二次抛送式棉秸秆粉碎还田机的设计与试验研究

棉花是西北地区重要的经济作物,在新疆得到了广泛的种植,棉秸秆粉碎一般在棉花收获后进行,季节性强,如果棉秸秆不能及时处理,将影响棉田的秋耕冬灌作业。为此,设计了一种一次作业即可完成秸秆粉碎还田并与残膜回收机联合作业的二次抛送式棉秸秆粉碎还田机,并阐述了总体设计方案,确定了抛送装置、粉碎装置等主要部件的结构参数和工作参数的最优值。田间试验表明:还田机在秸秆粉碎刀棍转速为2400r/min、机具前进速度为4～6km/h时,棉秸秆掉落率的平均值为9.52%,棉秸秆粉碎合格率为95.24%,满足了棉秸秆粉碎还田的农艺要求。     

双侧输出式秸秆粉碎还田机设计

针对新疆地区棉花秸秆粉碎还田后,回收的地膜含杂率高等问题,设计双侧输出式秸秆粉碎还田机。采用理论计算、三维设计和田间试验相结合的方法,对其结构特点、工作原理和作业性能进行研究。结果表明:采用Y型双线双螺旋配置的秸秆粉碎装置可对棉花秸秆进行有效粉碎,作业速度6.8km/h时,棉杆平均粉碎长度为123.8mm,粉碎长度合格率为88.7%,平均留茬高度73.2mm,留茬高度变异系数为9.5%;秸秆输送装置可及时有效的将粉碎后的棉花秸秆输送至地膜两侧"垄沟"内,秸秆双侧输出量变异系数为11.2%,满足农艺要求。     

湖南大力推广秸秆还田机械化技术

<正>2015年7月14日,湖南省农业机械化技术推广站在长沙县黄花镇举办了"湖南省农业机械化秸秆还田现场推广演示"活动,全省14个市州农机推广站及试点地区负责人到现场观摩学习,目的是进一步推进农业机械化秸秆还田技术在全省的普及应用。此次现场推广演示的装备与技术有:秸秆捡拾打捆机械及作业;水稻联合收获秸秆粉碎机械及还田作业;旋耕机械及秸秆还田旋耕作业;水稻秸秆粉碎机械及制肥作业等。带秸秆切碎装置的半喂入和全喂入水稻联合收     

秸秆粉碎还田技术的机械化要点

随着农业种植技术的发展,科学技术的不断革新,秸秆粉碎还田技术也实现了机械化。本文主要介绍了秸秆粉碎还田技术机械化的方式、工艺路线、作业方法和机械化要点,对秸秆粉碎还田技术的机械化发展有一定的参考价值和意义。     

1JH-3.0宽幅秸秆粉碎还田机的研制

简要分析了新形势下新疆棉花秸秆粉碎还田作业存在的问题,介绍了1JH-3.0宽幅秸秆粉碎还田机的结构、工作原理、主要技术参数、特点及应用情况。     

新疆棉花秸秆粉碎还田机应用现状分析

卧式和立式秸秆粉碎还田机在新疆机采棉秸秆粉碎还田过程中得到了应用,其结构形式多样。新疆使用的卧式秸秆粉碎还田机都采用单刀轴结构,用皮带传动,可以粉碎还田4行和6行棉花秸秆;立式秸秆粉碎还田机按照切割刀盘的数量可以分为单切割刀盘和双切割刀盘两种结构,用皮带或齿轮传动,可以粉碎还田2、4、6和8行棉花秸秆。两种类型的还田机都满足了新疆机采棉种植模式的秸秆粉碎还田的需要,但是作业质量不稳定,粉碎质量受秸秆含水率影响严重,需要在切割刀的耐磨性、切割粉碎室的结构和传动系统上进行优化设计,进一步提高作业效率和秸秆切割粉碎质量。     

农作物秸秆机械化还田作业效益分析

农作物秸秆机械化还田技术,就是用秸秆还田机或者带有切碎装置的联合收割机将油菜、小麦、水稻、玉米等农作物秸秆就地粉碎,均匀地抛撒在地表,随即用机械耕翻入土,使之腐烂分解,达到大面积培肥地力的一项农机化适用技术。具体分为秸秆还田机粉碎还田作业和联合收割机机械化收获还田作业。     

玉米秸秆机械化还田技术浅析

介绍了玉米秸秆机械化粉碎还田作业工艺、作业农艺技术要求以及技术标准,简述了玉米秸秆切碎还田机作业前须做的准备工作、使用中应注意的事项以及正确保养和保管方法.     

小麦秸秆机械化还田技术要点及分析

农作物秸秆机械化还田技术是培肥地力、改善土壤团粒结构、提高农作物产量、改善生态环境、实现农业可持续发展的一项重要措施。小麦秸秆直接还田机械化技术可分为粉碎还田和整秆还田两大类。现将小麦秸秆机械化还田技术介绍如下 :一、小麦秸秆粉碎覆盖还田技术该项技术属于免耕播种的范围 ,其作业工艺流程是 :联合收割→秸秆粉碎还田机粉碎→硬茬播种→喷施除草剂。使用的主要机具为江西南昌旋耕机厂生产的 1ＪＱ - 15 0 (Ｃ/Ｄ)型甩刀式秸秆还田机和山东德州华北农机厂生产的 4Ｊ系列秸秆还田机械。其作业主要由三项环节组成 :小麦秸秆粉…     

秸秆机械化还田存在的问题与对策

秸秆焚烧污染环境,浪费资源,易引发火灾,阻碍交通。秸秆机械化还田是彻底解决秸秆出路问题、杜绝焚烧现象的有效手段,它将田间的农作物秸秆直接粉碎后耕翻入土,使之腐烂分解,从而增加土壤有机质,增肥地力,改良土壤,节约资源,保护环境。常州市武进区推广应用秸秆机械化还田技术多年,取得了一定成效;同时,在实施秸秆机械化还田工作过程中也面临一些问题值得探讨和思考。1.武进区秸秆机械化还田现状 武进区目前耕地面积41khm^2。水稻种植面积12khm^2,单产653kg;小麦种植面积9.7khm^2,单产323kg。稻麦秸秆生产总量19.39万t。现拥有大中型拖拉机1115台、大中型秸秆还田机829台、秸秆打捆机26台、配置秸秆切碎装置收割机389台,机具装备已全部满足还田作业需求。2013年全区完成三麦秸秆机械化还田面积7.66khm^2,还田率为78％;完成水稻秸秆机械化还田面积3.41khm^2,还田率为28％。全年机械化还田秸秆7.9万t,占秸秆总量的41％。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。