车载智能土壤采样系统设计与试验

针对传统土壤样本采集操作复杂、劳动强度大、采集精度低和缺乏信息化管理的问题,设计了一种车载智能土壤采样系统。该系统安装于无人驾驶采样车上,系统包括土壤样本自动采集装置和电气控制系统。对系统整个工作过程进行分析,确定了各关键机构及控制硬件的主要工作参数。电气控制系统以运动控制器为控制核心,土壤样本自动采集装置对不同深度范围的土样进行采集,并按地理位置信息分类收集,通过RFID读写器将GPS系统定位所解算的目标采样点的经纬度地理信息和采样深度等信息写入收集土样采样筒底部的电子标签中。性能试验表明,安装于无人驾驶采样车的车载智能土壤采样系统工作运行稳定、可靠,能够对农耕层0~200mm任意深度范围的土壤进行自动分层采样,效率高、精度高、全程自动化,能够按照位置信息进行分类管理,较好地满足了智能化高质量采集土样的需求。     

作物数字化管理实现重大突破

<正>在国家863计划支持下,科研人员通过"智能化农机技术与装备"重大项目和"农业精准作业技术与装备"主题项目,在自动导航,种、肥、药精准施用,作物数字化管理等方面实现了重大突破。研究人员突破了农机自动导航关键技术,研发了国产化农机自动导航产品并应用转化;研制了基于电机和电液控制的自动转向驱动装置,开发了国产化农机自动导航产品,田间作业导航和直线跟踪精度控制在5 cm以内;农机自动导航技术产品的研发,打破了国外同类产品的垄断,价格降低了1/3。日前,自动导航技术产品在新疆、黑龙江、上海等地应用,与福田雷沃国际重工股份有限公司合作已开始批量生产。     

北京华商三优公司为我国新能源事业奋勇向前

RGV穿梭车换电成套设备RGV穿梭车换电成套设备采用模块化、标准化的方式设计,每个换电站根据服务车辆的数量和型号由若干换电单元组合而成。系统主要由RGV穿梭车、电池充电货架、汽车定位装置、地面控制台、电池充电监控系统等几部分组成。设备采用全自动化设计,换电过程无需人工参与,机器人采用伺服电机驱动,动作稳定,控制精准,操作过程加入机械随动控制,可在换电过程中不断精调,提高准确性,机器人与电动汽车自动对位,在两分钟自动更换完毕。工程实例:航天桥电动汽车充换电站、高安屯循环经济产业园     

基于矩阵理论自动变速器的功率流分析

自动变速器AT结构复杂。分析了自动变速器传动原理,使用转速矩阵、转矩矩阵构建传动系统的功率流数学模型,基于矩阵理论的线性方程组求解算法,并使用MATLAB进行系统功率流求解,从而获得各构件在各挡位的功率谱,为自动变速器动力性分析提供理论基础。同时形成了一套快速精确的自动变速器功率流求解程序,提高了工作效率。     

软地面半履带式气垫车的功率分析

在分析了半履带式气垫车垂向受力和行驶阻力的基础上,得出了功率消耗和地面土壤参数的关系,求得了风机最佳转速。在不同土壤条件下,控制风机工作在最佳转速,可使半履带式气垫车功率消耗最小。提出了一种在气垫车行驶过程中测算土壤参数近似值的方法,该近似值经修正后可为功率控制提供土壤信息。     

基于AGC的风力、水力互补发电系统的研究

随着电网规模的不断扩大和自动化水平的不断提高,具备自动发电控制（AGC）功能的机组在电网中的比重越来越大,自动发电控制技术已成为现代电网运行中不可缺少的手段,它正在维持电力系统频率合格稳定、控制网际电力电量交换按计划运行以及使电网经济运行等方面发挥重要作用。AGC的主要功能是当系统负荷波动时调整发电机组出力,实现任意时刻电能的供需平衡,从而将系统频率和联络线交换功率维持在计划值,并使每台发电机组最经济的带负荷。     

配电网优化控制方法

1国内外研究现状配电网优化控制的内容和相关算法很多,而其实际产品则主要以优化控制软件的形式出现。这些优化控制的软件的内容通常包括潮流计算、补偿电容器自动设计、联络断路器自动设计、新增负荷自动选点、短路电流计算、网络负载率均衡、配电网可靠性分析、配电网薄弱环节分析、配电网运行安全性分析等一些方面。     

基于智能出入库设备的农产品流通追溯方法

解决农产品出入库过程中物流与信息流的融合,为提高农产品在生产和流通环节的信息对接与追溯能力奠定基础。在农产品出入库过程中引入自主研发的智能出入库设备,作为物流追溯信息采集与关联的载体。基于该设备提供的无线传输、条码扫描、气缸剔除和显示控制装置,开发控制农产品出入库过程的自动装卸货软件系统。实现出入库环节中的产品滚动扫描与订单自动核查,使农产品追溯从订单级别提高到产品级别;将本方案应用于北京市某农产品合作社,通过测试表明,经过初选的待选产品中订单查出率和核查成功率均达到100%以上,单一产品的核查时间为1.5s,明显快于人工操作。智能出入库设备能显著提高农产品在流通过程的追溯能力。     

基于角位移控制的功率分流式自动变速器速比控制研究

阐述了功率分流式自动变速器中电机控制式无级变速单元的速比控制原理。通过对速比控制电机目标角位移、角位移滑模变结构控制器的建模,来确定整个控制器的设计参数。在对角位移目标轨迹跟踪的仿真中,控制器能够较好地实现在有外在负载干扰下对角位移目标轨迹的跟踪。     

基于RFID的规模化智能养猪系统设计

结合智能测重、PLC养殖环境生态环境控制、智喂精准控制等相关技术设计了基于RFID技术的智能化养猪系统。该系统可实现猪只身份自动采集识别、采食过程信息、猪只生长信息的自动采集存储以及养殖环境参数和管理信息的记录管理、数据的统计分析等功能,对规模化养猪实现了全程智能管控。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。