蜜蜂对昆明山海棠与紫花满天星花蜜采集的对比研究

在相同的环境下,用毛细管吸法分别吸取昆明山海棠花蜜和紫花满天星花蜜,测定糖浓度.结果表明,昆明山海棠花蜜糖浓度与紫花满天星花蜜糖浓度差异显著,昆明山海棠百朵花蜜的平均糖浓度为9.15%,紫花满天星的为5.69%.初步说明,昆明山海棠是靠比较高的花蜜浓度来吸引昆虫授粉的.同时,观察记录蜜蜂采集两种花的频率和次数,发现虽然也有蜜蜂采集昆明山海棠花,但采集紫花满天星的频次明显多于昆明山海棠.     

昆明山海棠蜜中雷公藤甲素降解的研究

昆明山海棠蜜是蜜蜂采集昆明山海棠的花蜜酿造而成的蜂蜜,在这里以HPLC检测存放了不同时间昆明山海棠蜜中的主要毒性成分雷公藤甲素(TW)的含量,即昆明山海棠花期采集的蜂蜜中雷公藤甲素的含量,以及在常温下存放了3个月及6个月后蜂蜜中雷公藤甲素的含量。当昆明山海棠蜜经萃取洗脱后,采用反相C18柱,以乙腈-水(30∶70)为流动相,以218 nm为检测波长,检测昆明山海棠蜜中雷公藤甲素的含量。结果表明,雷公藤甲素花期采集的蜂蜜中雷公藤甲素的含量为0.95±0.09μg/g;存放了3个月和6个月后蜂蜜中雷公藤甲素的含量为0.46±0.02μg/g和0.07±0.006μg/g,雷公藤甲素随着存放的时间降解非常明显。     

湖北省恩施州鹤峰县、利川市有毒蜜源蜂蜜中毒事件调查

在2015年7~8月发生有毒蜜源蜂蜜中毒事件的鹤峰县五里乡瓦屋村及其周边3个村至少发现有5种有毒蜜源植物。其中雷公藤属植物雷公藤和昆明山海棠成片分布;另据湖北省疾控中心和湖南农业大学对有毒蜂蜜中毒性成分分析结果显示,有毒蜂蜜中存在雷公藤甲素等毒性成分,未检出博落回生物碱成分。鉴于瓦屋村有毒蜂蜜中检出多种雷公藤、昆明山海棠毒性成分和周边分布大量的雷公藤、昆明山海棠,认为该地有毒蜜源蜂蜜应该与雷公藤、昆明山海棠植物高度相关,与博落回无关。2016年7、8月利川市汪营镇马鞍山村所采蜂蜜在当地没发生中毒事件,蜂蜜中检出雷公藤毒素。应迅速建立南方10省、市、区有毒蜜源调查协作网,加强对已出现过中毒事发区的蜂蜜监控普查分析,编印发行小开本有毒蜜源图册供山区蜂农识别。     

我国14种有毒蜜粉源植物的花粉形态

我国１４种有毒蜜粉源植物的花粉形态中国科学植物研究所（北京１０００４４）刘炳仑本文共观察研究了我国１４种有毒蜜粉源植物的花粉形态，它们是：乌头、博落回、雷公藤、苦皮藤、昆明山海棠、油茶、狼毒、旱莲木、八角枫、羊踯躅、胡蔓藤、醉鱼草、曼陀罗及藜芦等。现...     

我国14种有毒蜜源植物及其花粉形态（一）

本文研究了１４种我国主要有毒蜜源植物和辅助有毒蜜源植物及其花粉形态。它们是：乌头、博落回、苦皮藤、雷公藤、昆明山海棠、油茶、狼毒、早莲木、八角枫、羊踯、醉鱼草、胡蔓藤、曼陀罗、藜芦。文中除有花粉形态描述外，还有根物所含化合物等。     

生姜化学成分和药理活性的研究进展

生姜主要化学成分有挥发油、姜辣素和二苯基庚烷等,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、止呕、抗炎、抑菌等药理活性。对生姜的化学成分和药理活性的研究情况进行综述,为生姜的深入研究和应用提供理论依据。     

青蒿素及其衍生物药理作用研究进展

青蒿素及其衍生物具有抗疟疾、抗肿瘤、抗血吸虫、抗弓形虫、抗纤维化、抗孕、抗心律失常等多种药理活性；但其作用机制、特点、应用研究仍处于初级阶段，因此具有广阔的研究开发前景。本文综述了国内外近年来对青蒿素及其衍生物药理作用及可能的相关机制的研究进展。     

艾叶生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

艾叶是一类菊科蒿属多年生植物的干燥叶片，含有挥发性油类、黄酮类、三萜类和桉叶烷类等多种活性物质，具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、提高机体免疫力等生物学功能。艾叶作为我国传统中草药，其药理功能显著。目前，利用艾叶粉、艾叶秆及艾叶提取物开发出了具有多种功效的产品，并作为饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜牧业生产中。文章综述艾叶的活性成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽养殖生产中的应用，为艾叶进一步开发利用提供参考。     

梅花鹿茸多肽的药理活性研究

对提纯的鹿茸多肽所具有的免疫调节、抗疲劳、抗应激能力等药理活性进行了研究。结果表明,鹿茸多肽对机体的免疫功能、抗疲劳、抗应激能力均具有增强作用。     

昆明山海棠蜂蜜对蜜蜂的慢性毒性研究

用正常蜜做成的炼糖和昆明山海棠蜂蜜做成的炼糖分别饲喂来自同一群蜂的东方蜜蜂,发现昆明山海棠蜂蜜对蜜蜂有慢性毒杀作用,有毒组和无毒组蜜蜂的2d死亡率无显著差异(P＞0.05),但4 d,6 d及8 d的死亡率都有显著差异(0.01＜0.05).在实验的第6 d,有毒组蜜蜂的死亡率为72.5%±22.22%,而无毒组蜜蜂的死亡率仅为15.83%±12.33%,差异十分显著(P＜0.01)     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein