吉富罗非鱼不同选育群体的遗传多样性

用微卫星和扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)分子标记对海南、广州和青岛吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。9对微卫星引物和4对AFLP引物的分析结果一致。微卫星分析表明,青岛吉富鱼的平均等位基因数(4.8)、平均观测杂合度(0.528)、平均多态信息含量(0.605)最高,海南吉富鱼的平均等位基因数(4.4)、平均观测杂合度(0.479)、平均多态信息含量(0.549)最低。AFLP分析显示,青岛吉富鱼的多态位点比例(48.4%)和基因多样性(0.245)最高,海南吉富鱼的多态位点比例(36.3%)和基因多样性(0.147)最低。这些表明,青岛吉富鱼的遗传多样性最高,海南吉富鱼最低。遗传分化分析表明,两两群体间遗传分化显著(微卫星FST为0.07~0.11,P<0.01;AFLPFST为0.24~0.29,P<0.01)。AMOVA分析显示,大部分遗传变异(微卫星的分析结果为91.26%;AFLP的为67.6%)来源于群体内个体间,表明吉富鱼选育品系尚具有进一步选育的潜力。     

Daily change of genetic variability in hatchery offspring of red sea bream during spawning season

ABSTRACT:   In order to assess a daily change of genetic variability during spawning season, hatched larvae of red sea bream sampled on different dates were assayed by polymorphic markers such as microsatellite DNA (msDNA) and mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) control region. Based on the microsatellite loci, the average number of alleles per locus ranged between 13.7 and 18.3. The expected heterozygosities ranged between 0.843 and 0.919. A total of 23 mtDNA haplotypes were detected via digestion of mtDNA D-loop sequences with five endonucleases: Taq  I, Alu  I, Mbo  I, Rsa  I and Hinf  I. Significant fluctuation of genetic variability during spawning season was detected by both types of DNA markers. It was suggested that the genetic variability was maintained by pooling the seed fish collected on different spawning dates in a hatchery.     

Ontogeny of tolerance to and avoidance of ultraviolet radiation in red sea bream Pagrus major and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli

ABSTRACT:   Ontogenetic changes of tolerance to, and avoidance of, ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) were examined in red sea bream Pagrus major and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli . In the tolerance experiment, larvae and juveniles (age 13–46 days) were put in beakers, and were exposed to one of five different levels of UV-B radiation (1.8, 1.1, 0.2, 0.1, and 0 W/m²) for one hour. Their survival rates were calculated either 12 or 24 h later. In the avoidance experiment, fish (age 3–49 days) were put in a long experimental tank, half of which was covered with UV-blocking film and placed under two levels of UV-B radiation (1.1 and 0.2 W/m²), and their avoidance indices were calculated. Black sea bream had significantly better survival compared to red sea bream for most ages. Only black sea bream of ages 37 and 49 days showed significant avoidance of UV radiation under the higher level of UV-B, whereas both species did not show avoidance on any days at the lower level. The present results suggest that black sea bream are significantly better adapted to habitats with high UV-B radiation, than red sea bream, reflecting that back sea bream live in shallower waters through their early life stages.     

Seagrass habitat reduces vulnerability of red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis> juveniles to piscivorous fish predator

ABSTRACT:   Predation experiments were conducted in mesocosms to test the hypothesis that habitat complexity affects vulnerability of red sea bream Pagrus major juveniles to piscivorous fish predators. Juvenile behavior was video-recorded for 6 h in two structurally different habitats: vegetated with sea grass Zostera marina , and unvegetated 0.5-t tanks. Association behavior with seagrass was observed in the vegetated tank throughout the trials. Predation experiments were conducted with 30 red sea bream juveniles (29.9 mm body length) exposed to two individuals of the piscivorous fish predator Chinese sea bass Lateolabrax sp. (261.6 mm), for 6 h in 1.0-t tanks. Predation rate (no. of fish predated on per predator per h) was significantly lower in the vegetated tank (0.02/predator per h) than in the unvegetated tank (0.27/predator per h). Present experiments indicate that habitat complexity reduces vulnerability of juvenile red sea bream to predation by piscivorous fish by serving as physical and/or visual barriers and limiting the predator's ability to pursue and capture prey. Seagrass beds in the shallow coastal waters around Japan are suggested to be an important nursery for red sea bream since they provide the juveniles with habitat complexity as well as serve as a feeding ground.     

Optimum dietary taurine level in casein-based diet for juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major

ABSTRACT:   This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine and cholyltaurine (C-tau) on growth and body composition of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major . Semi-purified casein-based diets supplemented with 0 (control diet), 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% taurine and 0.5% C-tau were fed to red sea bream (average body weight 4.7 g) for 6 weeks at 20°C. The growth and feed efficiency were the lowest in fish fed the control diet. Taurine supplementation improved the growth and feed efficiency of fish dose-dependently, and the taurine requirement was estimated as 0.52% in terms of optimizing growth and 0.48% in terms of optimizing feed efficiency. Taurine content in the whole body and liver increased with the dietary taurine level. Supplemental C-tau at the 0.5% level had limited effects on the growth and no effect on body taurine, biliary bile salt and liver fat contents. From these results it can be inferred that the optimal dietary taurine requirement of juvenile red sea bream is 0.5% on a dry weight basis, and that the supplementation of taurine in the diet not only improves the growth but also increases hepatic lipid levels of red sea bream juveniles.     

Microsatellite markers reveal population structure in gilthead sea bream Sparus auratus from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

ABSTRACT:   This study was carried out to investigate the genetic variability and the population genetics of Sparus auratus. In fact, despite its importance in Mediterranean fisheries and aquaculture, very little it is known concerning its population structure. Samples of wild gilthead sea bream were collected in seven different localities along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts and were genetically characterized by means of microsatellite markers. Genotyping at four microsatellite loci revealed high polymorphism (7–38 alleles/locus) and expected heterozygosities, which ranged from 0.80 to 0.85. A slight but significant population structure was found ( F _ST = 0.010). In fact, at least three populations of gilthead sea bream within the Western Mediterranean Sea were identified (Sardinian Sea, Sardinian Channel and Central Tyrrhenian Sea), which are also genetically differentiated from those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Adriatic Sea.     

Experimental transmission of encephalopathy and retinopathy induced by nodavirus to sea bream, Sparus aurata L., using different infection models

The transmission of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) was investigated in juvenile sea bream, Sparus aurata L. Two different infection routes [intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular injection (i.m.)] were tested at two different temperatures (20 and 26 °C) using sea bream of mean weight 0.7, 2 and 4 g, as well as an immersion challenge performed at 26 °C with sea bream of 0.7 g. Successful transmission of the disease was only achieved by i.m. injection. Mortalities of 100% occurred in sea bream of 0.7 g at day 15 post-infection and 47% in sea bream of both 2 and 4 g at day 30 post-infection in all the experimental infections at 26 °C. No mortalities were ever observed with infections at 20 °C. When mortalities were observed, the virus was detected by immunoperoxidase staining in the SSN-1 cell line inoculated with tissues from infected fish. Histological examination of both normal and infected fish showed a vacuolization in the bipolar and granular layers of the retina of the infected sea bream. This is the first experimentally induced transmission of VER in sea bream. Differences were observed at the time of disease onset depending on water temperature, the route of infection and the age of the juvenile fish.     

三疣梭子蟹4个野生群体遗传差异的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直电泳技术对三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberbuculatus4个野生群体(鸭绿江口、莱州湾、海州湾和舟山)的同工酶进行检测,分析群体间的生化遗传差异.结果发现(1) 4个群体的多态座位百分数(P0.99)分别为:鸭绿江口13.6%、莱州湾13.6%、海州湾13.6%和舟山13.6%.(2) 4个群体间的生化遗传差异不显著,4个群体间的遗传距离D=0.000 54～0.001 70,属种内群体间差异.(3)聚类分析表明:4个群体分为两组,海州湾和舟山两群体之间的亲缘关系最近,聚为一组.莱州湾和鸭绿江口群体亲缘关系比较近,聚为另一组.     

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点,其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80．0％。数据分析结果显示：青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0．3395,Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0．4861,存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0．0788,基因分化系数Gst为0．1070,表明3个繁殖群体间产生了一定程度的遗传分化,通过UPGMA方法进行聚类分析显示,HM群体和BH群体优先聚类,表示它们之间的基因交流程度要高于它们分别与SL群体之间的交流。     

北部湾光裸星虫3个地理群体遗传多样性

利用微卫星DNA分子标记对广东湛江乌石(ZJ)、广西北海山口(BH)与越南锦普(JP)3个光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)野生群体的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,20个微卫星座位中有3个位点(Snu08、Snu10、Snu14)呈现单态,17个多态微卫星座位中的等位基因数介于2～9之间,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.097～0.797之间。每个群体中有5个位点显著偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡,在位点Snu18上3个群体均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。3个光裸星虫野生群体均表现出中等程度的遗传多样性水平,锦普群体遗传多样性水平高于北海和湛江群体。群体间F-统计量分析表明,群体遗传分化处于低等分化水平,差异不显著(Fst=0.019～0.049,P>0.05);基于DA遗传距离构建的NJ和UPGMA聚类树均显示,地理位置相邻的群体聚在一起。研究表明,3个光裸星虫地理群体均具有中等的遗传多样性,杂合度均偏低,群体间存在较大的基因流,杂合子明显缺失;群体间已产生遗传分化,但分化水平还较低。     

光棘球海胆3个地理亚群的遗传多样性AFLP分析

应用AFLP技术对光棘球海胆的大连长海县群体、大连旅顺群体及日本青森县群体进行遗传多样性分析。试验结果表明,4对引物组合扩增得到231个扩增位点,其中168个多态位点,多态位点总比例为72.73%;3个群体的遗传多样性指数分别为0.3020±0.1925、0.2995±0.1977和0.2945±0.1935;Shannon多样性指数分别为0.4390±0.2767、0.4344±0.2820和0.4298±0.2766;群体内遗传变异系数为0.2987±0.0366,群体间遗传分化系数为0.0230,说明群体内的遗传多样性比较丰富。3个群体之间的遗传距离无显著差异,遗传相似度基本一致,用UPGMA方法对3个群体的143个个体的聚类分析显示,3个群体的个体交互混杂在一起,3个群体间没有因为地理隔离而产生明显的遗传分化。     

3种肉食性鱼类的捕食及脊尾白虾防御行为比较

通过对黑鲷、漠斑牙鲆及暗纹东方鲀3种肉食性鱼类捕食脊尾白虾的行为观察。结果发现,3种肉食性鱼捕食脊尾白虾的强度排列依次为黑鲷暗纹东方鲀漠斑牙鲆。脊尾白虾最主要的防御方式为尾扇拨水向后弹开。     

Interactive effects of dietary vitamin C and phospholipid in micro‐bound diet for growth,survival, and stress resistance of larval red sea bream,Pagrus major

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AsA) and phospholipid (PL) and their interaction on growth, survival, and stress resistance in red sea bream larvae. Twenty‐six days old red sea bream were fed nine micro‐bound diets supplemented three levels of AsA (0, 800 and 1600 mg kg^?1 diet) and PL (0, 20 and 40 g kg^?1 diet) for 15 days. Dietary AsA and PL were both significant factors on survival rates. There was also an interaction between dietary AsA and PL on survival rate (P < 0.05). The larvae fed 800 or 1600 mg kg^?1 AsA with 40 g kg^?1 PL diets showed the highest survival rate, with values similar to those of the live‐food supplemented group. Stress resistance against low salinity exposure significantly increased with increased dietary level of AsA and PL. However, significant interaction of AsA and PL was not detected. The larvae fed 1600 mg kg^?1 AsA with 40 g kg^?1 PL diet showed the highest stress resistance among all diets, but it was not significantly different than that of larvae fed 800 mg kg^?1 AsA with 40 g kg^?1 PL diet. This study clearly demonstrated that combined use of AsA and PL can improve survival of 26–40 days posthatching red sea bream larvae. Moreover, the present study suggested that 800 mg kg^?1 AsA with 40 g kg^?1 PL in diet was needed for producing high quality seedling under the stressful conditions.     

西北太平洋大弹涂鱼群体遗传结构的 AFLP 分析

应用AFLP标记分析了西北太平洋沿岸大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)的遗传多样性和群体结构.利用6对选择性引物对采自日本、韩国、越南及中国广西、广东、福建、台湾和浙江8个群体的126尾大弹涂鱼进行扩增.在15～500 bp之间得到186条条带,其中多态性片段160条,多态性比例为86.02％,每对引物组合扩增片段为25～36条,每对引物组合多态位点检出率为52.0％～96.42％.各群体的多态性位点比例在27.96％～57.53％之间,其中韩国群体的多态性位点比例最高,广东群体的多态性位点比例最低.各群体间Nei's遗传距离为0.038～0.151,遗传距离较大.各群体间遗传分化指数Fst值为0.175～0.459,均检测到显著的遗传分化(P=o.ooo).基于遗传距离矩阵构建的NJ系统树显示,大弹涂鱼的8个群体被分为了两支,其中日本、韩国及台湾群体聚为岛屿支系,浙江、福建、广东、广西和越南群体聚为大陆支系.AMOVA分析显示,大部分的变异组分来自于各群体内个体间,且组群间、群体间及群体内均存在明显的遗传分化.群体间遗传分化系数Gst为0.385 7,群体间的基因流Nm为0.796 4,群体间基因交流弱于其他多数鱼类.     

广西沿海及其邻近海区拟穴青蟹群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA（random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）技术检测广西沿海及其邻近海区拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）6个地理群体的遗传变异和遗传结构,8条10 bp寡核苷酸随机引物扩增99个个体,分析其中的44个位点,31个位点表现出多态性,在种水平的多态位点百分率为70.45%。POPGENE分析结果显示,6个群体的多态位点百分率为29.55%～54.55%,平均为36.97%;群体的遗传多样性自高至低排列为钦州湾群体〉党江群体〉珍珠湾群体〉闸口群体〉清化群体〉流沙湾群体;群体内的遗传变异大于群体间的遗传变异,群体间的遗传分化程度较大。AMOVA分析显示,群体内遗传变异占87.03%,群体间遗传变异占12.97%,群体间发生中等程度遗传分化。Mantel检测结果表明,拟穴青蟹6个群体间的遗传距离与地理距离之间的相关性不显著。聚类分析表明,群体间聚类无明显的地域性分布格局。     

Genetic diversity of oriental river prawn(Macrobrachium nipponense De Haan)revealed by ISSR markers

日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)是中国分布范围广、经济价值较大的一种重要淡水虾类.随着养殖规模的不断扩大,如何保持养殖群体的遗传品质已引起了人们的重视.但迄今为止,养殖的日本沼虾均来自未经系统遗传选育的野生群体,而养殖病害的日趋严重和养成规格、品质的下降已严重影响到日本沼虾养殖产业的健康发展.研究野生群体的遗传结构和遗传分化,揭示其遗传多样性是制定合理有效的保护和管理策略的前提和基础.ISSR(Inter-simple sequence repeats,简单重复序列中间区域)标记技术具有实验重复性好、信息量大、多态性高等优点,是一种理想的检测群体遗传变异的分子标记.因此,本研究应用ISSR标记技术对日本沼虾5个地理群体进行了初步的遗传分析,以期为合理开发和利用日本沼虾天然资源,以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供理论依据.本研究对采自江苏苏州、江西南昌、云南西双版纳、湖北宜都和新疆博湖的5个地理群体进行了初步研究.从50个ISSR引物中筛选出9个条带清晰、稳定性和重复性好,且产生相对较多条带的引物用于全部DNA样品的PCR扩增.对日本沼虾5个地理群体的群体遗传分析表明,在所有榆测到的清晰且可重复的142个有效位点中,多态位点有138个.物种水平上,多态位点百分率(PPL)、等位基因数(No)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)分别为97.18%、1.972、0.312、0.120和0.323.而在群体水平上,5个地理群体的多态位点百分率为29.58%～61.97%;等位基因数(No)为1.296～1.620;有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.165～1.281;Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.098～0.172;Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.147～0.267.从各个地理群体看,江西南昌群体的遗传多样性最高(PPB:61.97%,No:1.620,Ne:1.281,H:0.172,I:0.267),而湖北宜都群体最低(PPB:29.58%,No:1.296,Ne:1.165,H:0.098,I:0.147).群体内遗传多样度(HS)和总基因多样度(HT)分别为0.135和0.201,根据遗传多样性水平在群体内(HS)和群体间(HT-HS)的分化,各个群体之间的Nei's基因分化系数[GST=(HT-HS)/HT]是0.327.AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的38.59%,而61.41%的遗传变异源于群体内,群体之间表现出较高水平的遗传分化.与其他群体相比,新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体差异最小(FST:0.1923,遗传距离D:0.0542),而新疆博湖群体与云南西双版纳群体差异最大(FST:0.5950,D:0.1559).采用UPGMA法构建的分子系统树显示,5个地理群体明显地聚为2个族群,来自新疆博湖和江苏苏州的日本沼虾群体聚为一支,而江西南昌、湖北宜都和云南西双版纳的群体聚在一起.本研究使用9条引物对5个地理群体进行了扩增,共检测到138个多态位点,各群体的多态位点百分率(PPL)为29.58%～61.97%.与其他相关研究结果进行比较,发现对日本沼虾而言,ISSR技术是一个理想的检测群体遗传变异的分子标记.与其他群体相比,新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体各遗传参数均相近,且UPGMA系统树亦显示新疆博湖群体和江苏苏州群体的亲缘关系较近,推测它们可能来自同一个祖先群体.与其他野生群体相比,江西南昌群体的遗传多样性最高,该群体采自江西省鄱阳湖,鄱阳湖是中国最大的淡水湖泊,它接纳赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修河5大河及博阳河、漳田河、潼津河的来水经调蓄后由湖口注入长江,是一个过水性、吞吐型、季节型的湖泊.上游河流汇入鄱阳湖引起群体迁移使不同生态型的基因交流,增加了迁入地的遗传多样性.从遗传角度来讲,一个物种保持足够的遗传变异性是适应不同生境、生存和进化的首要保证.因此,较高水平的遗传多样性对于保护和利用野生群体具有重要意义.本研究表明,在日本沼虾的多样性研究方面,ISSR标记技术是一个非常有效的检测群体遗传变异的遗传标记.研究结果可以为合理开发和利用日本沼虾自然野生资源,以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供基础资料.     

Biomarkers of bone development and oxidative stress in gilthead sea bream larvae fed microdiets with several levels of polar lipids and α‐tocopherol

Although dietary marine phospholipids are able to improve culture performance of marine fish larvae in a further extend than soybean lecithin, both types of phospholipids (PL) markedly increase oxidative risk. The inclusion of a fat‐soluble antioxidant such as the vitamin E α‐tocopherol could allow a better control of oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effect of graded levels of α‐tocopherol with different levels and sources of krill phospholipids (KPL) and soybean lecithin (SBL) on growth, survival, resistance to stress, oxidative status, bone metabolism‐related genes expression and biochemical composition of sea bream larvae. Sea bream larvae were completely weaned at 16 dph and fed for 30 days seven microdiets with three different levels of PL (0, 40 and 80 g kg^?1 diet) and two of α‐tocopherol 1500 and 3000 mg kg^?1 diet. Sea bream larvae fed diets without PL supplementation showed the lowest survival, growth and stress resistance, whereas increase in PL, particularly KPL, markedly promoted larval survival and growth. However, feeding SBL markedly increased TBARs and GPX gene expression increasing the peroxidation risk in the larvae. Besides, KPL inclusion improved incorporation of n‐3 HUFA and, particularly, EPA into larval tissues, these fatty acids being positively correlated with the expression of BMP‐4, RUNX 2, ALP, OC and OP genes and to bone mineralization for a given larval size class. The increase in dietary α‐tocopherol tends to improve growth in relation to the n‐3 HUFA levels in the diet, denoting the protective role of this vitamin against oxidation. Indeed, dietary α‐tocopherol decreased the oxidative stress in the larvae as denoted by the reduction in larval TBARs contents and gene expression of SOD and CAT, but not GPX. Thus, increase in dietary α‐tocopherol effectively prevented the formation of free radicals from HUFA, particularly EPA, but did not affect the incidence of bone anomalies or the expression of genes related to osteogenetic processes.     

应用SSR分析5个三疣梭子蟹野生群体的遗传多样性

利用本实验室筛选的8个微卫星分子标记,对中国舟山(ZS)、海州湾(HZ)、青岛会场(HC)、莱州湾(LZ)和鸭绿江口(YL)5个三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)野生群体共计120个个体进行了遗传多样性分析.结果显示,8个位点共扩增到72个等位基因,平均等位基因数为9.0,平均有效等位基因数为5.467 7;平均多态信息含量为0.696 7;平均期望杂合度(Hc)为0.750 8.5个群体的期望杂合度由高到低依次为LZ(0.770 4)、HC(0.758 8)、YL(0.755 2)、HZ(0.741 5)、ZS(0.728 3).卡方检验可知,34个群体位点组合符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,占总数的85％.5个群体间的遗传距离在0.245 1～0.517 9之间,HC和HZ的遗传距离最小,LZ和ZS的遗传距离最大;通过构建UPGMA聚类树,发现5个群体聚为南北两大支,HC和HZ两个群体遗传距离最近先聚到一起,再与ZS群体相聚,形成南方群体;YL与LZ群体相聚形成北方群体,最后南北两大群体聚为一支.分析群体间的Fst值可知,两两群体间的Fst值在0.054 8～0.108 3 (0.05＜Fst＜0.15)之间,群体间产生了极显著的遗传分化.     

Immune response of sea bass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tenacibaculum maritimum</Emphasis> antigens

ABSTRACT:   Seawater fishes are affected by a pathology commonly called 'myxobacteriosis', caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum (formerly Flexibacter maritimus ). The disease is characterized by fin erosion and necrotic ulcers of skin and muscle, and by low but constant mortality in cultured marine fish; in Italy is one of the most important and widely spread diseases affecting sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax , gilthead seabream Sparus aurata , sharp-snouted bream Diplodus puntazzo , white bream Diplodus sargus , and six-tooted bream Dentex dentex . In order to obtain an effective vaccine against the disease, formalin killed cells (FKC), extracellular products (ECPs) and crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations were obtained from the T. maritimum strain SPVId and injected intraperitoneally twice into the sea bass. The fish immune response to the preparations was studied: agglutinating antibody titer and in vitro phagocytosis were determined after the first and second injection in order to evaluate whether the preparations are immunogenic or not and if the booster effect took place. The results show that FKC and LPS preparations increased the antibody titer after the first injection when compared to the control sea bass. Moreover, all the preparations stimulated a secondary (booster) response. In vitro phagocytosis of the total blood was significantly higher for all the preparations when compared to the controls, but the crude LPS immunized sea bass showed the highest activity.     

Influence of dietary levels of soybean meal on the performance and gut histology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The present study was performed to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) on the performance and gut histology of gilthead sea bream and European sea bass. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic extruded diets (crude protein, 470 g kg⁻¹ diet; crude fat, 200 g kg⁻¹ diet) were formulated containing 0 (0 SBM), 180 (180 SBM) and 300 (300 SBM) g kg⁻¹ diet SBM and tested on both species in two separate experiments. Fish at an initial average weight of around 18 g were randomly allocated to 800 L square tanks connected to a closed recirculating system. The trials lasted 80 days for sea bream and 89 days for sea bass. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation. Increasing the level of SBM had no significant effects on the specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion rate in both the species. In the sea bream distal intestine, lamina propria was moderately and diffusely expanded in some fish due to an increase in cell infiltration represented by mononuclear cells, this finding being more frequent in animals fed diet 300 SBM. No other morphological alterations in intestinal folds, enterocytes or other inflammation signs were noticed in the sea bream distal intestine of any group. No histological differences were found in sea bass in any experimental group.