玉米根茬残膜回收机的离散元模拟及性能试验

为提高内蒙古地区玉米根茬残膜机械化回收水平,解决大根茬作物残膜回收率低、膜茬缠绕等问题,针对设计开发的玉米根茬残膜回收机,利用离散元数值模拟的方法,分析了作业时滚刀装置工作参数对根茬的回收率的影响。模拟结果表明,选用的滚刀装置作业参数可以实现对根茬段和地膜的抛起作用。参照残地膜回收机相关标准,对设计开发的玉米根茬残膜回收机进行了田间性能试验,结果表明:在给定的作业参数内,残膜表层拾净率为88%,缠膜率为1.8%,深层拾净率为91%,运输离地间隙为350mm,试验性能指标均高于相关标准。该机可用于玉米等大根茬作物根茬和残膜的有效回收。     

玉米起茬残膜回收机结构设计与性能试验

根据玉米覆膜种植的地域环境、土质条件和作物特点,研究开发设计一种新型玉米起茬残膜回收机,能够较好地完成挖掘玉米根茬和残膜,实现残(膜)茬与土壤分离和残(膜)茬的收集回收。通过改进的残膜回收机在内蒙古多地进行使用性能试验,试验结果表明:表层拾净率为87.9%,深层拾净率为90.7%,缠膜率为1.8%,机具作业指标、作业质量达到设计预期。简要介绍该新型玉米起茬残膜回收机的工作原理和结构设计,为玉米残膜回收机的改进设计和机具的进一步定型提供相关依据。     

垄膜玉米地表残膜及根茬清理机设计

针对覆膜玉米收获后残留地膜、根茬不易回收等问题,研究设计了一种残膜及根茬清理机。起膜起根装置将根茬、土壤及地膜铲起送入链板输送装置,前地轮驱动偏心轴使得链板输送装置产生振动,同时拾膜、脱膜装置将在链板上输送的地膜拾起并清理至集膜箱,剩余的土壤、根茬进入双轴粉碎机构粉碎。工作速度3～5 km/h,幅宽1 100 mm,可将200 mm深的玉米根茬和100 mm的土与地膜铲起,回收残膜的同时可对玉米根茬进行清理与粉碎,并对土壤进行疏松。有限元分析结果表明起膜起根铲强度满足要求。该机可完成残膜、根茬的清理及根茬的粉碎工作,满足作业要求。      

瓜州县玉米地膜机械化回收模式

本文主要针对瓜州县地区玉米种植地膜残留所造成的危害进行简单论述，包括影响玉米地块肥力水平、影响玉米发芽与根系的发育生长、增大机械化作业难度、影响玉米采收质量等内容。通过对比提出机械化地膜回收模式为目前玉米地膜污染的最佳处理方式。同时，对玉米地膜机械化回收模式运行中各个作业环节进行简单的介绍，以期对当地的玉米地膜机械化回收有着促进发展的作用。     

基于MATLAB软件下起茬部件的试验分析

为解决玉米生长过程中呈伞型的气生根与次生根将地膜紧密包裹、分层生长造成根茬地膜回收困难的问题,本项目组人员于2015年8月在新疆塔城市喀拉哈巴克乡先锋村开展玉米根茬起茬试验,提出采用圆盘式切膜起茬部件,探究圆盘的入土深度、前进速度和立柱间距的主导因素对起出玉米根茬的影响。基于MATLAB软件下,通过三因素三水平起茬的试验分析,得出在入土深度150mm、前进速度1.12m/s、立柱间距120mm为最佳起茬因素组合,有效起茬率最高。研究了圆盘式切膜起茬的原理,通过测试分析研究了影响起茬性能的关键因素,得到相关参数的最优组合,为玉米起茬与地膜回收机的研发提供一定的理论基础。     

三种农田残留地膜机械化回收对比试验

通过选取制种玉米根茬地作为参试样本,选用11MFJG-125型双升运链卷轴自卸式废膜捡拾机、1FMJF-120型风机吹送式残膜回收机、1GCH-80型滚筒式残膜回收机作为试验研究对象,通过对3种残膜进行试验对比和数据分析,对残膜回收率及缠膜率进行对比,试验结果表明,在该试验参数的工作条件下能够有效降低样机残膜回收过程中的漏收废膜与缠绕,满足农田残留地膜机械化回收需求。     

滚筒式残膜回收机研究与试验

地膜覆盖技术的推广应用促进了农业发展，但地膜的大量使用，不及时捡拾回收处理，也带来了很多问题，通过机械化捡拾可以提高生产效率、降低劳动强度、改善土壤质量。针对现有残膜机械回收过程存在的问题，研究了一种滚筒式残膜回收机，重点介绍了机具的整机结构、工作原理、主要技术参数及技术特点，并对样机进行了田间试验，测定其作业性能指标，符合残地膜回收机标准要求，能够实现残地膜的机械化回收。     

IMC—70型地膜回收起茬机

ＩＭＣ－７０型地膜回收起茬机由内蒙古商都牧机厂研制,与１１０３ｋＷ（１５马力）带有液压的小四轮拖拉机配套使用。适用于捡拾玉米、高粱等作物的离地表１０ｃｍ以内土层的根茬和残膜,可一次完成起膜起茬、输送、分离土块、残膜根茬集堆等项作业。１主要技术参数...     

残膜机械化回收技术

地膜具有保墒、提高地温、抑制杂草生长和增产增收等作用,得到了广泛应用,并极大地促进了我国农业经济的发展。但是残留在土壤中的地膜极难降解,给农业生产和生态环境造成了巨大危害,残膜回收对于保护耕地、改善农田生态环境具有重要的意义。总结了国内外残膜回收技术的研究现状及研究方法,指出我国残膜回收机具存在的主要问题,提出了实施机械化残膜回收技术的建议,为机械化回收残膜的研究提供理论依据。      

残膜清理回收机具的研究现状及存在的问题

介绍了国内外残地膜清理回收机具的现状,论述了我国残地膜回收机具的分类和特点。对典型残地膜清理回收机具的结构进行了分析,并指出了残地膜清理回收机具设计中存在的问题以及研究趋势,为残地膜清理回收机具的研究提供了参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。