The early radiation and relationships of the major arthropod groups

Cambrian arthropods are now well known, but there has been little agreement on how they contribute to an understanding of arthropod phylogeny. Fossils have either been lumped together as "trilobitomorphs" or, more recently, have been the subject of speculation invoking a multiple polyphyletic origin of arthropods. Cladistic analysis of characters of Cambrian and living representatives (excluding Uniramia) shows that trilobites and chelicerates are relatively advanced compared with "crustaceans," and there are doubts whether the latter constitute a national group. An undue emphasis on singular autapomorphies of problematic fossils has obscured these relationships in the past. "Trilobitomorphs" were simply an artificial taxon based on shared primitive characters. The arthropods that evolved during the Cambrian radiation show no more apparent morphological diversity than do the living groups. The evidence of wellpreserved problematica is critical to understanding the nature of this radiation and the affinities of the groups that remain today.     

中国龙虾人工养殖饵料的初步研究

本文研究了贻贝、牡蛎、杂虾、杂蟹、杂鱼和配合饲料６种饵料对中国龙虾的饲养效果。结果表明：饵料对中国龙虾的蜕壳率、蜕壳后体重增长率、生长率和饵料转换效率有显著的影响,而对中国龙虾蜕壳后体长增长率和存活率影响并不明显。各种试验饵料中翡翠贻贝是饲养中国龙虾的最好饵料,其次是牡蛎、杂虾、杂蟹、杂鱼只能作为辅助性饵料,配合饲料的某些成分及其适品性、诱食性尚需改善和提高。     

中国龙虾人工养殖饵料的初步研究

本文研究了贻贝、牡蛎、杂虾、杂蟹、杂鱼和配合饲料６种饵料对中国龙虾的饲养效果。结果表明：饵料对中国龙虾的蜕壳率、蜕壳后体重增长率、生长率和饵料转换效率有显著的影响，而对中国龙虾蜕壳后体长增长率和存活率影响并不明显。各种试验饵料中翡翠贻贝是饲养中国龙虾的最好饵料，其次是牡蛎、杂虾、杂蟹、杂鱼只能作为辅助性饵料，配合饲料的某些成分及其适品性、诱食性尚需改善和提高。     

Olfaction: responses of a decapod crustacean are enhanced by flicking

Periodic movements of the olfactory organs, known as "flicking," temporally enhance the response of the olfactory receptors of the spiny lobster to changes in stimulus concentration. This reflex provides the lobster with a physiological mechanism to compensate for the indiscrete temporal nature of chemical stimuli.     

对虾抗菌肽Penaeidins的研究进展

抗菌肽广泛存在于自然界中，在寄主先天性免疫机制中占有重要地位。尽管已经对其他节肢动物(包括昆虫和螯肢动物)体内的大量抗菌肽进行了研究鉴定，对甲壳动物体内分离出来的抗菌肽的研究报道却较少。Penaeidins是从南美白对虾血液中分离出来的一组抗菌肽。本文介绍了Penaeidins的结构、抗菌属性、免疫功能以及受到微生物刺激时Penaeidin基因的表达和Penaeidins的分布，并且对Penaeidins以及其他抗菌肽在水产动物疾病防治中的应用前景进行了展望。     

茶园无公害防治对黑刺粉虱的控制作用

采用振枝法和杀虫灯检测法对湖南省长沙市高桥茶场无公害茶园和常规茶园进行节肢动物群落多样性调查,并比较无公害多种措施相结合对茶园重要害虫黑刺粉虱的控制作用。结果表明,采用行间覆草、悬挂杀虫灯和施用植物源农药集成的茶园无公害防治技术,与常规防治相比,较好地保护了茶园的天敌,提高了茶园节肢动物群落多样性,抑制了黑刺粉虱的暴发为害。表明茶园采用无公害防治技术,能使茶园节肢动物群落多样性逐渐上升,维护生态平衡,避免黑刺粉虱等少数害虫在没有农药压制的情况下暴发为害,能保证茶叶的食用安全和品质。     

The origin of crustacean biramous appendages and the evolution of arthropoda

The evolution of biramous appendages in crustaceans is central to the debate on the origin of the arthropods. It is proposed that the biramous limb evolved through the basal fusion of adjacent pairs of ancestrally uniramous appendages. As a result, the existing system of homology, in which uniramous and biramous appendages are considered equivalent, may be invalid. Similarly, the homology of individual body segments between uniramians, such as insects and myriapods, and arthropod groups with biramous limbs is also called into question. Two uniramian segments, or a diplosegment, may be homologous to a single body segment in biramous groups.     

Hemocyanin respiratory pigment in bivalve mollusks

Hemocyanins, high molecular weight oxygen-binding proteins, were identified in two species of protobranch bivalve mollusks, Acila castrensis and Yoldia limatula. Although hemocyanins have been reported in chitons, gastropods, and cephalopods, they have not been observed in the Class Bivalvia. In A. castrensis the dissociation products of hemocyanin, characterized by gel electrophoresis, had a subunit molecular weight of approximately 250K. Negatively stained preparations of extracted hemocyanin formed protein aggregates in the shape of cylinders measuring 35 by 38 nanometers. X-ray microanalysis of hemocyanin aggregates in thin sections of Y. limatula demonstrated the presence of copper in the molecules. The discovery of hemocyanin in the protobranchs reinforces the primitive nature of the taxon and is further evidence that the major molluscan classes have a common ancestry.     

甘蔗属6个种叶片下表皮的解剖结构

在光学显微镜下观察了甘蔗属(Saccharum)6个种叶片下表皮的解剖结构.结果表明,肋区中刺细胞的有无、行数及形状,硅细胞的形状和排列方式在不同种之间是不同的,这些解剖特征可作为种间区别的依据之一和常规的外部器官形态学分类的补充.而且叶片下表皮的解剖方法简便,易于掌握。     

Proteins in a nonvenomous defensive secretion: biosynthetic significance

In common with many arthropods, the true bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus, when disturbed, emits a two-phase secretion that consists of an organic phase and an aqueous phase. The organic phase is a mixture of highly reactive low-molecular-weight compounds, analogous to those produced by other arthropods, and is deterrent to many kinds of predators. The aqueous phase, heretofore ignored in most analyses of arthropod defensive secretions, contains proteins. Even though the secretion is not injected, the proteins enzymatically catalyze the derivation of the most reactive components within the impermeable cuticular storage reservoir and, thus, constitute part of the defensive system that appears to be commonly used by arthropods producing irritating chemicals.     

Preferred microtubules for vesicle transport in lobster axons

The hypothesis that transported vesicles are preferentially associated with a subclass of microtubules has been tested in lobster axons. A cold block was used to collect moving vesicles in these axons; this treatment caused the vesicles to accumulate in files along some of the microtubules. Quantitative analysis of the number of vesicles associated with microtubule segments indicated that lobster axons have two distinct populations of microtubules--transport microtubules that are the preferred substrates for vesicle transport and architectural microtubules that contribute to axonal structure.     

棘胸蛙白内障病原鉴定及病理组织观察

为了确定棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)白内障病的病原,进行了病原菌分离、人工感染、分离菌理化特性和16S rDNA基因序列分析。结果表明,从患病棘胸蛙分离出2种致病菌Mm1和Mm2,将其大腿肌肉注射感染健康棘胸蛙,表现出与自然发病蛙相似症状。通过理化特性与16S rDNA基因序列鉴定,分离菌为摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii),其对链霉素和庆大霉素高度敏感,对氨苄西林和头孢他啶产生抗药性。病理组织学观察发现,其感染可引起棘胸蛙白内障病,发病棘胸蛙的晶状体、肝、肠和肾损伤严重,出现组织溶解、核溶解等现象,且在肠部出现包涵体。本研究发现摩氏摩根菌可感染棘胸蛙,导致棘胸蛙白内障病,并初步研究了病原菌的生物学特性、病理特征和药物敏感性,以期为该病的诊断和防治提供理论依据。     

Active aerial dispersal of minute wingless arthropods: exploitation of boundary-layer velocity gradients

The wingless first instars of the coccid Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi exhibit active aerial dispersal behavior by standing on their hind legs. This behavior is an age-specific response to the ambient wind velocity by which the instars are able to capitalize on air velocity gradients in the thin boundary layer surrounding the host plant substrate. This dispersal tactic may be a convergent evolutionary strategy for many minute terrestrial arthropods.     

中国龙虾食物变态反应BALB/c鼠模型的建立（英文）

[目的]通过腹腔注射的致敏方式建立中国龙虾食物变态反应Balb/c小鼠模型,探讨中国龙虾食物变态反应体外鉴定与评价方法。[方法]将40只雄性Balb/c小鼠分为卵清蛋白（OVA）阳性对照组、Coca’s液阴性对照组、空白对照组和模型组,以OVA、中国龙虾粗提蛋白,加氢氧化铝佐剂腹腔注射免疫Balb/c小鼠,建立食物变态反应小鼠模型。ELISA法测定第二次致敏激发后血清中IgE与组胺水平并进行被动皮肤过敏试验（PCA）确定特异性IgE抗体滴度,同时观察脾指数、小肠组织学变化及激发后的食物变态反应症状。[结果]末次激发后1 h采血,中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清IgE含量为236.75（±73.39）μg/L,与阳性对照OVA组无区别,与阴性对照Coca’s液组和正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组的组胺含量406.55（±232.79）μg/L与正常对照组相比显著升高（P〈0.01）;PCA反应中国龙虾粗提蛋白组血清特异性IgE抗体滴度达到1/16;中国龙虾粗提蛋白组和OVA致敏组小鼠脾指数明显大于Coca’s液或正常对照组（P〈0.01）且前两组小肠粘膜固有层皆出现淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等炎性细胞浸润。[结论]建立了一种中国龙虾食物变态反应小鼠模型,通过ELISA测定血清IgE和组胺以及PCA确定特异性IgE抗体滴度可作为一种鉴定与评价中国龙虾食物变态反应的方法。     

油菜田节肢动物群落结构及其模糊聚类分析

对油菜田进行了节肢动物群落结构系统调查,并对其结果进行模糊聚类分析.结果表明:油菜田全生育期节肢动物种类丰富,共记录52种,分属10目32科.同翅目昆虫的相对丰盛度最高,为0.823,其次为双翅目昆虫,相对丰盛度为0.114.模糊聚类分析结果表明,不同时间油菜田节肢动物群落可分为4类,分别为群落建立阶段的动态类型,节肢动物大量迁入阶段的动态类型,蚜虫大发生阶段的动态类型和相对稳定阶段的动态类型.同节肢动物的生态适应性和油菜田优势害虫发生规律相一致.     

Mechanism of polarized light perception

As background for a report on our current selective adaptation experiments in decapod crustaceans, the various facts and hypotheses generally relevant to intraretinal sensitivity to polarized light in arthropods as well as cephalopods have been marshaled. On the basis of this review, the following working hypotheses have been made. 1) One ommatidium in the compound eye is the functional unit in image perception but contains in its component retinular cells subunits which can work independently in detecting other visual parameters, such as polarization. 2) Single retinular cells do respond differentially to light polarized in various planes. 3) Light sensitivity, including e-vector detection, is localized in the rhab domeres, which comprise closely packed arrays of microvilli protruding axially from retinular cells; the dichroism of the photopigment molecules, which are contained within the microvilli, provides the molecular basis of e-vector detection. 4) The visual pigment molecules have their major dichroic axis aligned predominantly parallel to the long axis of the microvillus containing them; typically all microvilli in a single rhab domere are closely parallel to one another, thus comprising at the cellular level a unit dichroic analyzer with maximum optical density to photons vibrating in the direction parallel to these microvillous protrusions. 5) In most decapod crustaceans, in cephalopods, and in some insects the microvilli in all rhabdomeres of a retinula are oriented in only two directions, perpendicular. to each other. Therefore, e-vector perception must depend at the retinular level on a two channel system consisting of a pair of dichroic analyzers with their major transmitting axes fixed at a 90 degrees angle determined by the two directions of microvillus orientation. Our new results on selective adaptation in the eye of Cardisoma provide direct experimental evidence for such a two-channel analyzer in which the pair of functional units have their maximum sensitivity to polarization in the same retinal directions as the rhab dom microvilli observed in electron micrographs. In turn, these directions correspond with the vertical and horizontal axes of the animal's normal spatial orientation. In e-vector detection the seven retinular cells of a single decapod ommatidium thus form two operational subgroups of four and three cells, respectively (39). The correspondence of the electrophysiological evidence for a dual polarization analyzer with the perpendicular directions shown by the microvilli in a single rhabdom strengthens the idea that one ommatidium is enough for detecting e-vector orientation. On this evidence we may conclude that the model developed above for a two-channel polarization analyzer effectively accounts for the relevant spectrophotometric, fine-structural, electrophysiological, and behavioral data currently available for a considerable number of arthropods and cephalopods.     

绿竹花发育相关基因BoAP3的克隆与分析

MADS—box基因家族在决定花分生组织特性和花器官发育过程中起着重要的作用。以绿竹Bambusaoldhamii开花试管苗花芽为植物材料,采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术（rapid amplification of cDNAends,RACE）技术,获得了1条MADS—box基因家族的基因,命名为BoAP3。序列分析结果表明：BoAP3开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）长度为654bp,编码218个氨基酸,具有典型的植物MADS—box蛋白结构,其编码肽链包含了MADS区、K区、I区和C区。B胡丹与小麦Triticum aestivum,水稻Oryzasatva等AP3-like同源基因所编码的氨基酸同源性达到80％以上。定量聚合酶链式反应（PCR）结果表明：BoAP3基因在开花试管苗的花芽中表达量是不开花试管苗营养芽表达量的8．1倍,表明该基因可能参与了花器官的发育。     

树冠节肢动物多样性研究进展

树冠是动物栖息的理想场所之一。该文综述了树冠节肢动物的种群结构和物种多样性、树冠附生植物和树干皮等节肢动物区系,同时对日本红雪松、美国水青冈、北美黄杉和异叶铁杉等代表树种树冠的节肢动物种类组成进行报道。树冠分布的主要节肢动物有蜘蛛、昆虫和螨类,其中绝大多数为昆虫,其食性主要为植食性、腐食性、捕食性和寄生性      

常规管理荔枝园节肢动物优势种时间动态研究

[目的]为了摸清荔枝园节肢动物群落的优势种种类、数量及消长规律,为荔枝害虫的综合治理提供科学依据。[方法]于2006年4～11月在荔枝园中选取4株样树,采用抽样调查法和网捕法对广州市从化区太平中学荔枝园节肢动物群落结构及动态进行调查,平均每月调查3～4次,共27次。[结果]荔枝园内节肢动物群落划分为植食性、寄生性、捕食性、中性4个营养集团类群,它们的第一优势度种依次为:摇蚊科,52.3%;蠓科,15.3%;蜘蛛目,57.8%;缘腹细蜂科,20.6%。不同营养集团的优势种在施用农药期间和之后的变化规律差异较大。[结论]建议在荔枝园害虫治理时,根据不同种类的农药耐受性来确定农药品种、类型和施用时间。