Caprine alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities: effects of age, sex, and reproductive status and potential use in heterozygote detection of beta-mannosidosis

Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on caprine plasma alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities were studied. The potential use of these plasma assays was evaluated for heterozygote detection of caprine beta-mannosidosis in populations of control goats and a breeding herd composed of known and putative heterozygotes for beta-mannosidosis. In the control population, the mean plasma alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities decreased in both sexes with maturity. Male goats generally had higher plasma mannosidase activity than did females, and plasma beta-mannosidase activity was affected by the reproductive status of the goats examined. Although putative carriers in the beta-mannosidosis breeding herd could not be differentiated from age- and sex-matched controls, known carriers had plasma beta-mannosidase values intermediate between those of control and affected goats. The lack of any correlation between alpha- and beta-mannosidase activities excluded alpha-mannosidase as a reference enzyme for carrier detection, but there are still differences between known carriers and the control population with respect to the alpha- and beta-mannosidase ratio.     

Otic pathology of caprine beta-mannosidosis

Caprine beta-mannosidosis is an autosomal recessive defect of glycoprotein catabolism with a deficiency of tissue and plasma beta-mannosidase activity and tissue accumulation of oligosaccharides within lysosomes. This rapidly fatal genetic disorder of Nubian goats is expressed at birth by a variety of clinical signs including deafness. Affected goats had folded pinnas, and the tympanic cavity was decreased due to multiple, polypoid projections of bone covered by middle ear mucosa which obstructed the view of the cochlear promontory. Numerous cells of the cochlear duct including mesothelial and epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane, mesothelial cells lining the scala tympani, cells of the stria vascularis, numerous supportive cells of the organ of Corti, cochlear hair cells, endothelial cells, perithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and neurons of the spiral ganglion contained numerous nonstaining intracytoplasmic vacuoles which resulted in distention of affected cells and caused thickening of involved structures. Ultrastructurally, the vacuoles were membrane-bound and consistent with lysosomes. Vacuolated cells were desquamated into the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. This is one of few reports describing light and electron microscopic otic alterations of a storage disease. Goats with beta-mannosidosis appear to be good models of hearing loss in patients with storage disease.     

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations

Features of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, a retrovirus disease of domestic goats, were studied in 60 goats over a 10-year period. The rate of progression and the severity of the disease process were highly variable within and among animals, but the most salient features were chronically swollen joints and bursae, lameness, weight loss, poor coat, mineralization of soft tissue, and death. Of 1,160 goat serum samples from 24 states tested by the immunodiffusion technique, 81% were positive for antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus antigens.     

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinicopathologic study

Chronic arthritis caused by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was observed after the introduction of new animals into a goat herd. There were high frequency of carpal hygroma and clinical signs of stiffness. The disease was progressive and produced a debilitating lameness among 30% of the affected animals. Laboratory findings were limited to alterations in synovial fluid which showed increased numbers of lymphocytes. Pathologic changes were observed in the joints, bursae, and adjacent tissues. Vascular injury and capillary leakage resulted in exudation into synovial cavities. Fibrin coated the synovial lining and formed (amorphous) long thread-like or broad-based villi. The articular cartilage was eroded. Cartilage erosion and penetration of the articular cartilage by pannus were associated with the presence of subchondral pseudocysts. The morphologic changes in bone and synovial tissues were like those described in human rheumatoid arthritis, except that rheumatoid nodules were not observed.     

Caprine encephalomyelomalacia

Six cases of encephalomyelomalacia in dairy goats 3 1/2 to four months of age are described. Neurologic signs had an abrupt onset and passed rapidly from ataxia to paralysis. All goats were killed after six to ten days and had spinal cord and brain stem lesions--always more extensive and severe in the cord. The bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions were restricted to the ventral and intermediate gray substance in the cord and to certain brain stem nuclei. The spinal cord enlargements were affected especially.     

Caprine arthritis encephalitis

Abstract

Extract

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a disease of goats of any breed, sex and age, caused by a retrovirus related to, but distinct from, the maedi-visna virus which affects sheep.(4) Gazit, A., Yaniv, A., Divr, M., Perk, K., Irving, S.G. and Dahlberg, J.E. 1983. The caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is a distinct virus within the lentivirus group. Virology, 124: 192–195.  [Google Scholar] (10) Roberson, Susan M., McGuire, T.C., Klevjer-Anderson, Paula, Gorham, J.R. and Cheevers, W.P. 1982. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is distinct from visna and progressive pneumonia viruses as measured by genome sequency homology. J. Virol., 44: 755–758. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] Both infections are included among the so-called slow virus diseases which are characterised by a long incubation period, protracted clinical course and persistent infection. Maedi-visna is not present in New Zealand but CAE has been detected in a number of goat flocks.     

Caprine genital leiomyosarcoma

An aged Saanen doe was euthanized following repeated severe hemorrhage from the vulva. Necropsy examination revealed mural thickening of tubular genitalia with firm, protruding intralumenal masses containing blood-filled cavitations, and effacement of normal cervical architecture. Histologically, uterine and cervical masses comprised a variably dense population of mildly pleomorphic spindle cells forming interlacing streams supported by variably dense collagenous stroma. Immunoperoxidase staining of neoplastic cells was positive for muscle-specific actin, supporting the diagnosis of low-grade leiomyosarcoma. Months later, the doe's twin was likewise euthanized due to persistent bleeding from the vulva associated with a large vulvar mass having histopathologic features similar to those of the previous case. The clinical, gross, and histologic findings are similar to five cases of caprine genital leiomyosarcoma identified in retrospectively analyzed case material. Analysis of caprine tumor accessions over 20 years demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of genital leiomyosarcoma within the Saanen breed.     

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome (CAE): A review

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome (CAE) is a viral disease of domestic goats characterized by chronic proliferative synovitis and periarthritis of adult goats while acute afebrile leukoencephalomyelitis is characteristic in goat kids. The causative agent, a Lentivirus, is transmitted from adult goats to kids via the colostrum or lateral transmission also occurs.The CAE virus is worldwide in distribution. All breeds and ages of goats. are susceptible to infection, and once established it persists throughout the animal's life. A diagnosis can be based on the clinical signs, pathological changes, and demonstration of serum antibody levels.A vaccine is not available. Control or eradication of the disease is based on periodic serological testing, culling of all CAE antibody-positive animals, and separation of kids from adults following birth.Kansas Agriculture Experiment Station Contribution #84-148-J.     

山羊miRNA研究进展

miRNA作为一类内源性的,小型非编码RNA,通过其种子序列与靶基因互作,以序列特异性方式调控靶基因的表达,参与多种生理、生化和病理的过程。本文综述了近年来miRNA在山羊泌乳生理、肌肉生长和发育、毛囊皮肤发育和繁殖生理等方面的研究,为相关研究提供参考。     

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome (CAE): a review

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome (CAE) is a viral disease of domestic goats characterized by chronic proliferative synovitis and periarthritis of adult goats while acute afebrile leukoencephalomyelitis is characteristic in goat kids. The causative agent, a Lentivirus, is transmitted from adult goats to kids via the colostrum or lateral transmission also occurs. The CAE virus is worldwide in distribution. All breeds and ages of goats are susceptible to infection, and once established it persists throughout the animal's life. A diagnosis can be based on the clinical signs, pathological changes, and demonstration of serum antibody levels. A vaccine is not available. Control or eradication of the disease is based on periodic serological testing, culling of all CAE antibody-positive animals, and separation of kids from adults following birth.     

山羊miRNA研究进展

miRNA作为一类内源性的,小型非编码RNA,通过其种子序列与靶基因互作,以序列特异性方式调控靶基因的表达,参与多种生理、生化和病理的过程.本文综述了近年来miRNA在山羊泌乳生理、肌肉生长和发育、毛囊皮肤发育和繁殖生理等方面的研究,为相关研究提供参考.     

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis in Switzerland: epidemiologic and clinical studies

The prevalence of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was assessed using an indirect ELISA. Antiviral antibodies could be detected in 42% of 5974 goat serum specimens included in this study (Switzerland except Ticino and Graubünden 61%). Infected animals were found in all breeds of goats and in all regions of the country, with the lowest prevalence in the Canton Ticino in southern Switzerland. A comparison of clinical and serological data showed that only 20-30% of the infected animals develop carpitis or mastitis. We did not see any cases of encephalitis in young kids, indicating that this manifestation occurs only infrequently. According to the goat owners, each year, approximately 5-10% of the total goat population are eliminated because of arthritis. The decrease in milk production in infected animals is estimated at 10-15%.     

Caprine aflatoxicosis: experimental disease and clinical pathologic changes

Groups of 8 male crossbreed domestic goats were given 3 dosage levels of aflatoxin B1 [(AFB1) mg/kg of body weight/day] orally: 0.1 for 34 days; 0.2 for 18 days; or 0.4 for 10 days. Clinical condition, feed consumption, and selected blood values were determined. Clinical signs of toxicosis included decreased feed consumption, slight-to-moderate loss of body weight, mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, coughing, lethargy, icterus, diarrhea (4 goats), and subnormal body temperature 24 to 48 hours before death. Clinicopathologic changes included increases in total RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and ornithine carbamyl transferase. Goats given the 2 smaller dosage levels of AFB1 had slight increases of serum total protein (TP) concentration compared with control goats, but goats given the larger dosage levels of AFB1 initially had a slight decrease in TP. Aflatoxin had little effect on total WBC count. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities in goats given the 2 larger dosage levels of AFB1 were similar to those of control goats, but goats given the smallest dosage level of AFB1 had increased serum ALT activities. Aflatoxin did not produce consistent dose-related changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activities. Seemingly, goats are susceptible to aflatoxin. Onset of clinical signs was dose-related. Onset and magnitude of increases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and isocitric dehydrogenase were dose-related. Changes in TP and activities of serum ALT and alkaline phosphatase were neither dose-related nor were they potentially useful indicators of toxicosis.