost were significantly lower than those in the plots without application of cattle manure compost. These recovery rates, however, became close and no significant differences were observed at the maturity stage. Thus, simultaneous application of cattle manure compost could impede the N recovery from swine manure compost, rice bran as well as (NH₄)₂SO₄.     

氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响

应用15N示踪技术研究了大田条件下氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收、转运及籽粒产量的影响。试验分别设置3个氮肥水平(0、150和240 kg/hm2N)和两种基追比例(即基肥:蘖肥穗粒肥分别为40%︰30%︰30%(A)和30%︰20%︰50%(B)),共5个处理,依次记作N0、N150A、N150B、N240A、N240B。结果表明,在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,提高氮肥水平,显著增加水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素数量以及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量。成熟期高氮处理(240 kg/hm2)水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量较多,分别为110.25、65.91、32.69 kg/hm2,而氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率下降,氮素损失率增加。在相同的氮肥水平下,采用基肥蘖肥穗粒肥比例为30%︰20%︰50%时,水稻吸收的肥料氮数量显著增加,氮素吸收利用率和土壤残留率提高,氮素损失率降低。适量施氮并增加穗粒肥的施氮比例,可以显著增加水稻产量。在本实验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2及基肥蘖肥穗粒肥为30%︰20%︰50%的施氮处理是兼顾产量和环境的最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

不同利用年限不同坡位的红壤水稻田化肥氮去向

采用15N微区示踪法研究了不同利用年限、不同坡位的红壤水稻田N素的运移特征与去向.试验结果表明:红壤地区新、老水稻田成熟期肥料利用率为18.71%～29.10%;残留率在5.97%～18.73%之间;老稻田耕层的土壤N素残留高于新稻田,但新稻田剖面中15～50 cm土层15N残留量占总残留量的比率明显要高于老稻田;红壤水稻田肥料损失率高达52.24%～68.91%.此外,供试田块各生育期渗漏水中NH4 -N、NO3--N浓度均为:耕层＞犁底层.