太湖水网地区原位模拟降雨条件下不同农田类型氮素流失特征研究

为探索太湖流域水网地区农田土壤氮素通过地表径流与耕层渗漏的流失特征及其影响因素,在浙江省嘉兴市、上海市的松江县和青浦县,选择稻田、种植年限短的菜地、种植年限长的菜地3种类型农田,采用原位模拟降雨,研究渗漏与地表径流方式下的农田氮素流失量、流失形态特征,以及土壤养分含量对氮素流失的影响。结果表明,3种农田在地表径流方式下农田总氮流失量差异不显著;渗漏方式下种植年限长的菜地和种植年限短的菜地总氮流失量差异也不显著。渗漏方式下总氮流失量显著高于地表径流方式。农田0—5、0—20 cm土壤硝态氮含量分别为31.24~72.9和33.21~71.1 mg/kg时,与渗漏液硝态氮、水溶性总氮、总氮的流失量、流失浓度呈极显著正相关。     

太湖流域麦田土壤氮素流失过程的模拟研究

应用田间模拟降雨,研究了太湖流域稻麦轮作方式下,不同雨强和施氮水平对农田氮素径流流失的影响。结果显示,随施氮量增加,农田径流液中氮素的平均浓度和氮素径流累积流失量提高,两者间呈显著正相关。降雨量相同的条件下,低雨强农田产生径流时间较长,而高雨强引起的农田径流量较高;低雨强引起的农田氮素径流累积流失量较高,高雨强引起的农田氮素径流累积流失量较低,这种现象在中、高施氮水平条件下更为明显。试验还表明,在降雨量相同的条件下,降雨持续时间长的小雨引起的农田氮素径流流失量要超过降雨持续时间短的大雨。     

模拟降雨条件下作物植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

为系统测定玉米（Zea mays L.）、大豆（Glycine max）、谷子（Setaria italica）和冬小麦（Triticum aestivum Linn.）不同生长阶段的穿透雨、茎秆流和冠层截留,研究采用室内模拟降雨法测定了不同降雨强度、不同叶面积指数作物冠下穿透雨和茎秆流,采用喷雾法测定了作物不同生长阶段的冠层截留。对其进行了量化分析,并探讨了3者与作物叶面积指数和降雨强度的关系。结果表明：在40和80 mm/h降雨强度下降雨30 min,玉米、大豆、谷子和冬小麦冠下穿透雨率分别平均为65.15%、85.52%、80.05%和72.18%;在40和80 mm/h降雨强度下降雨10～20 min,4种茎秆流率分别平均为34.59%、13.58%、19.42%和26.34%;在0.3 mm/min喷雾强度下,作物冠层截留量相对较小,冠层截留率分别为0.26%、0.90%、0.53%和1.48%。随作物生长,穿透雨量逐渐降低,茎秆流量和冠层截留量逐渐增加。降雨强度与穿透雨量和茎秆流量呈正相关关系,但是2者占总降雨量的比例与降雨强度关系不显著（p＞0.05）。随着作物生长,穿透雨冠下空间分布由均匀逐渐趋向于不均匀,具有趋于向行中汇集的趋势。该研究揭示了黄土高原地区主要作物对降雨的再分配作用特征,可为农田水分有效利用和坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Soil erosion under simulated rainfall in relation to phenological stages of soybeans and tillage methods in Lages, SC, Brazil

Soil tillage may increase vulnerability to water erosion, whereas no tillage and other conservation cultivation techniques are viewed as strategies to control soil erosion. The objective of this research was to quantify runoff and soil losses by water erosion under different soil tillage systems at the Santa Catarina Highlands, southern Brazil. A field study was carried out using a rotating-boom rainfall simulator with 64 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity on a Typic Hapludox, between April 2003 and May 2004. Five rainfall tests were applied along successive cropstages. Surface cover was none (fallow) or soybean (Glycine max, L.). Five treatments were investigated, replicated twice. These treatments were conventional tillage on bare soil (BS) as a control treatment and the following treatments under soybean: conventional tillage (CT), no tillage over burnt crop residues on never before cultivated land (NT-B), no tillage over desiccated crop residues, also on never before cultivated land (NT-D) and traditional no tillage over desiccated crop residues on a soil tilled 4 years before this experiment (NT-PT). Water losses by surface runoff seemed to be more influenced by vegetative crop stadium than by tillage system and consequently a wide range of variation in surface runoff was found, following successive cropstages. The most efficient tillage system in reducing surface runoff and soil losses was no tillage, particularly the NT-PT treatment. Sediment losses were more influenced by tillage system than water losses. In the NT-B, NT-D and NT-PT treatments the rate of sediment losses along the crop vegetative cycle showed a tendency to increase from the first to the second cropstages and later to decrease from the third cropstage onwards. In the conventionally tilled treatment (CT) soil losses were greater than in any of the no tillage treatments (NT-D, NT-B and NT-PT) during the initial growth periods, but at the end of the vegetative period differences in sediment rates between tilled and non-tilled treatments tended to be smaller. In the BS control treatment, soil losses progressively increased following the vegetative growth season of soybean.     

半干旱区模拟降雨下沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米生产影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下研究了不同降雨量沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米(Zea Mays L.)个体发育、生物量积累及产量的影响。结果表明，沟垄集雨种植处理后，夏玉米生育期提前，株高和叶面积显著增加(p<0.05)，在230、340和440 mm降雨量下玉米总生物量比平作分别提高44.71％、28.51％和7.58％；230 mm和340 mm降雨量下，单株籽粒产量比平作分别提高了75.40％和36.70％，穗长分别增加了25.30％和16.00％，穗粒数分别增加了59.30％和29.20％，230 mm降雨量下，玉米穗粗和千粒重比平作分别增加了11.40％和10.30％；440 mm降雨量下籽粒产量与平作相比差异不明显。     

滇池流域人工模拟降雨条件下农田施用有机肥对磷素流失的影响

应用田间原位人工模拟降雨的方法,在滇池流域不同作物类型农田上研究了有机肥（猪粪）不同用量水平对农田磷素流失的影响。结果显示,随着有机肥（猪粪）施用量的增加,农田流失液中各形态磷素的平均浓度提高,两者间呈显著正相关,相关系数均达到0..9以上。径流方式下,颗粒态磷是主要流失形态;渗漏方式下,有机肥用量水平低时颗粒态磷是主要流失形态,有机肥用量达到中等至较高水平时水溶性是流失的主要形态。同一有机肥用量水平下,不同作物类型农田流失液中各形态磷素的平均浓度均表现为:蔬菜田花卉田粮田。     

降雨-径流条件下土壤溶质迁移过程模拟

通过雨滴的打击加速土壤表面溶质迁移至地表径流过程。通过设计3种水文条件即控制排水状态（-5 cm）、土壤水分饱和状态和土壤渗流状态（5 cm）,采用人工模拟3种降雨强度（30、60和90 mm/h）,及同时外加模拟相对于降雨量的0、2、4和10倍径流量,研究土壤溶质迁移到地表径流过程中扩散过程的规律。试验结果表明降雨强度、或地表径流总量、或地表水位线的增加,均加速土壤溶质的扩散过程。渗流作用下,对流-扩散作用存在着一种交互作用,能加速分子扩散过程。土壤溶质迁移过程同降雨强度、地表径流量和地下水位高低有着重要关系。     

模拟降雨条件下碱性坡地土壤侵蚀试验

 采用室内人工降丨射模拟试验,研究降雨强度为50 mm/h时不问坡度（5°、15°、25°)和不同土壤（土壤的可交换钠比例ESP值分别为2.4和25)对土壤人渗率和侵蚀缺的影响。结果表明：1)不问坡度和不同土壤的径流模数随降雨历时急剧增加,后于平稳,人渗率和侵蚀产沙量随降雨历时急剧减小,趋于某一稳定值;2) 土壤ESP值水平一定时,入渗率和累计人渗量都随着坡度的增大而增加,侵蚀产沙坩随笤坡度的增大先增加后减小,在15° -25°之间存在着侵蚀的临界坡度;3)坡度一定时,径流模数随着 ESP值的增加而增加,稳定人渗率和累计人渗量随卷ESP值的增加而减小;4) 土壤的ESP值水平对侵蚀产沙量的影响随坡度不同而不同,坡度为5°和15°时,同一坡度的侵蚀产沙量随ESP值的加大而减小,当坡度为25°时,核蚀产沙量随ESP值的加大而增大,说明坡度较大时,土壤ESP值的增大更容易引起土壤侵蚀。     

Effects of tilling no-till soil on losses of atrazine and glyphosate to runoff water under variable intensity simulated rainfall

Herbicides released through agricultural activities to surface waters and drinking water systems represent a risk to human and environmental health, as well as a cost to municipalities for removal. This study focuses on the viability of glyphosate tolerant cropping systems as an alternative to atrazine-based systems, and the impact of tilling historically no-till ground on the runoff pollution potential of these systems. Variable intensity field rainfall simulations were performed on 2 m long × 1 m wide plots within a field in first-year disk and harrow following no-till (CT), and within a long-term no-tilled (NT) field, both treated with atrazine and glyphosate according to label. Rainfall sequence was: 50 mm h⁻¹ for 50 min followed by 75 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, 25 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, and 100 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min. Runoff was collected at regular time intervals during two simulated rainfall events and analyzed for herbicide concentration, sediment content, and volume. Maximum glyphosate concentration in runoff was 233 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 180 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 33% and 26% of the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) for glyphosate (700 μg L⁻¹), respectively, while maximum atrazine concentrations in runoff was 303 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 79 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 100 times and 26 times the atrazine MCL (3 μg L⁻¹)). Atrazine concentration and loading were significantly higher in runoff from NT plots than from CT plots, whereas glyphosate concentration and loading were impacted by tillage treatment to a much lesser degree. Results suggest that glyphosate-based weed management may represent a lower drinking water risk than atrazine-based weed management, especially in NT systems.     

Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall

Experiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]^–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]^–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h^–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO₃ content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO₃ content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.     

Soil erosion and redistribution on cultivated and uncultivated land near las bardenas in the central Ebro river Basin,Spain

The semiarid regions of Spain, including the central part of the Ebro River basin, are under threat due to desertification. Severe erosion, as a result of poor land management, has led to degradation of the soil resource, and there is a clear need for quantitative erosion rate data to evaluate the problem. This study aimed to examine the potential for using caesium-137 to identify the patterns and rates of soil erosion and redistribution within this semiarid environment. Samples for the determination of caesium-137 were collected from uncultivated slopes and cultivated valley floor sites near the head and outlet of a small representative basin in the Las Bardenas area. The measured patterns of caesium-137 mobilization, redistribution and export provide a semiquantitative indication of the variation in erosion within the study site. Calibration of the caesium-137 measurements, taking account of the differing behaviour of radiocaesium on cultivated and uncultivated land, allows estimation of the actual rates of erosion and deposition involved. The results show (1) the erosion rates on the cultivated land (1.6–2.5 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹) are typically more than five times those seen on the uncultivated land (0.2–0.4 kg m⁻² yr⁻¹), and (2) erosion on the uncultivated land is significantly less severe at the head of the basin than at the outlet. Study of the vegetation cover suggests that lower growing shrubs and grasses may be more effective in reducing erosion in this environment than trees.     

模拟降雨条件下锥状工程堆积体侵蚀水动力特征

为了确定描述锥状工程堆积体坡面侵蚀动力过程较好的水力学参数,以赣北红土为主要试验材料,在人工模拟降雨条件下,系统地分析了水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率以及过水断面单位能同坡面剥蚀率之间的关系。结果表明:1)除过水断面单位能外,其他各个水蚀因子无论是平均值还是瞬时值均能较好的描述坡面侵蚀动力过程;2)赣北红土工程堆积体坡面剥蚀发生的临界单位水流功率为6.8×10-3 m/s;工程堆积体坡面剥蚀发生的临界瞬时单位水流功率为3.8×10-3 m/s,由赣北红土与砾石混合而成的堆积体材料的可蚀性参数介于0.0053~0.0059 s2/m2之间,要比纯红土的可蚀性参数大20~30倍;4)瞬时过水断面单位能与剥蚀率之间相关性不密切(R2=0.130),故瞬时过水断面单位能不适合作为描述锥状工程堆积体坡面侵蚀动力过程的参数指标。4)在各个水蚀因子中,水流功率与剥蚀率相关性最好(R2=0.972),故认为水流功率是描述锥状工程堆积体侵蚀动力过程最好的水力学参数。     

Laboratory experiments on the variation of soil erosion under simulated rainfall

Samples from three Canadian Gray-Brown Luvisols were subjected to simulated rainfall in a small laboratory erosion plot. Although great care was taken to control all major factors known to influence erosion, considerable varaibility in wash loss, splash loss and runoff was observed during 60-min rainfall tests, with coefficients of variation ranging up to 28.8%. Attempts were made to isolate the source of variability by examining rainfall intensity, bulk density, various aggregate size and stability parameters and surface microrelief. The results suggest that much of the observed variability is related to complex interactions of aggregation, microrelief, runoff and rain splash. Some of these interactions were examined in detail. The experiments suggest the existence of an inherent variability in soil erosion studies which is difficult or impossible to eliminate. Results were used to plot curves showing the increase in precision of soil erosion prediction with increased test replication under controlled experimental conditions and changes in relationships with increasing test duration.     

Nutrient losses from a vineyard soil in Northeastern Spain caused by an extraordinary rainfall event

Vineyards are one of the lands that incur the highest soil losses in Mediterranean environments. Most of the studies that report about this problem only focus on soil losses and few investigations have addressed the nutrient losses associated with erosion processes during the storms. The present research evaluates the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in vineyard soils located in a Mediterranean area (NE Spain), after an extreme rainfall event recorded on 10 June 2000. The total rainfall of this event was 215 mm, 205 mm of which fell in 2 h 15 min. The maximum intensity in 30-min periods reached 170 mm h⁻¹. This rainfall produced a large amount of sediments both inside and outside the plots, with the consequent soil mobilisation and loss of nutrients. The estimate of soil loss was based on the subtraction of two very accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) of different dates in GIS, and measures of the nutrient content of sediment collected in the plot. Soil loss in the study plot reached 207 mg ha⁻¹. Most sediment was produced by concentrated surface runoff. Nutrient losses amounted as 108.5 kg ha⁻¹ of N, 108.6 kg ha⁻¹ of P and 35.6 kg ha⁻¹ of K. The proposed method allowed mapping the sediment contribution and deposition areas and the distribution of the nutrient load and losses within the plot.     

室内小流域降雨产流过程试验

该研究采用新型的小水流流量自动观测系统,在室内小流域模型上进行了不变雨强和变雨强模拟降雨试验,实时观测了模型流域各沟道的产流过程。试验进行了不同降雨强度(25、50、75、120mm/h)和不同降雨历时(5、10、15min)组合的12次降雨试验,同时进行了30-70mm/h和70-30-70mm/h的变雨强降雨试验。在不变雨强的条件下,仪器与人工测量所得稳定流量的最大平均相对误差仅为2.02%。测量得到的流量过程线呈现出起流、稳定和退水3个明显的阶段。其中,起流和退水过程涨落的剧烈程度、稳定阶段的流量大小随雨强增大而增大,稳定阶段的持续时间与降雨历时成正比。空间上,主沟出口的产流过程明显滞后于支沟出口的产流过程,且其两者之间具有一致的流量过程。在变雨强的情况下,流量过程线没有稳定的阶段,流量随雨强变化而变化。该研究对于深入理解流域产流过程具有重要意义,可为相关的模型研究提供可靠的试验支持。     

Factors affecting runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall in Mediterranean vineyards

Data on surface runoff and soil loss on gentle slopes with vineyards are analysed. Using a rainfall simulator, 22 rainstorms with varied intensities from 30 to 117.5 mm h⁻¹ and return periods from 2 to 127 years were reproduced. The experimental plots were installed on vineyards planted in straight rows and oriented with the slope direction having a mean gradient of 3.8°. The texture of soils was loamy, with a very heterogeneous surface gravel cover. Values of measured surface runoff varied from 7.2 mm h⁻¹ for low rainfall intensities (30 mm h⁻¹) and short return periods (2 years) to 41.9 mm h⁻¹ with simulation experiments of higher rainfall intensity (104 mm h⁻¹) and long return periods (68 years). Runoff increased linearly with rainfall intensity resulting in soil losses that also increased with rainfall intensity (18.2 g m⁻² h⁻¹ with storms of 30 mm h⁻¹, and 93.2 g m⁻² h⁻¹ with storms of 104 mm h⁻¹); however, r² explains only 36% of the variance. It was necessary to add other factors to improve the coefficient of determination (0.74; p = 0.001) and the predictive function of the equation. These variables were rainfall intensity, kinetic energy of the storm, runoff, soil resistance to drop detachment, surface gravel cover, and gradient. The equation obtained was validated with the USLE-M. In comparison with similar experiments in other regions, the results obtained for soil loss were very moderate, especially those caused by rainstorms of intermediate and low intensity.     

Migration of nickel and copper in forest litters under the effect of simulated rainfall

The leaching of Ni and Cu from undisturbed forest litter layers under the impact of simulated natural and contaminated rainfalls was studied under laboratory conditions. Samples were collected in the vicinity of a copper-nickel smelter on the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia. Both Ni and Cu were significantly accumulated in the natural (uncontaminated) forest litter; the contaminated litter also uptook Cu and, to a lesser extent, Ni. The metals migrated through the forest litter as organometal complexes, mainly with acid-soluble components. In the contaminated forest litter, the migration of Ni was also affected by pH.     

Soil nutrients losses by wind erosion in a citrus crop at southeast Spain

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of wind erosion on the productivity of citric crops over gypsiric Fluvisols in Gador area (Almeria, SE Spain) by blowing air through a wind tunnel. Wind erosion varies considerably depending on time since the last tillage. This is because a physical crust forms after tilling which protects the soil from wind. Crust formation in the study area is strongly favored by dew, which causes them to form in around a week. The repeated measurements ANOVA, as a nonparametric alternative to the ANOVA, using the Geiiser method and the Friedman test shows significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the fractions of very fine sand and coarse silt, which confirmed that very fine sand and coarse silt are the fractions most susceptible to loss from wind. The same statistical analysis for fertility showed smaller differences in organic carbon and K₂O content, while N and P₂O₅ increased. Nutrients lost from wind imply an additional fertilization cost for a crop to be economically feasible. The cost of this restoration of nutrients lost from the soil because of wind erosion was based on experimental data taken in crusted soil and immediately after tilling. Losses in organic matter (O.M.), N, P₂O₅ and K₂O were estimated based on the cost of fertilizers most commonly used in the area.     

Effect of compost on erodibility of loamy sand under simulated rainfall

Three types of composts [vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost (VFYW), garden waste compost (GW), and spent mushroom compost (SM)] were applied at a rate of 30 m³ ha⁻¹ for 10 years to loamy sand, to determine its effect on the aggregate stability and susceptibility to water erosion. Aggregate stability was measured using the stability index derived from the wet sieving method while a laboratory rainfall simulator was used to measure runoff, sheet and splash erosion. Only GW recorded a significant increase (45%) in aggregate stability. Runoff, sheet erosion, and splash erosion did not show significant improvement for any of the compost types. SM application resulted in a significant increase (51%) in the shear strength of the soil after rainfall. Long term compost application does not appreciably improve the resistance of loamy sand to water erosion.     

Soil quality attributes of conservation management regimes in a semi-arid region of south western Spain

Soil quality is essential for plant growth and terrestrial ecosystem maintenance. Although soil properties can be influenced by the agricultural production system, this influence has seldom been studied under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. We analyzed the effect of the management system on soil physical and chemical parameters and soil microbial communities over three consecutive years under different conventional and conservation management regimes: conventional tillage (CT), direct seeding (DS), direct seeding with a winter crop cover (DSC), and long-term conservation management after nine consecutive years of direct seeding with winter cover (DSC^LT). The study was conducted on a maize (Zea mays L.) crop under irrigation in south western Spain. An improvement of the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the DS and DSC soils with respect to the CT soil was observed after two years management. Soil water content increased around 30% during the three years in the DS and DSC soils; organic C, nitrogen, and aggregate stability increased after the second year; total culturable microorganisms were twice as numerous in DSC^LT as in the CT soil; and soil penetration resistance was 50% less in all soils under any of the conservation management regimes. Hence, there was a major improvement in soil quality related to a potential increase of crop yields, and a reduced environmental impact, after short-term as well as after long-term conservation management.