便携式作物氮素监测仪性能水稻田间测试

设计了2个品种和4个施氮水平的水稻田间试验,采用自行研制的便携式作物氮素监测仪获取各关键生育期的水稻冠层反射光谱信息,并实施田间协同取样和实验室氮素含量测定。通过分析水稻叶片氮含量与冠层光谱反射率及植被指数之间的相关性和定量关系,测试并评价便携式作物氮素监测仪的工作性能。结果表明,便携式作物氮素监测仪具有优异的氮素监测效果和优良的田间工作性能,在其所具备的4个特征波段中,660、710和810nm单一波长的光谱反射率与叶片氮含量的相关性均大于0.5,并全部通过0.01水平的极显著检验;在各生育期中,所有双波段光谱植被指数与叶片氮含量的拟合系数均大于0.7,并以开花期和成熟期的拟合系数（大于0.83）为最高;对全生育期的整体分析表明,归一化光谱指数NDVI（810,710）和NDVI（710,546）与叶片氮素含量的决定系数分别达到了     

基于无人机高光谱遥感的水稻氮营养诊断方法

氮亏缺量能够直接反映作物氮营养缺失程度,快速、大面积获取水稻氮亏缺量信息对实现水稻精准施肥具有重要意义。而现有的研究大都集中于利用无人机遥感监测水稻氮营养情况,对氮亏缺量本身的研究较少。本研究基于无人机高光谱遥感获取冠层光谱数据、通过田间采样获取水稻农学数据,研究东北地区水稻临界氮浓度曲线构建方法,在此基础上确定水稻氮亏缺量;以氮亏缺量约等于0状态下光谱为标准光谱,分别对光谱反射率进行比值、差值、归一化差值变换,通过竞争性自适应重加权采样法对原始光谱反射率与变换后光谱反射率进行特征波长提取,并以二者提取的特征波长为输入变量,氮亏缺量为输出变量,分别构建基于多元线性回归、极限学习机与蝙蝠算法优化极限学习机3种算法的水稻氮亏缺量反演模型。结果表明：基于田间数据构建东北地区水稻临界氮浓度曲线方程系数a、b分别为2.026与-0.460 3,和以往研究基本一致;相比其余变换方法,对水稻冠层光谱进行归一化差值变换与特征波长提取显著提高了冠层光谱反射率与水稻氮亏缺量的相关性,也提高了后续反演模型的反演结果;以归一化差值光谱为输入的蝙蝠算法优化极限学习机反演模型预测效果显著优于其余模型,验证集R     

烤烟冠层光谱参数与氮素垂直分布相关性研究

研究烤烟地上部氮积累量垂直分布与冠层光谱参数的定量关系,以明确冠层不同叶层尤其是中、下层叶片对光谱的贡献,构建基于光谱指数的烤烟不同叶层及其组合氮素积累量的反演模型.针对不同施氮水平下烤烟进行大田试验,于不同生育时期采集田间冠层光谱数据并测定植株不同器官及时层生物量和氮含量.对不同叶层及其组合氮素积累量与多个光谱参数进行相关分析,结果表明:植被指数RVI(810,680)可以有效反演烤烟植株中层、上中层、上中下层氮素积累量;红边振幅(DλRed)可有效反演下层、中下层氮素积累量,说明利用光谱参数反演烤烟植株氮素积累量及中下层氮素积累量是可行的.     

小麦氮素无损监测仪敏感波长的最佳波段宽度研究

为研究不同核心波长时波段宽度对小麦冠层叶片氮素营养监测精度的影响,以作物氮素营养无损监测仪的最佳光谱指数NDSI(R860,R720)和RSI(R990,R720)为例,分析核心波长的反射率、光谱指数及基于光谱指数的冠层叶片氮积累量监测模型随波段宽度的变化规律.结果显示,随波段宽度的增加,核心波长为720 nm时反射率...     

冬小麦冠层光谱与土壤供氮状况相关性研究

通过设置2个冬小麦品种不同氮素水平的完全随机区组试验,获取冬小麦关键生育期(返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期)的土壤氮素、植株氮素和冠层光谱数据,通过分析土壤氮素与植株氮素间的相关关系,间接构建土壤氮素状况的光谱诊断模型。结果表明,不同施氮水平冬小麦各生育期冠层光谱与麦田土壤氮素含量差异显著,土壤硝态氮、碱解氮含量与冬小麦植株氮素含量的相关系数达到0.72以上,相关系数分别在0.72~0.84和0.75~0.82之间,均达极显著水平,而土壤全氮含量与冬小麦植株含氮量的相关性相对较差;研究证实土壤调节植被指数SAVI(1040,680)和比值植被指数RVI(1040,680)分别与土壤硝态氮、碱解氮含量具有重要的关系。另外,基于光谱参数SAVI(1040,680)的土壤硝态氮估算模型(R~2≥0.739 6)和基于RVI(1040,680)所构建的碱解氮含量估算模型(R~2≥0.810 0)具有较好的估测能力,可以实现利用冠层光谱对土壤氮素状况的实时、快速估测。     

大豆叶片氮素含量检测技术的试验研究

研究了大豆开花前期和结荚前期冠层多光谱特征与氮素营养状况间的关系,选择540nm波段反射率和比值植被指数分别作为开花前期和结荚前期叶片全氮拟合的特征参数并建立了回归模型.经检验,模型相关系数达0.8624以上,最大误差小于19%,能够有效反应大豆开花前期和结荚前期叶片全氮状况.实现了一种简便、快捷、较精确的作物田间非破坏性营养状况诊断方法,为指导大豆花期和结荚期追肥以及植物理化特性快速采集智能仪器的开发奠定了理论基础.     

基于GNDVI指数的土壤—水稻冠层变量施氮决策方案研究

氮肥的合理施用是水稻增产增收的关键所在。氮肥施用不当不仅会导致水稻分蘖期植株过分生长、成熟期倒伏、产量降低,还将会对农田土壤及周边环境造成污染,破坏土壤养分结构,因此提出一种变量施加氮肥的决策方案精准投放氮肥。利用紫外分光光度法对土壤中氮素含量进行测量,分析土壤中氮元素含量;测量水稻叶片SPAD值映射冠层氮素含量,利用无人机搭载光谱相机采集冠层光谱图像信息,择优选取相关性最强的绿色归一化植被指数GNDVI,并构建其与SPAD关联模型,进而构建水稻冠层氮素含量模型,提出水稻变量施氮决策方案。试验分析发现该决策方案提高氮肥利用率,水稻产量同比提高7.2 t,经济效益提升8.39%。利用该决策方案对目标地块实施变量施氮,提高经济效益同时为农业的可持续发展提供有效保障。     

基于光谱和形状特征的水稻扫描叶片氮素营养诊断

使用扫描仪获取水稻叶片图像,综合运用数字图像处理技术、参数优选和分类方法,研究了不同氮素水平水稻叶片的光谱和形状特征,并进行了氮营养的诊断与识别。研究利用面向对象的分类方法提取叶尖部位的黄化面积比例,指数回归分析结果显示此参数与叶片氮含量具有很高的相关性(R2=0.863)。提取整叶和叶尖的颜色参数并分别与叶片氮含量进行指数回归分析,发现叶尖部位的颜色特征能更好地反映叶片的氮素营养状况。采用CfsSubsetEval和Scatter search相结合方法对特征进行约简与优化,根据选择结果结合支持向量机方法进行模式识别。精度检验结果显示该方法对缺氮和正常叶片的正确识别率较高,随氮素水平的升高,正确识别率降低,对过量水平的正确识别率较低,叶面积在缺氮和正常模式下能对识别起到很好的辅助作用。     

大豆叶片氮素含量检测装置的研究

根据大豆叶片氮素含量光谱检测技术研究结果,设计了具有4个通道、两种检测模式的便携式检测装置,分别采用540nm波段冠层反射率和比值植被指数RVI检测大豆开花前期和结荚前期叶片氮素含量.该装置由敏感波段光电传感器、信号放大电路、A/D转换器和单片机系统构成.单片机系统内建立了敏感波段冠层反射率及相关植被指数与大豆氮素含量的反演模型,可直接根据冠层反射率反演出大豆叶片氮素含量,也可通过串口通讯将反射率数据传给上位机进行进一步的处理.经田间试验验证,该仪器具有质量轻、价格低、操作简便和检测精度可行等优点,可以为大豆氮肥合理施用提供指导.     

基于高光谱的抽穗期寒地水稻叶片氮素预测模型

为快速、无损地监测水稻叶片氮素营养状况,开展了基于高光谱成像技术的抽穗期寒地水稻叶片氮素预测模型的研究。以不同施氮水平的寒地水稻叶片为研究对象,采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)和分段主成分分析(segmented principal components analysis,SPCA)方法选择水稻叶片的高光谱特征波段,SPCA方法降维后结合相关分析(correlation analysis,CA)构建特征光谱参量,并建立基于全波段高光谱数据、SPA特征波段及SPCA特征光谱参量的多种回归分析模型且对模型进行检验和筛选。研究结果表明:在校正集决定系数RC2上,基于多元逐步回归分析(multiple stepwise regression analysis,MSRA)的全波段模型较好,RC2=0.9 6 4,校正集均方根误差RMSEC=0.083;RP2为0.961,RMSEP为0.050。该研究结果为快速检测水稻叶片氮素含量及水稻生长期间精确施肥管理提供了技术支撑和理论依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。