史宾格检疫犬训练方法研究

检疫犬在国际和国内口岸得到了广泛使用并取得了较好的效果,"人-机-犬"三位一体的查验模式在全国得到广泛推广应用.史宾格犬体型中等,对人友善,不会引起旅客恐惧不安,学习能力强,热情而平稳,胆大敏捷、兴奋性高,常被用来训练成缉毒犬、搜爆犬、追踪搜寻等工作犬.根据工作犬训练知识,结合口岸工作实践经验,总结出一套史宾格检疫犬训练方法,从检疫犬的选取,训犬员的挑选和科学的训练方法三个方面进行了阐述总结.     

史宾格犬耳朵的护理

史宾格犬有一对下垂长耳朵且毛发浓密,特别容易耳道感染发炎,所以作为一名史宾格犬的主人,要加强对犬耳朵的护理。     

史宾格、拉布拉多犬发情周期规律的研究

为适应新形势，我们对近几年刚从国外引进的史宾格、拉布拉多两品种犬的繁殖性能等生理特性进行研究，目的在于揭示新引进犬种繁殖性状的一般规律，为进一步提高繁殖效能，实现科学的培育管理提供依据。     

史宾格犬

史宾格犬有两个品种,一种是威尔士史宾格犬(Welsh Springer Spaniel威尔士激飞猎犬),另一种是英国史宾格犬(English Springer Spaniel英国激飞猎犬),都形成于英国,威尔士史宾格犬更早些。前者体型小,后者体稍大,都富有激情、跑动起来快步如飞,因此,也称激飞猎犬,但威尔士史宾格犬兴奋性更高些。2001年公安部从欧洲引进的主要是威尔士史宾格犬。这种犬兴奋性高,耐力好,     

史宾格、拉布拉多母犬妊娠期时间长短的比较

为进一步提高繁殖效能，实现科学的饲养管理。根据2000～2004年史宾格、拉布拉多繁殖母犬的交配、分娩记录资料，对交配日期清楚的母犬与公犬，以首次交配到第一头仔犬产出计算其妊娠时间。     

史宾格犬生长发育规律的研究

对南方某警犬基地史宾格犬的体尺性状与生长发育规律进行了研究。结果表明:史宾格犬在1月龄期管围发育迅速,头长和胸围生长较快;出生后的前6个月,体重、体尺增长较快,至12月龄时体重和体尺增长基本停止,公犬体成熟时间稍晚于母犬;体长与体高、胸深、胸围、荐高、头长呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);体高与胸深、胸围、荐高呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);荐高与头长、管围呈显著正相关(P<0.05);头长与管围呈显著负相关(P<0.05);F1代成年公母犬的体重、体长、胸深、胸围与原代有极显著差异(P<0.01)。     

史宾格犬的服从训练

由于史宾格犬有着自身的行为特征，在服从训练中其方法也有所不同，具体为：     

训练史宾格犬搜爆的特点

一、 应遵循诱导、奖励为主,强迫、禁止为辅的训练方法 要培养犬积极主动的搜索欲望,使犬对物品要达到“疯”的程度,就要在游戏中培养,要充分发挥诱导、奖励的方法,要以抛物、隐蔽式衔取的游戏方法为主,在游戏中训练和开发犬的搜索能力和嗅觉灵敏度,尤其是对漂浮在空气中爆炸物气味的捕捉能力、复杂气味的分化能力等都要靠训犬员的培养与开发。     

National survey of owner-directed aggression in English Springer Spaniels

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of owner-directed aggression and identify associated environmental and genetic factors in English Springer Spaniels. DESIGN: Prevalence survey. ANIMALS: 1,053 adult English Springer Spaniels. PROCEDURE: A mail survey was sent to 2,400 randomly selected owners of adult American Kennel Club-registered English Springer Spaniels. Dogs with a history of aggression to family members and familiar humans were compared with dogs without such a history. RESULTS: 1,053 questionnaires (56.1% of the 1,877 delivered) were completed. A history of owner-directed growling or more intense aggression was reported in 510 (48.4%) dogs. Two hundred seventy-seven (26.3%) dogs had bitten a human in the past; 65.2% of bites were directed at familiar (owner or nonowner) adults and children. Variables associated with owner-directed aggression included sex of dog (male), neuter status (neutered, regardless of sex), show or bench lines, age > 4 years, aggression to unfamiliar adults and children, acquisition from a hobby breeder, less responsiveness to obedience cues, and a specific kennel and 1 popular sire from that kennel in a 4-generation pedigree. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Owner-directed aggression in adult English Springer Spaniels was associated with a number of environmental, sex-related, and inherited factors. To reduce the risk of aggression, prospective owners might seek a female, hunting-type English Springer Spaniel from an experienced breeder. However, because risk factors are broad and varied, there are limitations to the extent to which behavior can be predicted and further study is needed of the inheritance of aggression in this breed.     

Genomic screening for fucosidosis in English Springer Spaniels.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a robust molecular genetic test for alpha-L-fucosidosis in English Springer Spaniels and to screen dogs from the United Kingdom and United States for the mutant allele. ANIMALS: 35 English-bred English Springer Spaniels, 60 American-bred English Springer Spaniels, and 1 affected dog and its parents from a family of English Springer Spaniels in Colorado. PROCEDURE: Polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to amplify the mutated region in the gene encoding alpha-L-fucosidase. High guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the region required use of an amplification buffer with high pH. Mutant and normal alleles were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular genetic test results were compared with enzyme data. RESULTS: A 262-bp PCR product was amplified from normal dogs and compared with a 248-bp product from affected dogs. Carriers had 1 copy of each allele, distinguishable by the 14-bp size difference. Two carriers among the English-bred dogs were identified by use of enzyme and genomic DNA analyses. The molecular defect in dogs from Colorado was proven to be the same as that in British and Australian dogs. None of the other 60 American-bred dogs carried the mutant allele. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:A PCR method that can be used to identify dogs affected with or carriers of the autosomal recessive disease fucosidosis was established. Amplification was achieved within a GC-rich region, using a method that may be useful in overcoming amplification problems in GC-rich areas within other genes. Using this test, fucosidosis can be controlled and ultimately eradicated from the English Springer Spaniel population.     

Dyserythropoiesis, Polymyopathy, and Cardiac Disease in Three Related English Springer Spaniels

A polysystemic disorder was observed in three related English Springer Spaniel dogs that demonstrated regurgitation from an early age, slowly progressive temporal muscle atrophy with partial trismus, and less pronounced generalized skeletal muscle atrophy. All dogs exhibited moderate dyserythropoietic anemia, polymyopathy with megaesophagus, and varying degrees of cardiomegaly. The prevalence, etiology, underlying pathomechanism, and possible mode of inheritance remain to be elucidated.     

Sudden Death Associated with QT Interval Prolongation and KCNQ1 Gene Mutation in a Family of English Springer Spaniels

Background

A 5‐year‐old, healthy English Springer Spaniel died suddenly 4 months after delivering a litter of 7 puppies. Within 4 months of the dam''s death, 3 offspring also died suddenly.

Hypothesis

Abnormal cardiac repolarization, caused by an inherited long QT syndrome, is thought to be responsible for arrhythmias leading to sudden death in this family.

Animals

Four remaining dogs from the affected litter and 11 related dogs.

Methods

Physical examination and resting ECG were done on the littermates and 9 related dogs. Additional tests on some or all littermates included echocardiogram with Doppler, Holter monitoring, and routine serum biochemistry. Blood for DNA sequencing was obtained from all 15 dogs.

Results

Three of 4 littermates examined, but no other dogs, had prolonged QT intervals with unique T‐wave morphology. DNA sequencing of the KCNQ1 gene identified a heterozygous single base pair mutation, unique to these 3 dogs, which changes a conserved amino acid from threonine to lysine and is predicted to change protein structure.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This family represents the first documentation in dogs of spontaneous familial QT prolongation, which was associated with a KCNQ1 gene mutation and sudden death. Although the final rhythm could not be documented in these dogs, their phenotypic manifestations of QT interval prolongation and abnormal ECG restitution suggested increased risk for sudden arrhythmic death. The KCNQ1 gene mutation identified is speculated to impair the cardiac repolarizing current I _Ks, similar to KCNQ1 mutations causing long QT syndrome 1 in humans.     

培养搜爆犬搜寻耐力初探

从搜爆犬使用的机理出发,随着犬工作时间的延续,其搜索的兴奋性在逐渐下降,必须通过休息、调引才能继续工作,然而搜爆任务是有时限的,必须使犬在一定时间内对现场保持相当高的兴奋性,才能完成任务。所以从使用的角度出发,搜寻耐力的培养成为搜爆犬训练的重点。     

论史宾格犬鉴别训练

警犬鉴别训练是培养犬根据训犬员的指挥和付予它的嗅源,从若干种气味中分析辨别出与之相同气味的过程,同其它刑事技术一样,有其科学的理论基础和应用价值。实质上它就是利用犬的探求反射,猎取（衔取）反射等建立起来的使用科目。