套作及秸秆还田对西兰花连作田土壤团聚体分布的影响

随着蔬菜的规模化与集约化发展,菜田连作障碍日趋严重,合理间套作与秸秆还田对恢复菜田土壤生态环境有很大的潜力。该文基于6a的田间长期定位试验,以西兰花单作为对照,设置西兰花套作糯玉米且糯玉米秸秆还田-西兰花(B/MR-B)、西兰花套作糯玉米且糯玉米秸秆不还田-西兰花(B/M-B)、西兰花-西兰花(B-B),共3个处理。采用湿筛法探索了套作糯玉米(Zea mays L.sinensis Kulesh)并秸秆还田对连作西兰花(Broccoli)田土壤固碳能力以及土壤水稳定性团聚体分布的影响。结果表明:随着土层的增加,不同处理的水稳定团聚体分布呈粒径逐渐减小、分布范围呈逐渐集中趋势。随着生育时期的推进,幼苗期和花球生长期水稳性团聚体多集中于0.25~0.5 mm与0.25 mm粒径范围;营养生长期多集中于0.5~1 mm与0.25~0.5 mm粒径范围;而秋菜收获期则多分布于0.5~1 mm、0.25~0.5 mm与0.25 mm粒径范围。B-B处理下各个时期0~40 cm土层的粒径0.5~1 mm和0.25~0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体基本呈现低于其他处理,相反B-B处理下的粒径0.25 mm水稳性团聚体均呈现显著高于其他处理。秋季西兰花整个生育期水稳定性大团聚体均表现为B/MR-BB/M-BB-B。B/MR-B处理的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量显著高于其他处理。多元回归分析表明土壤水稳定性大团聚体与土壤有机碳含量在0~10 cm与10~20 cm土层中呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,20~40 cm土层呈显著(P0.05)正相关。综上,套作糯玉米并秸秆还田能有效提高连作西兰花田耕作层土壤水稳定性大团聚体的比例,改善连作导致的土壤理化性状的恶化。     

施氮量对玉米/大豆套作系统土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

为揭示玉米/大豆套作体系下土壤氮素转换的调控机理和根际微生态效应,以种植模式为主因素[设玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SS)和玉米/大豆套作(IMS)3种处理],以玉米、大豆施氮总量(玉米、大豆施氮比例为3∶1)为副因素[设不施氮(NN,0 kg?hm~(-2))、减量施氮(RN,180 kg?hm~(-2))和常量施氮(CN,240 kg?hm~(-2))3个处理],研究了玉米/大豆套作系统下不同施氮量对作物根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:与相应单作相比,套作下玉米根际土壤真菌、放线菌数量分别提高25.37%和8.79%;套作大豆根际土壤真菌、放线菌、固氮菌数量高于单作大豆;套作玉米根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性和套作大豆根际土壤蛋白酶活性均显著升高。各施氮水平间,减量施氮下玉米、大豆根际土壤真菌数量较常量施氮和不施氮均有所提高;施氮提高了玉米、大豆根际土壤放线菌数量;大豆根际土壤固氮菌数量以减量施氮最高,比不施氮和常量施氮高17.78%和5.67%;玉米根际土壤蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和大豆根际土壤脲酶活性均以减量施氮为最高。适宜的施氮量不仅能增加玉米/大豆套作土壤中真菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量,还能提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性,调节土壤氮素的转化,促进玉米/大豆对土壤中氮素的吸收,实现节能增效。     

间套作玉米对线辣椒根际土壤微生物生态特征的影响

采用常规稀释平板法、氯仿熏蒸法、BIOLOG GN微平板反应系统及种间根系分隔技术, 以线辣椒单作(SC)为试验对照, 研究了间套作处理[玉米/线辣椒套作+根部塑料膜分隔(ICP)、玉米/线辣椒套作+根部尼龙网分隔(ICM)、玉米/线辣椒套作根部无分隔(ICN)]对线辣椒根际土壤微生物生态特征的影响。结果表明: 整个线辣椒生育期内, 各套作处理线辣椒根际土壤微生物总数与细菌总数具有相同的变化趋势, ICN和ICM处理的真菌、细菌、放线菌数量和细菌/真菌(B/F)、放线菌/真菌(A/F)比值均大于ICP与SC处理。盛果期, ICN处理根际土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮比同处理其他生育期增加14.2%~54.0%和10.6%~54.7%。各处理土壤微生物群落AWCD的变化随培养时间呈现明显的"S"型曲线。间套作玉米显著提高了线辣椒根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数(P<0.05)、Simpson指数、种间相遇几率和McIntosh指数(P<0.05), 并改变了土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力。线辣椒根际土壤微生物的不同多样性指数分别与其生物学产量之间存在显著或极显著正相关。说明间套作改善了土壤微生态环境。     

种植方式对玉米大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响

为探寻玉米-大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系,揭示玉米-大豆套作系统的增产机理,本研究以玉米-大豆套作系统(简称玉豆套作)为对象,通过2 a大田定位试验,研究了玉豆套作带状连作(A1)、玉豆套作带状轮作(A2)、玉豆套作等行距种植(A3)、玉米单作(A4)、大豆单作(A5)5种种植方式对玉米、大豆的产量、养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响。结果表明,与单作和等行距种植相比,带状种植的玉米产量降低、大豆产量显著增加,A2的大豆产量分别比A5和A3高25.5%和89.2%。与带状连作相比,带状轮作促进玉米增产和对N、P、K的吸收,玉米籽粒产量及植株N、P、K的吸收总量分别提高7.5%、18.5%、9.1%、14.1%。与大豆单作相比,带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数,A2的经济系数和植株N、P、K收获指数分别增加40.9%、11.9%、20.6%、39.9%。带状种植方式下,玉米对N、P、K的竞争力弱于大豆(Ams0,CRms1),但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率。玉米-大豆套作体系下,相对带状连作和等行距种植,带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生,促进了玉米、大豆对养分的吸收,提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率(LER)。     

马铃薯||玉米间作对土壤细菌多样性的影响

为探明连续马铃薯、玉米单作及间作种植对土壤细菌群落组成的影响,利用IonS5~(TM)XL高通量测序平台,分析了单作玉米(M)、单作马铃薯(P)、马铃薯||玉米间作(PM)下,土壤细菌群落组成以及多样性间的差异。结果表明:与单作相比,马铃薯||玉米间作土壤有机质含量显著升高(P0.05),但土壤全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效钾、土壤pH等没有显著变化。所获得的56 787个土壤细菌可操作分类单元(OTUs)共分为46门、55纲、114目、208科、455属。土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)细菌占总相对丰度的57.68%～65.11%,为优势菌门;间作对土壤细菌群落多样性(香农指数、辛普森指数)、丰富度(ACE指数和Chao1指数)无显著影响,但改变了基于门、属水平上的细菌群落组成。与单作马铃薯相比,间作显著降低了土壤变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度(P=0.023),提高了浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度(P=0.043)。在属水平上,相对丰度较低的芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、Candidatus Solibacter属更易受到种植方式的影响;间作提高了节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、芽球菌属(Blastococcus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度。随细菌群落结构变化,细菌群落功能上出现差异,通过KEGG功能预测共得到7个一级功能层, 35个二级功能层,表现出功能上的丰富性,土壤细菌群落在代谢、遗传信息处理和细胞过程方面功能活跃。7个一级功能层中的代谢功能组在马铃薯||玉米间作与马铃薯单作间有显著差异。利用前向选择,经蒙特卡罗检验表明,连续马铃薯、玉米单作及间作栽培5年后的土壤各理化性状指标与土壤细菌群落组成、多样性间的相关性均不显著。连续马铃薯||玉米间作及单作5年条件下土壤细菌群落组成的变化是由马铃薯||玉米间作作物种间互利和竞争关系而驱动的。     

套作大豆形态、光合特征对玉米荫蔽及光照恢复的响应

为探寻大豆在荫蔽胁迫及光照恢复后的形态建成和光合生理的响应策略,选用‘简阳九月黄’、‘江浦黑豆’和‘永胜黑豆’3个大豆材料,以单作和玉米?大豆带状套作种植模式为研究对象,分析套作荫蔽及光照恢复后大豆形态特征、光合速率、叶片解剖结构、光合色素含量等参数的响应特征。结果表明:套作种植下,大豆在第5片复叶展开(V5)期明显受玉米荫蔽胁迫,与单作大豆相比,株高显著增加,茎粗和地上部分生物量显著降低;其茎、叶和柄生物量分别是地上部生物量的58%、37%和6%,而单作下分别为36%、50%和14%,套作荫蔽下大豆的地上部分生物量分配中心由叶片改变为茎秆。同时,叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a/b及净光合速率下降,但叶绿素b含量和栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度比值增加。玉米收获解除荫蔽胁迫后,在大豆鼓粒期(R6),株高、茎粗、叶面积和地上部分生物量积累与单作的差异缩小,茎、叶和柄生物量为地上部生物量的41%、49%和10%;叶片、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度比V5期(玉豆共生期)分别增加117%、99%和81%;光合色素与单作相比差异不显著,但净光合速率显著低于单作。玉米?大豆带状套作下的3个大豆材料的单株产量差异较大,‘简阳九月黄’、‘江浦黑豆’和‘永胜黑豆’的单株产量分别较单作下降33%、64%和40%。因此,大豆能够通过形态、光合生理特征的可塑性来适应光环境,但品种间存在差异。     

栽培模式及施肥对玉米和大豆根际土壤磷素有效性的影响

栽培模式及施肥管理对作物吸收利用土壤磷素的影响较大,本研究为探明玉米/大豆套作系统作物根系交互作用下根际土壤无机磷组分动态变化特征,利用盆栽试验测定了玉米/大豆套作(M/S)、玉米单作(MM)和大豆单作(SS)3种栽培模式以及不施肥(CK)、施氮钾肥(NK)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK)3种施肥处理下玉米和大豆地上部生物量及吸磷量和根际与非根际土壤速效磷、无机磷组分含量,以期为优化玉米/大豆套作系统磷素管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明同一施肥水平下,套作玉米的籽粒产量显著高于单作玉米;施磷显著提高了单作玉米籽粒产量,而对套作玉米籽粒产量影响不大。无论施肥与否,套作大豆秸秆及籽粒产量均高于单作大豆。所有施肥处理均表现为套作模式下单株作物地上部磷积累量显著高于单作模式。玉米成熟期,CK、NK处理下套作玉米根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作玉米高54.2%和71.8%;大豆始花期,NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量比单作大豆高19.8%。大豆成熟期,NK、NPK处理下套作大豆根际土壤速效磷含量分别比单作大豆高23.8%和108.0%。无论是单作还是套作模式,玉米根际土壤Al-P含量在3个施肥处理下均低于非根际土壤。CK和NK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Al-P含量分别是套作玉米的1.19倍和1.22倍;NPK处理下单作玉米根际土壤Fe-P含量是套作玉米的1.21倍。在CK、NK和NPK施肥处理下,单作大豆根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆1.12倍、1.30倍和1.25倍,单作大豆非根际土Al-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.22倍、1.30倍和1.06倍。CK、NK处理下单作大豆根际土壤Fe-P含量分别是套作大豆的1.47倍和1.12倍。研究得出结论,低磷条件下,与单作相比,玉米/大豆套作更有利于作物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P的活化吸收。     

我国南方红壤酸化问题及改良修复技术研究进展

  目的  研究间作对作物根际土壤理化性质、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量和AMF群落的影响,为我国南方红壤坡耕地种植模式的选择提供理论依据。  方法  以红壤坡耕地为研究对象,设置玉米单作、马铃薯单作、玉米与马铃薯间作3个处理,分析各作物在不同种植模式下其根际土壤理化性质、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量、AMF群落的组成和多样性的变化,以及各指标之间的相互关系。  结果  玉米、马铃薯间作与单作相比均显著增加了两种作物根际土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素含量,增加幅度为10.5% ~ 30.1%。玉米间作与玉米单作相比根际土壤有机质含量显著降低了10.6%,马铃薯间作与马铃薯单作相比根际土壤有机质和速效磷含量分别显著增加了13.5%和46.5%。玉米间作相比于玉米单作其根际土壤AMF群落特有的操作分类单元数量有增加趋势,而马铃薯间作相比马铃薯单作有降低趋势。非度量多维尺度法分析结果表明,种植模式较明显的改变了玉米根际土壤中AMF的群落组成,但没有明显改变马铃薯根际土壤中AMF的群落组成。玉米间作与玉米单作相比根际土壤AMF群落的Chao1指数显著增加了9.3%,香农指数有增加趋势,其值为1.3%,辛普森指数有降低趋势,其值为7.6%。马铃薯间作与马铃薯单作相比根际土壤AMF群落的辛普森指数有增加趋势,其值为53.3%,Chao1指数显著降低了10.8%,香农指数有降低趋势,其值为10.6%。在玉米、马铃薯的各处理中,根际土壤AMF群落优势属为巨孢囊霉属、无梗囊霉属和根孢霉属。冗余分析得出,pH是影响作物根际土壤AMF群落丰度、α多样性指数和球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量的主要因素。  结论  玉米与马铃薯间作可显著增加作物根际土壤的球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量,提高玉米根际土壤AMF群落组成的多样性,这一研究结果可为云南省红壤坡耕地种植模式的选择提供理论依据。     

间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响

通过田间小区试验种植玉米(玉米单作、玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯),测定3个生育期(拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期)玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量和土壤团聚体状况,分析间作对玉米根系分泌物及团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量随生育期的推移而增加,间作显著提高玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,玉米∥马铃薯玉米∥大豆。在抽雄期,玉米∥大豆、玉米∥马铃薯相比玉米单作0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(R_(0.25))分别显著提高6.19%,8.17%;平均质量直径(MWD)分别提高5.04%,10.08%;几何平均直径(GMD)分别提高6.12%,12.24%;分形维数(D)分别显著降低0.72%,1.09%;团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别显著降低16.77%,26.08%。在根系分泌物最大的抽雄期,玉米根系分泌总糖含量、总有机酸含量与R_(0.25),GMD,D,PAD呈极显著相关关系(P0.01)。因此,间作可通过增加玉米根系分泌总糖含量和总有机酸含量,进而提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

玉米苜蓿间作的蓄水保土效益试验研究

为了在种植作物的同时减少水土流失,采用玉米苜蓿间作的种植模式,研究其蓄水保土效益。试验对玉米苜蓿间作与单作玉米的土壤含水量,径流量以及产沙量进行观测,进而研究两者的蓄水保土效益。结果表明:玉米苜蓿间作地的土壤含水量大于玉米单作地的土壤含水量;玉米苜蓿间作的径流量和产沙量均小于玉米单作,说明了玉米苜蓿能够有效地减少径流的冲刷侵蚀,具有良好的拦沙性能;经计算得出玉米苜蓿间作的蓄水效益为87%,保土效益为98%,表明玉米苜蓿间作的蓄水保土效益显著。     

油葵与光果甘草间作对根际土壤酶活性及微生物 功能多样性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了新葵10号油葵与光果甘草间作对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期为盐碱地的改良提供依据。结果表明,与单作模式相比,间作显著提高了根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶的活性。在144 h的温育期内,间作模式下的AWCD均高于单作模式,并显著提高了AWCD的利用率(72 h,P0.05)。与单作模式相比,间作显著提高了微生物多样性指数(S、H)。主成分分析表明,间作优化了盐碱土壤微生物群落组成;羧酸类化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和碳水化合物是间作模式下根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,新葵10号与光果甘草间作显著提高盐碱地根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性指数,改变了微生物群落功能多样性,对盐碱土壤质量的改良有积极作用。     

施氮与间作对玉米和马铃薯钾吸收与分配的影响

【目的】探讨不同氮水平下间作对作物钾吸收、分配与利用的影响,为高效施肥提供依据。【方法】采用两年田间小区试验,以常规玉米施氮量N 250 kg/hm2为基础,设:不施氮（N0）、1/2常规量（N1）、常规量（N2）、3/2常规量（N3）四个处理,调查了间作玉米和马铃薯对钾素的吸收、分配及利用效率。【结果】随施氮量增加,单作玉米、间作玉米和单作马铃薯产量逐渐增加,以N2、N3产量最高,而间作马铃薯产量在N1水平达到最高,氮肥用量增加到N2反而下降;玉米马铃薯有间作增产优势,土地当量比（LER）随着施氮水平增加逐渐降低。单作和间作玉米吸钾量随着施氮水平提高先增加后减少,在N1或N2水平钾吸收达到最大,单作马铃薯吸钾量随施氮量增加逐渐增加,间作马铃薯则先增加后减少,分别在N3和N1水平达到最大。不同施氮水平下,间作玉米较单作玉米提高钾吸收量15.7~20.0 kg/hm2（2013年）和22.6~78.3 kg/hm2（2014年）,在低氮（N0、N1）水平下增加显著;玉米钾吸收量主要集中在秸秆,占钾吸收总量的64.5%~75%（2013年）和61.6%~74.5%（2014年）,间作增加的钾主要分配到了籽粒中,钾吸收量的分配在马铃薯中没有明显差异。间作提高了玉米钾利用效率,对马铃薯没有显著影响,随着施氮量增加,钾吸收土地当量比逐渐降低。【结论】施氮水平和种植模式对玉米马铃薯钾吸收有极显著交互作用;在施氮肥为常规水平的一半,即N 62.5 kg/hm2时,间作增产和促进钾吸收潜力达最大,随着施氮量的增加,交互作用对钾的吸收优势逐渐减弱。因此,适当施氮可充分发挥间作促进钾吸收的优势。     

限量单次灌溉对套作冬小麦和春玉米产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring maize (Zea mays) to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize;so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.     

Effects of Intercropping Peanut on Soil Nutrient Status and Microbial Activity within Young Camellia oleifera Plantation

A two-year field trial was conducted to compare the effects of intercropping with peanut and Camellia oleifera monoculture on soil characteristics, nutrients status as well as soil microbial activity in a young C. oleifera plantation on latosolic red soil. Compared with C. oleifera monoculture, the soil porosity in intercropping C. oleifera with peanut was increased by 11.45 and 8.41%, the electrical conductivity by 14.74 and 16.90%, the rhizosphere fungi populations by 21.46 and 15.38%, the rhizosphere bacterial populations by 52.19 and 43.87%, soil organic matter (SOM) by 4.72 and 5.69%, the available nitrogen (N) by 10.71 and 14.51%, available calcium (Ca) by 10.53 and 17.39% and available magnesium (Mg) by 18.18 and 20.00% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. However, intercropping significantly reduced soil bulk density, soil total and exchangeable phosphorus (P), soil total and exchangeable potassium (K) and exchangeable aluminum (Al) in both years. Therefore, the beneficial effect may be attributed to the improvement of bulk density, soil nutrient element and the reduction in pH, as well as the rhizosphere microbial populations in intercropping systems.     

间作对土壤团聚体有机碳储量的影响及其氮调控效应

基于5年的田间小区定位试验,采用干筛法对不同施氮水平下的玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米马铃薯间作土壤进行团聚体分级并测定各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,研究间作对土壤团聚体有机碳储量的影响及其氮调控效应。结果表明:92%以上的土壤有机碳储藏在土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)和小颗粒团聚体(2～0.25 mm)中。间作提高了土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)和小颗粒团聚体(2～0.25 mm)的比例,但对不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量的影响与施氮量相关。对比2种单作,间作在低氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)下增加了土壤总有机碳储量,在不施氮(N0)和高氮(N3)下无显著影响或降低有机碳储量。其中,间作通过增加土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)的比例及其有机碳含量,在低氮(N1)时产生最强的间作固碳优势,土壤总有机碳储量分别较玉米单作和马铃薯单作提高24.8%和5.7%。因此,适量施用氮肥可以充分发挥间作效应,有效提高土壤有机碳储量。     

Different crop rotation systems as drivers of change in soil bacterial community structure and yield of rice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance, and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation.     

黄瓜和西芹间作对黄瓜生长及枯萎病发生的影响

为研究黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜生长、黄瓜枯萎病菌化感作用及田间黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响,本试验采用室内不同土壤浸提液培养黄瓜枯萎病菌和田间测定黄瓜生长与枯萎病病情指数的方法,探讨与西芹间作土壤浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用和田间防病效果。结果表明:与西芹间作促进了黄瓜营养生长,降低了第1雌花节位,增加了1~30节内雌花数;与西芹间作土壤浸提液培养的黄瓜枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,分别与西芹单作和黄瓜单作达显著性差异(P0.05);黄瓜与西芹间作土壤的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液均对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感作用,且表现为抑制作用,化感效果可达38.11%~75.90%;且乙醇浸提液培养的枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,与丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液达极显著差异(P0.01)。采用上述3种土壤田间种植黄瓜,在黄瓜第1片真叶期接种黄瓜枯萎病菌,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的病情指数,对比黄瓜单作和西芹单作的抑病效果可达57.03%~72.15%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感抑制效果,能够有效降低田间黄瓜枯萎病的发生,为黄瓜土传病害的化感防控提供科学依据。     

Long-term consequences of tillage,residue management,and crop rotation on maize/wheat root rot and nematode populations in subtropical highlands

Densely populated and intensively cropped, the subtropical highlands of the world have severe agricultural sustainability problems resulting from soil erosion and fertility decline. In 1991, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) initiated a long-term field experiment with zero tillage under rainfed conditions at its semi-arid highland experiment station in Mexico (2240 m asl; 19.31°N, 98.50°W; Cumulic Phaeozem) to evaluate the effects of tillage, residue management, and rotation on maize and wheat production. Long-term effects on root rot and nematode populations – and their possible detrimental effects on yield – were monitored from 1998 to 2003 to evaluate the sustainability of the cropping system. In general, wheat showed less root rot incidence than maize. Crop residue retention reduced the numbers of the nematode Pratylenchus thornei in both crops, as did zero tillage compared with conventional tillage. Conventional tillage with continuous maize and residue removal, the common farmer practice in this region, reduced yield and dramatically increased P. thornei. Zero tillage with residue removal resulted in low values for yield, root rot, and nematode populations, especially under maize monoculture. Under zero tillage and residue retention, root rot incidence in maize was moderate, parasitic nematode numbers were low, and yield was highest compared to alternative practices. In wheat, the highest yields were observed under zero tillage and residue retention, with intermediate root rot incidence. Zero tillage with rotation and residue retention enhanced water availability, soil structure, and nutrient availability more than conventional tillage. Microbial life diversity increased under zero tillage and residue retention, which may useful for biological control and integrated pest management.     

不同根构型玉米品种间作对根系分布、养分积累和产量的影响

为探讨不同根构型玉米间作模式下的根系形态分布、养分积累和产量变化,本研究设置大田和盆栽试验,以2个不同根构型的玉米（Zea mays L.）品种金赛501(JS501,根紧凑型）和漯玉16（LY16,根平展型）为材料,研究了玉米间作和单作下根系形态、空间分布、养分积累和产量的变化特征。结果表明,间作下玉米群体根总长度、根总表面积和根总体积分别比单作增加10.28%、19.55%、15.95%,但根平均直径无明显变化。在0～20 cm土层中,间作的玉米根总长度、总表面积和总体积平均比单作高15.27%、21.82%和9.44%;在20～40 cm土层则比单作高12.95%、9.18%和20.31%。间作使根紧凑型品种（JS501）根系横向分布扩大了15 cm,群体根系纵向分布较单作平均加深10 cm,并使40～60 cm土层根长密度平均增加26.03%。间作显著提高了群体根系活力和养分积累量,根系活力比单作平均提高27.83%,植株氮、磷和钾积累量平均比单作提高18.27%、14.79%和15.75%。同时,间作提高了干物质和籽粒产量,比单作提高11.03%和15.36%,且土地当量比大...     

玉米豆科覆盖作物间作对潮土酶活性和真菌群落特征的影响

黄淮海地区土地复种指数高,不具备休闲条件,致使土壤养分消耗严重,土壤微生物群落多样性下降.为改善土壤状况,本研究基于两年的玉米豆科覆盖作物(紫花苜蓿、大豆、花生)间作试验,探讨玉米豆科覆盖作物间作对土壤养分、酶活性以及真菌群落特征的影响,同时分析黄淮海平原潮土区玉米豆科覆盖作物间作的可行性.结果表明:间作条件下土壤碱解...