大豆疫霉菌单游动孢子囊的分离方法

对大豆疫霉菌单游动孢子囊的分离及游动孢子的获得技术进行了研究,成功获得了大豆疫霉菌单游动孢子囊及游动孢子,明确了该技术在实施过程中的注意事项。     

诱导疫霉菌产生游动孢子囊液体培养基的研制

研制了几种诱导疫霉菌产生游动孢子囊的蔬菜汁混合培养液,测定了各培养液诱导苎麻疫霉游动孢子囊的效果以及其对苎麻疫霉菌游动孢囊产生量、形态特征、游动孢子释放、卵孢子产生量、卵孢子的形态、菌丝生长和菌落形态等生物学性状的影响。试验结果显示,各配比培养液均能很好地诱导游动孢子囊的产生,且以较低浓度的培养液对孢子囊诱导效果较好,而高浓度则有利于卵孢子的产生,不同培养液中产生的游动孢子囊均能正常释放游动孢子。其中西红柿∶黄瓜=1∶2配比的培养液简单易行且诱导效果最好,是V₈C的理想替代培养液。     

影响大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)游动孢子产生的条件

 间歇性地给菌丝块换水可以诱导菌丝产生孢子囊,进而释放游动孢子。挑取5~8块直径为8mm于利马豆或V₈汁平板上培养4~8d的菌块,置于直径7cm的培养皿内,加入蒸馏水正好没过菌块表面,每30 min换水一次,换水4次后加入15 ml Petri培养液,25℃、黑暗条件下培养18~20 h,可诱发菌块大量产孢。     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌游动孢子的产生因素

 本文对影响大豆疫霉根腐病菌游动孢子的产生因素进行了研究。8 d的菌丝体经蒸馏水浸泡,在25℃下培养72 h可以获得高浓度的游动孢子悬浮液,菌龄越短游动孢子浓度越大,偏酸性的环境有利于游动孢子产生,温度是影响游动孢子形成的重要因素,在0、35℃下均无游动孢子产生,游动孢子产生的适宜温度范围是20~30℃,最佳温度为25℃。     

芸薹根肿菌次生游动孢子侵染致病分析

为明确芸薹根肿菌Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron.在其它寄主中是否广泛存在无性短循环及次生游动孢子的侵染致病性,以不结球白菜为寄主培养3批幼苗(G1、G2和G3),用休眠孢子悬浮液接种G1,被侵染的G1接种G2,被侵染的G2接种G3,采用离心管水培法研究其侵染致病性。结果显示,无性短循环研究中,G1、G2和G3根毛均被侵染,除G3并株接种侵染率为33.33%外,其它处理侵染率均在50.00%以上,根毛里有明显的游动孢子囊;次生游动孢子能侵染不结球白菜的皮层组织,致使不结球白菜发病形成明显的肿根;G1、G2和G3水培发病率为20.00%、15.00%和6.00%,砂培发病率为22.50%、18.75%和7.50%;G3肿根病理切片中可观察到休眠孢子。表明芸薹根肿菌侵染不结球白菜时,其生活史中存在无性短循环,次生游动孢子具有侵染致病作用。     

胡萝卜软腐欧氏杆菌胡萝卜亚种游动性突变体的筛选

 用转座子Tn5对胡萝卜软腐欧氏杆菌胡萝卜亚种(Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora,Ecc)进行诱变,获得9个游动性改变了的突变体。M432游动性变大;M143、M451和M574游动性完全丧失;M43、M49、M330、M725和M726游动性较野生型变小。这9个突变体在大白菜叶柄上的致病力均减弱。游动性变小或丧失的突变体鞭毛数目减少或未发现有鞭毛。     

非寄主和寄主种子分泌物对大豆疫霉活性的影响

为探寻非寄主和寄主种子分泌物中抗病信号分子,通过显微观察,采用菌丝生长速率法和离体接种法对不同种子分泌物处理后大豆疫霉Phytophthora sojae的游动孢子数、孢子囊数、游动孢子释放后残留的空囊数、成囊和未成囊的游动孢子数、萌发和未萌发的胞囊数、菌落直径、卵孢子数进行测量,并计算抑制率,明确非寄主菜豆和寄主大豆抗病品种、感病品种种子分泌物对大豆疫霉游动孢子趋化性、生长发育和侵袭力的影响。结果显示,非寄主菜豆种子分泌物不吸引大豆疫霉游动孢子,显著抑制大豆疫霉孢子囊形成、胞囊萌发和卵孢子产生,抑制率依次为97.3%、73.0%和17.5%,然后溶解胞囊,最终导致游动孢子对下胚轴侵袭力降低,抑制率为67.1%。寄主大豆种子分泌物能吸引大豆疫霉游动孢子,感病品种种子分泌物吸引力高于抗病品种。感病品种种子分泌物对大豆疫霉生长发育无显著影响,但促进大豆疫霉游动孢子侵袭力;抗病品种种子分泌物显著抑制大豆疫霉孢子囊形成、胞囊萌发和卵孢子产生,抑制率依次为86.6%、34.3%和12.8%,然后溶解胞囊,但作用强度小于非寄主菜豆种子分泌物,最终导致游动孢子对下胚轴的侵袭力降低,抑制率为24.2%。表明非寄主菜豆和寄主大豆抗病品种的种子分泌物对大豆疫霉有抑菌活性,大豆疫霉的非寄主和寄主抗病性与种子分泌物有关。     

稻苗疫霉游动孢子生物学的研究

 用自然发病的材料进行产孢试验,漂浮在水面上的病叶孢子囊产生最多。孢子囊产生的适宜温度在15-25℃,介质的pH位在5-7,黑暗条件有利于孢子囊的产生。     

烟草黑胫病田间动态研究

 雨水在黑胫病的重复侵染上起重要作用。烟茎上的孢子囊被雨水冲刷到地面上,释放出大量的游动孢子,随地面活水进行侵染。孢子囊只产生在较幼嫩的组织上,主要着生在烟茎顶端,其次在茎中部,茎基部分则极少发现。山东夏烟产生孢子囊的主要时期为移栽(6月底至7月初)以后到7月下旬。连续大雨有利于产生孢子囊。人工接种后4~5天是产生孢子囊的高峰。     

百合疫病病原菌的鉴定及培养基的筛选

从具典型症状的新鲜百合疫病植株茎基部病组织中分离到百合疫霉菌,根据其病原菌菌丝的形态、菌落特征,厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子的形态和大小,以及病原菌致病性测定,该病原菌鉴定为烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae van Brede de Haan.供试的16种培养基中,病原菌在胡萝卜琼脂培养基(CaA)和辣椒琼脂培养基(PeA)上生长最好,生长速率分别为1.771和1.770mm/h.在常规培养条件下,病原菌不易产生厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子,在低温、皮氏溶液和土壤浸出液中分别诱导产生出大量厚垣孢子、游动孢子囊和卵孢子.     

深绿木霉T2菌株对百合疫霉拮抗作用及机制

本文采用对峙培养、抗生物质测定、对扣培养、圆盘滤膜法、酶活性测定等方法,研究了深绿木霉对百合疫霉病菌的拮抗作用及机制。结果表明,深绿木霉T2菌株具有较强的营养竞争与重寄生作用;并发现其有抗生物质和溶菌酶类产生,对峙培养60 h时,深绿木霉生长速率是百合疫霉的3.68倍,能够与其竞争营养,抑制了百合疫霉的生长与扩展,深绿木霉寄生在百合疫霉菌丝上生长,导致百合疫霉菌丝降解;其代谢产物能够抑制百合疫霉的生长,48 h时难挥发性和易挥发性代谢产物对百合疫霉的抑菌率分别为85.07%和79.10%;深绿木霉T2菌株的发酵液有较高的β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性,并在第5天达到峰值,为18.54U;深绿木霉发酵液对百合疫霉菌丝有降解作用。     

拮抗细菌B8对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用及其菌株鉴定

从烟草根际土壤中分离到对烟草黑胫病菌及其它植物病原菌具有抑制作用的菌株B8,平板对峙培养抑菌带内菌丝畸形、原生质凝集或外渗。其发酵原液和发酵液的无菌滤液均能抑制烟草黑胫病菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌;离体叶片接种法测定其发酵液对烟草黑胫病的防效,结果表明预防作用达100%。室内盆栽试验表明B8菌株发酵液对烟草黑胫病的预防作用可达78.1%,优于治疗作用。该菌菌体杆状,芽孢侧生、椭圆形,经形态学、生理生化性状和16S rDNA序列测定,将其鉴定为侧孢短芽孢杆菌。     

烟草黑胫病菌致病性分化和烟草品种的抗病性差异

用游动孢子浸根接种法对我国主产烟区的117个烟草黑胫病菌(Phyto-phythora parasitica var.nicotianae)致病性测定结果表明，黑胫病菌茵株问致病性存在明显差异，病情指数范围4．66—84．30，强、中和弱致病性菌株各占11．1l％、58．97％和29．91％。对国内主要的59个烟草品种经室内和大田的抗病性鉴定表明，目前尚没有抗黑胫病菌的免疫品种，但不同烟草品种抗性差异明显，其中Coker371G、NC82、K346和单育三号等品种有较强的抗病性，且室内鉴定与大田鉴定结果基本一致。     

Differential Sensitivity of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and Thielaviopsis basicola to Monomeric Aluminum Species

ABSTRACT Aluminum (Al) is toxic to many plant pathogens, including Thielaviopsis basicola and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Because fungi-toxicity of Al has been described in soils over a wide pH range, multiple species of Al may be responsible for pathogen suppression. The goals of this work were to determine the sensitivity of T. basicola and P. para-sitica var. nicotianae to Al over a range of pH values, quantify the toxicity of monomeric Al species to production of sporangia of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and chlamydospores of T. basicola, and detect the accumulation of Al in pathogen structures. A complete factorial treatment design was used with Al levels ranging from 0 to 100 muM and pH levels ranging from 4 to 6 in a minimal salts medium. The chemistry of test solutions was modeled using GEOCHEM-PC. Colonies were grown in 5% carrot broth, and after 1 or 2 days, the nutrient solution was removed, colonies were rinsed with water, and Al test solutions were added to each of four replicate plates. After 2 days, propagules were counted and colonies were stained with the Al-specific, fluorescent stain lumogallion. The oomycete P. parasitica var. nicotianae was sensitive to multiple monomeric Al species, whereas sensitivity of T. basicola to Al was pH-dependent, suggesting that only Al(3+) is responsible for suppression of this fungal pathogen. Chlamydospore production by T. basicola was inhibited at pH values <5.0 and Al levels >20 muM, whereas sporangia production by P. parasitica was inhibited at Al levels as low as 2 muM across all pH values tested. The lumogallion stain was an effective technique for detection of Al in fungal tissues. Aluminum accumulated in sporangia and zoospores of P. parasitica var. nicotianae and in nonmelanized chlamy-dospores of T. basicola, but not in cell walls of either organism. The differential sensitivity of the two organisms may indicate that true fungi respond differently to Al than members of the oomycota, which are more closely related to plants.     

烟草黑胫病菌抗甲霜灵突变体的诱导及其适合度研究

室内离体条件下采用药剂诱导法,获得了11个烟草黑胫病菌抗甲霜灵突变体;检测了所有抗药突变体的抗药稳定性及抗性水平;比较了3个低抗和1个高抗突变体的适合度。结果表明:在2~20 μg/mL范围内,抗药突变体的发生频率随甲霜灵诱导浓度的增加而提高;所有抗药突变体的抗药性都能稳定遗传;11个抗药突变体中,10个为低抗突变体(抗性水平3.55~13.9倍,平均8.60倍),1个为高抗突变体(抗性水平510倍);低抗菌株20M-001、10M-003、10M-006和高抗菌株10M-004的适合度指数分别为0.56、0.38、0.38和0.87;抗药突变体的适合度指数与抗性水平不相关。     

Thermal Inactivation of Phytophthora nicotianae

ABSTRACT Phytophthora nicotianae was added to pasteurized soil at the rate of 500 laboratory-produced chlamydospores per gram of soil and exposed to temperatures ranging from 35 to 53 degrees C for 20 days. The time required to reduce soil populations to residual levels (0.2 propagule per gram of soil or less) decreased with increasing temperatures. Addition of cabbage residue to the soil reduced the time required to inactivate chlamydospores. Temperature regimes were established to simulate daily temperature changes observed in the field, with a high temperature of 47 degrees C for 3 h/day, and were good estimators of the efficacy of soil solarization for the control of P. nicotianae in soil. Cabbage amendment reduced the time required to inactivate chlamydospores of P. nicotianae and its effect was more pronounced at lower temperature regimes.     

烟草黑胫病菌对两种保护性杀菌剂的敏感性测定

采用菌落生长速率法测定了2005年从云南、贵州、山东烟区病株上分离到的38个烟草黑胫病菌Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de haan var.nicotianae Waterhouse 菌株对两种保护性杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明:百菌清(B)对各参试菌株的EC50值在2.33~49.47 μg/mL之间,平均值为9.35(±2.77) μg/mL;代森锰锌(Z)对各参试菌株的EC50值在3.51~82.05 μg/mL之间,平均值为10.59(±4.06) μg/mL。B及Z对除XR001外的37个菌株的EC50值分别呈连续的双峰(主峰明显)和单峰频次分布;B对构成敏感性正态频次分布主峰的30个菌株的EC50均值5.99(±0.78) μg/mL 和Z对组成连续敏感性正态频次分布的37个菌株的EC50均值8.66(±1.09) μg/mL 可分别作为烟草黑胫病菌对B及Z的敏感性基线。     

Specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae using the polymerase chain reaction and primers based on the DNA sequence of its elictin gene ParA1

Six primers based on the sequence of the flanking and coding regions of the elicitin gene ParA1 of Phytophthora nicotianae were tested for specific detection of the fungus by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One combination, IL7/IL8, with IL7 in a flanking region and IL8 in a coding region of the gene, gave an intense 378 bp signal with a diverse collection of isolates of P. nicotianae, that included some from black shank disease of tobacco and others from a variety of hosts. The sequence of the amplification product obtained with an isolate that produces elicitin and one that does not, was homologous with the known sequence of the ParA1 gene. The same primer combination gave no signal with sixteen other Phytophthora species tested except for two isolates P. palmivora with which it gave a weak 800 bp signal. It gave no signal with DNA from healthy tobacco and tomato plants but P. nicotianae was detected in inoculated tobacco and tomato plants. Small numbers of zoospores (>100) trapped onto a nitrocellulose membrane after filtration from suspension were also detected after two successive rounds of PCR.