外源DNA导入栽培大豆其后代过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱分析

本文分析了利用花粉管通道导入外源DNA所获得的变异后代(D_2)的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱。结果表明,酶谱谱带清晰,变异后代的各株系的酶谱与其亲本的酶谱差异明显。所有的材料除具有两条共同的谱带外,在表型变异明显的各株系间,其酶谱差异很大。这表明外源DNA片断已整合到受体基因组中,或调控了受体某些基因并得到表达。     

病毒病抗性不同的大豆品种及其F_1代过氧化物酶酯酶同工酶分析

本研究对大豆病毒病抗性不同的大豆杂交亲本及F_1代,接种SMV_1号株系后的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的变化进行了分析。结果表明,抗病与感病亲本及其F_1代接种后的同工酶谱带存在着明显的差异。感病亲本及F_1代酶的活性增强,酶带数较多,而且部分酶带变宽,颜色变深。抗病亲本则不发生变化。各组合F_1代的酶谱与双亲有关,抗病×抗病的F_1代酶谱与双亲完全相同,抗病×感病的F_1代酶谱偏向抗性亲本,感病×感病的F_1代产生一个双亲所不具备的小分子新杂种酶带。未接种的感病亲本酶谱与抗病亲本相同。植株内部同工酶的变化与成株抗性相一致。因此,我们认为过氧化物酶同工酶,可作为鉴定大豆抗感病毒病的生化指标之一。     

外源DNA导入大豆其后代的同工酶酶谱分析

采用聚丙稀酰胺凝效电泳的方法，对通过外源ＤＮＡ导入法所获的大豆变异后代，进行过氧化物酶和酯酶的酶谱分析。其结果是酶谱带清晰，变异后代与亲本的谱带有明显差异，并与该材料的表型性状相一致。因此，我们认为可以用同工酶分析法做为鉴定外源ＤＮＡ导入大豆的生化指标之一。     

甘蔗近缘植物DNA导入甘蔗方法研究初报

本试验将甘蔗近缘植物陇川割手密（Sacharum Spontaneum）DNA提取液分别以共培养导入法和基因枪导入法导入到桂糖11号的胚性细胞内，然后分化培养成苗。对两种DNA导入法转导植株表现型及其变异株系的过氧化物酶同工酶谱分析表明：两种DNA导入法的T1、T2代转导植株表现型变异率均与对照有明显差异，其中基因枪导入法获得的转导植株其T1、T2代植株表现型变异率高于共培养法，获得变异的稳定性较高，共培养法T2代替株变异株系的过氧化物酶同工酶谱与对照桂糖11号的安全一致，而基因枪法T2代植株变异株系的过氧化物酶同工酶谱与对照有差异，在B区有两条新的酶带，迁移率大于第10号带，其中一条的迁移率与割手密的4号酶带相似。     

大豆化学诱变突变体的胚芽过氧化物酶同工酶等电聚焦电泳分析

采用等电聚焦电泳方法，对大豆化学诱变突变体的胚芽过氧化物酶同工酶进行测定分析。结果表明，突变体与亲本之间以及突变体之间酶带数目，酶活性存在着很大差异，说明突变体是基因突变产生的，且基因突变位点不同。     

含ipt融合基因的根癌农杆菌转化大豆萌动种胚的研究：Ⅰ苗期子叶的…

本实验以大豆萌动种胚为受体，用含用３５Ｓ启动子－Ｇｕｓ基因－ｉｐｔ基因－Ｎｏｓ基因的融合基因根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４进行转化。通过对转化及对照植株苗期子叶过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶分析，结果表明酶谱有明显差异，过氧化物酶同工酶有两条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５０９及Ｒｆ０．７１２；酯酶同工酶有一条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５３１。综合分析，上述三条差异带都显示的转化植株占所分析的转化植株的１４．４％。此法可作为转基     

含ipt融合基因的根癌农杆菌转化大豆萌动种胚的研究─Ⅰ苗期子叶的同工酶分析

本实验以大豆萌动种胚为受体，用含有３５Ｓ启动子—Ｇｕｓ基因—ｉｐｔ基因—Ｎｏｓ基因的融合基因根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４进行转化。通过对转化及对照植株苗期子叶的过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶分析，结果表明酶谱有明显差异，过氧化物酶同工酶有两条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５０９及Ｒｆ０．７１２；酯酶同工酶有一条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５３１。综合分析，上述三条差异带都显示的转化植株占所分析的转化植株的１４．４％。此法可作为转基因植株早期筛选的方法之一。     

甘蓝型、白菜型油菜和白花芥蓝的同工酶比较研究

从发芽种子的子叶中提取酯酶和过氧化物酶,研究比较人工合成的甘蓝型油莱与亲本白菜型油菜和白花芥蓝以及天然甘蓝型油菜同工酶的模式。合成甘蓝型油菜杂种的同工酶带是两个亲本的综合。但有些例外,这种例外可能是亲本中预先存在的变异。过氧化物酶带(第三条带)可能是白花齐蓝所特有。这条带可使合成甘蓝型油莱与天然甘蓝型油菜区别开来。根据综合比较,进行表型分类也证实了合成甘蓝型油莱与天然甘蓝型油菜分为明显的两组。     

巴西橡胶树不同树龄、不同高度过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶变化的探讨

本文对巴西橡胶树不同树龄和树干不同高度的胶乳过氧化物酶同工酶和酯酶同工酶进行了研究,结果表明,橡胶树由幼态转入老态,主要取决于树龄,当橡胶树到达一定树龄后,则与高度密切相关。我们的研究认为: (1)4龄植株与6龄植株,无论是过氧化物酶同工酶或酯酶同工酶的酶谱都有明显差异。初步认为,4龄的谱带表现为幼态的生化特征,6龄的谱带表现为老态的生化特征。而5龄的谱带介于两者之间,是阶段发育的过渡年龄。 (2)6龄以上的实生树与幼态芽接树茎干离芽接位1米以下和2米以上的酶谱有明显差异,1.5米处的谱带与2米、3米、4米处的相似,而与1米处的明显不同。初步认为,1米以下的谱带是幼态,2米以上的谱带是老态,而1米至1.5米是由幼态转入老态的“过渡性区带”。     

玉米花粉超低温长期保存后过氧化物酶同工酶的表现

玉米自交系黄早4和郑1142的花粉在超低温(-196℃)保存一年后，花粉的过氧化物酶同工酶谱没有变化，保持原自交系花粉酶谱的特征．冷冻花粉产生的第一代种子的过氧化物酶同工酶谱同原自交系种子的酶谱一致也没有差异，保持了原自交系特征。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.