Minimal Anesthetic Concentration and Cardiopulmonary Dose-Response of Halothane in Ducks

The minimal anesthetic concentration (MAC) for halothane and cardiopulmonary dose-responses at several concentrations of halothane were determined during spontaneous ventilation in nine young adult Pekin ducks. The MAC for halothane was 1.04 +/- 0.11 (mean +/- SD). There were dose-dependent decreases in ventilation, significant reductions in inspiratory and expiratory times, and prolongation of expiratory pause times. The end-tidal halothane concentration at apnea in five ducks was less than 1.53% and anesthetic index was less than 1.51. Heart rate increased significantly as the concentration of halothane was increased, but arterial blood pressure did not change. Cardiac arrhythmias developed in five ducks at end-tidal halothane concentrations as low as 1.15%, and one duck died of cardiac arrest.     

Closed System Delivery of Halothane and Isoflurane with a Vaporizer in the Anesthetic Circle

Forty-four healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane delivered with an in-circuit vaporizer with closed system flow rates or an out-of-circuit vaporizer with semi-closed system flow rates. When dogs were anesthetized with halothane, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, or lingual venous pH, PCO2, or PO2 during induction and maintenance. Lingual venous PO2 was significantly less but still within a clinically acceptable range when isoflurane was used in an in-circuit vaporizer. Recovery times tended to be longer with in-circuit vaporizers. The amount of anesthetic used was not affected by vaporizer location. In-circuit vaporizers were suitable for delivery of halothane or isoflurane to healthy dogs.     

阿法沙龙与异氟烷静吸复合麻醉对犬麻醉效果的影响

旨在探讨使用不同剂量阿法沙龙和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉(IVIA)对犬麻醉效果的比较.对18只试验犬随机编号后分为L(1～6号)、M(7～12号)、H(13～18号)3组,分别使用阿法沙龙3、6、9 mg·(kg·h)-1静脉恒速滴注(CRI)配合0.5％异氟烷的维持麻醉方案,观察并记录诱导麻醉前1h(T0)、维持麻醉期间(...     

Cardiopulmonary and Analgesic Effects of Epidural Lidocaine, Alfentanil, and Xylazine in Pigs Anesthetized With Isoflurane

To determine cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of lidocaine, alfentanil, and xylazine in pigs anesthetized with isoflurane, 18 healthy Landrace-Large White pigs were studied (six for each drug). General anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O₂ and maintained with 1% to 1.2% end-tidal ISO, ensuring presence of a pain response before epidural drug administration. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), arterial blood gas data, core temperature (CT), and analgesic effects (by pricking the lumbar area and the abdominal wall) were determined at various times (2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) after epidural administration of lidocaine (5 μg/kg), alfentanil (5 μg/kg), or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), all diluted in NaCl 0.9% to 0.5 mL/kg. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference test for determining differences among means. A probability level of P <.05 was used. The following results were statistically significant decreases in systolic AP, HR, TV, RR, MV, CT, pH, PaO₂, and TCO₂ and increases in PCWP, PaCO₂, and HCO₃ after LID. After ALF, only CT and HCO₃ decreased. Core temperature and TV decreased after XYL. Lidocaine provided 45 to 60 minutes of analgesia. Alfentanil had no analgesic effects, and xylazine provided 90 minutes of analgesia. The authors conclude that xylazine, when injected epidurally, provides suitable analgesia in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs.     

不同稀释液和输精量对天柱黑番鸭人工授精效果的影响

天柱黑番鸭是我国4个地方番鸭品种之一,已被列为地方品种资源进行保护和利用.由于骡鸭属于属间杂交的产物,自然交配受精率很低,仅为15%～45%,因此,开展人工授精是提高番鸭受精率根本途径.     

Plasma Concentration of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate in Horses after an Oral Dose

This study was conducted to study absorption of glucosamine (GlucN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in horses immediately after feeding. Six mature mares were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square-designed experiment. The experiment consisted of three 15-day periods, which included 10 days of diet adaptation followed by a 5-day sampling period. Blood was drawn after feeding on one day during each sampling period. Horses were fed a control diet (40% hay, 60% concentrate) balanced to meet NRC requirements for maintenance of mature horses (NRC, Nutrient requirements of horses, 1989). In one experimental diet, 2.0 g CS and 5.5 g GlucN were added to the basal ration at each feeding. In the other experimental diet, 3.5 g CS and 8.5 g GlucN were added to the basal ration at each feeding. After collections, blood was centrifuged and plasma was harvested and stored until analyzed for the presence of each compound. Analyses for plasma GlucN were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. CS in the plasma was analyzed using a color reagent, dimethylmethylene blue, followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. There were no significant differences (P < .05) in the concentration of either CS or GlucN in plasma, when comparing the three different diets. This leads to a conclusion that these compounds were not absorbed intact through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. This poses a question as to whether oral forms of these compounds are absorbed and are able to migrate to joints through the blood to improve joint function.     

Anesthetic Potency of Desflurane in the Horse: Determination of the Minimum Alveolar Concentration

Objective — To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse.
Study Design — Prospective study.
Animals — Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 ±16 kg and aged 9 ±2 years old.
Methods — Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane that prevented gross purposeful movement in response to 60 seconds of noxious electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined.
Results — The time from the start of DES administration to lateral recumbency was 6.1 ±0.9 min. The MAC of DES in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. Time required for the animal to regain sternal recumbency after 98 ±4 minutes of anesthesia was 6.6 ±0.5 minutes and the time to standing was 14.3 ±2.7 minutes.
Conclusions — The MAC of desflurane in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. DES provided a rapid induction to, and recovery from, anesthesia.
Clinical Relevance — Desflurane offers the potential for more precise control during anesthesia, and may allow a faster and uneventful recovery. It is important to know the MAC of an inhalant to use it clinically.     

家鸭、媒鸭和野鸭mtDNA D-loop区的遗传变异

旨在从mtDNA水平探讨我国家鸭的遗传多样性及家鸭与野鸭间的亲缘关系.运用DNA测序方法,测定了不同地域、水域和表型性状的9种家鸭(北京鸭、高邮鸭、巢湖鸭、绍兴鸭、连城白鸭、吉安红毛鸭、文登黑鸭、云南麻鸭、建昌鸭)80个个体、4种媒鸭(西湖野鸭、钱江野鸭、枞阳媒鸭、媒头鸭)26个个体和斑嘴鸭8个个体,共计114个个体的mtDNA D-loop区667 bp序列.9种家鸭单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.250 00～0.607 14和0.000 38～0.001 18;9种家鸭、媒鸭、绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭之间的遗传距离为0.001～0.015;39种单倍型系统发生树和单倍型网络关系图表明,9种家鸭主要属于A1亚簇(绿头鸭单倍型簇).我国家鸭遗传多样性中等丰富,母系起源主要是绿头鸭,极少量个体含有斑嘴鸭血统.     

鸭应激反应继发禽霍乱的中西医结合治疗

禽霍乱(Fowl Cholera)又称禽巴氏杆菌病、禽出血性败血症,是由多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)引起的侵害多种禽类的一种接触性传染病。该菌是一种条件致病菌,在某些健康鸭的上呼吸道存在,当动物处于应激状态,机体的抵抗力下降时,细菌大量繁殖并致病,发生内源性感染。本     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒的分离与鉴定

从长春地区某鸭场送检的疑似鸭病毒性肝炎的病例,采取病鸭肝脏分别进行细菌、病毒分离,结果分离到1株病毒,经病毒回归试验及血清学试验等方法,鉴定该病毒为Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒,但与标准株接种鸡胚产生的病变有一定的差别。     

中畜草原白羽肉鸭与樱桃谷鸭的遗传差异分析

【目的】通过基因组重测序技术对中畜草原白羽肉鸭与樱桃谷鸭的遗传差异进行分析,追溯两个品种鸭在不同人工选择下的基因组变异机制,以此阐明优异性状形成的遗传基础。【方法】选择樱桃谷鸭商品代和中畜草原白羽肉鸭商品代各16只进行基因组重测序,过滤掉高缺失率与最小等位基因频率较低的位点,获得高质量SNPs用于后续分析;对两品种的基因型数据进行主成分分析(PCA)确定其遗传分化情况;采用群体遗传分化指数(Fst)和群体核酸多样性比值(Pi)两种分析方法综合筛选中畜草原白羽肉鸭和樱桃谷鸭的受选择信号。【结果】主成分分析结果显示,中畜草原白羽肉鸭和樱桃谷鸭分化显著。以10 kb窗口5 kb步长分别计算Fst与Pi分析值,取前1%作为阈值(Fst>0.177,Pi>0.885),在两种分析方法的信号重叠区域共筛选到410 kb候选区域,共注释到21个候选基因。对候选基因进行GO与KEGG富集分析发现,12个基因显著富集到细胞组分和分子功能两大类中(P<0.05),2个基因显著富集到代谢相关通路(P<0.05)。这些基因中,与脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、免疫调控相关的基因包括PDE3A、P...     

北京鸭和樱桃谷鸭填饲条件下脂肪沉积性能比较

试验对相同方式填饲的北京鸭和樱桃谷鸭的脂肪沉积性能进行了比较,结果表明填饲北京鸭的腹脂重极显著大于填饲樱桃谷鸭(P<0.01),皮脂厚和皮脂重略大于樱桃谷鸭,差异不显著。填饲北京鸭的皮脂率、腹脂率均大于樱桃谷鸭达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。填饲条件下,北京鸭的胸肉粗脂肪、总脂肪酸百分含量均高于樱桃谷鸭,差异不显著;北京鸭的脂肪酸C22∶0的百分含量高于樱桃谷鸭达到极显著水平(P<0.01),不饱和脂肪酸C14∶1、C24∶1 C22∶6的百分含量北京鸭显著高于樱桃谷鸭(P<0.05);其余各类脂肪酸含量两品种间差异不显著。     

高邮鸭巴氏杆菌病的诊断与防治

2010年,高邮市某养鸭场饲养的高邮鸭出现疑似巴氏杆菌病症状,现将此病例的诊治报道如下: 1 发病情况 该场饲养的800只高邮鸭5月龄左右发生死亡,10d内死亡100多只.每天死亡10多只,有的是突然死亡,有的是2～3 d死亡.养殖户清理、更换了鸭栏中的饲料和饮水,并在饮水中添加葡萄糖和维生素C,但情况未能好转,来我站求诊.     

鸭传染性浆膜炎的诊断与防治

北京某发病鸭场的病鸭，经临床症状、病理变化的观察及实验室诊断，确诊为鸭传染性浆膜炎，将从病鸭脑脊液、心血、肝中分离的鸭疫巴氏杆菌，进行增菌、灭活，加入氢氧化铝胶制成铝胶灭活疫苗，给雏鸭1日龄进行一免，每只0.5 ml，15日龄进行二免，每只1 ml。结果表明，疫苗是安全的，保护率可达95%。药敏试验结果表明所分离菌株对新霉素、卡那霉素高度敏感。     

Effect of GnRH Dose on Occurrence of Short Oestrous Cycles and LH Response in Cyclic Dairy Heifers

Prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) and GnRH treatments given 24 h apart have been shown to result in short oestrous cycles (8–12 days) in some cows and heifers. The differences in responses may depend on the dose of GnRH. Therefore, the effect of the dose of GnRH on occurrence of short cycles and LH response was studied here. Oestrus was induced with dexcloprostenol (0.15 mg) in two groups of Ayrshire heifers. A second luteolysis was induced similarly on day 7 after ovulation; 24 h after PGF_2α treatment, the heifers were administered either a high (0.5 mg, n = 15, group T500) or low (0.1 mg, n = 10, group T100) dose of gonadorelin. Blood samples for progesterone analyses were collected daily from the second PGF_2α administration to the second ovulation after the PGF_2α injection. Beginning 24 h after the GnRH treatment, ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasonography every 6 h until ovulation, and daily between day 4 and the next ovulation. Five heifers from both groups were sampled for LH analyses via a jugular catheter every 30 min from 1 h before to 6 h after the GnRH administration. Short oestrous cycles were detected in 7 of 10 cases in group T100 and in 12 of 15 cases in group T500. No significant differences in LH responses were detected between the groups. In group T500, the rise in LH concentration tended to be somewhat slower than in group T100. The dose of GnRH (0.1 vs 0.5 mg) did not affect the occurrence of short oestrous cycles and LH response.     

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreatic Lobes and Ducts in Six Breeds of Domestic Ducks and Six Species of Wild Ducks in China

A previously unreported pancreatic duct was found by Liu (1989) in Pekin ducks. This duct has now been consistently found in six breeds of domestic ducks and six species of wild ducks in China. For purposes of Nomina Anatomica Avium it is hereby called the ‘first pancreatic duct’(Ducius pancreaticus primus) since it enters the duodenum at or near the flexure where the descending duodenum becomes the ascending duodenum. All other pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum later, closer to where it joins the jejunum. This first pancreatic duct drains the caudal extremity of the dorsal lobe of the pancreas and can be easily exteriorized for experimental purposes. Within the parenchyma of the dorsal lobe of the pancreas this duct communicates with the dorsal pancreatic duct. In the present study of the gross anatomy of the pancreatic lobes of domestic and wild Chinese ducks we describe and illustrate variations in position and number of all biliary and pancreatic ducts.     

青年高邮鸭巴氏杆菌病的诊断

<正>1发病概况江苏省淮安市涟水县某专业户饲养高邮麻鸭1500只,鸭群于20日龄曾注射H5亚型禽流感疫苗及鸭瘟疫苗,之前生长发育良好,至40日龄时,陆续突然发病。患病鸭精神萎顿,羽毛松乱,食欲减     

Plasma Procalcitonin Concentration in Healthy Horses and Horses Affected by Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Background

The diseases most frequent associated with SIRS in adult horses are those involving the gastrointestinal tract. An early diagnosis should be the goal in the management of horses with SIRS.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in healthy and SIRS horses to assess differences between the two groups.

Animals

Seventy‐eight horses (30 healthy and 48 SIRS).

Methods

Prospective in vivo multicentric study. Horses were classified as SIRS if at least 2 of the following criteria were met: abnormal leukocyte count or distribution, hyperthermia or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea. Healthy horses showed no clinical or laboratory signs of SIRS. Plasma PCT concentrations were measured with a commercial ELISA assay for equine species. Results were expressed as mean±standard deviation. T‐test for unpaired data was performed between healthy and SIRS group. SIRS group was divided in 4 subgroups and t‐test was performed between healthy versus each subgroup.

Results

PCT concentrations in healthy and SIRS horses were 18.28 ± 20.32 and 197.0 ± 117.0 pg/mL, respectively. T‐test showed statistical differences between healthy versus SIRS group and between healthy versus all subgroups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Results showed an increase in PCT concentration in SIRS horses as previously reported in humans and dogs. PCT could be used as a single assay in equine practice for detection of SIRS.