健康犬标准

要使一头犬保持身体健康,既不像有些人想象的那么容易,也不像另外一些人感到十分困难。它所需要的是主人愿意花费一定的时间和精力去锻炼和训练犬,为犬美容以及满足它的其他需要。要让犬获得最佳的护理,在你买犬之前就应该客观地估计一下你有多少时间可以花在它身上,然后再去选择与你条件相匹配的品种。对犬进行良好的护理是主人的职责。一头健康的犬要求营养合适,     

健康犬标准

要使一头犬保持身体健康,既不像有些人想象的那么容易,也不像另外一些人感到十分困难.它所需要的是主人愿意花费一定的时间和精力去锻炼和训练犬,为犬美容以及满足它的其他需要.     

犬血压测量的方法及应用

动物血压是动物最为重要的生理指标之一 ,动物血压的测定对于家畜心血管系统疾病、血液病、发热、疼痛等疾病的诊断和研究都有重要的意义 ,对危重动物的抢救、治疗和愈后也有重要的参考价值。然而长期以来 ,在兽医临床方面 ,血压一直未能引起人们足够的关注 ,其原因在于 :( 1 )人们对动物血压的临床意义认识不够 ;( 2 )缺乏适合动物使用的血压仪 ;( 3 )在动物体找到合适的测量部位比较困难 ,需要进行大量的实验 ;( 4 )动物不能与人很好的配合。本文将对血压测量的原理、方法、仪器以及临床应用作一概述 ,供科研及临床参考。1　关于血压测量…     

犬春夏秋冬的健康管理

一年中从初春到晚春,梅雨季节到夏、秋、冬季,犬易患的疾病不尽相同。因此,在不同的季节,对犬的健康管理应因季制宜。     

健康,是犬最主要的福利

在日益文明,追求和谐发展的社会中,动物福利问题深受人们的关注。动物福利表现在多方面,而健康是其最主要的。     

自发性Beagle犬前列腺增生模型的建立

到目前为止,研究证实能够随年龄增长自发形成前列腺增生的动物只有犬科动物以及包括人在内的灵长类动物。而Beagle犬是国际公认的实验用犬,因此,Beagle犬是研究自发性前列腺增生的极好模型。本文采用SIUI Apogee 3100V兽用全数字彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对Beagle犬前列腺大小进行测定,结果证实不同年龄段Beagle犬前列腺体积差异显著,且其体积随着年龄的增大而增加,为自发性前列腺增生模型提供基础数据。     

养健康犬 做文明人——给犬一个生存的权利 还人无限快乐的时光

犬作为一种灵性动物,自有人类以来就作为人类的朋友与人类相依相伴。虽然国人有时对“狗”在措辞上有所不恭,什么“狗眼看人低”、“狗仗人势”等等,但狗们依然执著地守护着自己的主人,不离不弃,在我看来,这是狗们依恋和依靠主人的一种表现,是狗们竭尽忠诚的一种表现。犬无论富     

植物性成分与犬肠道健康的研究进展

植物性成分包括水分、糖类、蛋白质类、脂肪类等必需营养物质以及其次生代谢产物,如多酚类化合物、黄酮类化合物、植物甾醇等。研究显示,一些植物性成分能通过影响肠道菌群的种类及结构、改善肠道氧化应激、减少促炎细胞因子产生等方式维护犬肠道健康。本文基于肠道微生物对犬健康的影响,探讨植物性成分对犬的潜在营养和健康益处,为提高犬肠道健康及犬饲粮的合理配制提供参考。     

犬的皮毛健康与营养的关系

犬的皮毛健康，不仅影响到犬的整体外观，而且也是犬健康状况和日粮好坏的直接反映。皮肤是一个代谢旺盛的器官，需要大量的蛋白质和其它营养物质，对营养供给的变化特别敏感。因此，日粮对于保持犬皮肤和被毛的健康，起着非常重要的作用。某些营养物质的长期缺乏或不全价，或对日粮中特定营养成分过敏，都可能引起皮肤病。另一方面，已经证明，补充特定营养成分对治疗许多与营养有关的皮肤病有益。     

Effects of anti-glaucoma drugs on resistive index of the medial long posterior ciliary artery using color Doppler imaging in Beagle dogs

Color Doppler imaging (CDI) was carried out to evaluate the effects of anti-glaucoma drugs on ophthalmic circulation using CDI-derived resistive index (RI) values. CDI was performed on nine Beagle dogs, and RI values were calculated for the medial long posterior ciliary artery before and after the administration of anti-glaucoma drugs. A significant increase in RI values was found after topical administration of levobunolol (p < 0.05) or dipivefrin (p < 0.05). Pilocarpine showed no effects on RI values after topical administration. The results suggest that some anti-glaucoma drugs could affect ophthalmic blood flow.     

正常公母犬四肢长骨间骨量相互关系的研究

用双光子吸收法 (DPA)测定 81只健康大型犬 (其中公犬 45只 ,母犬 36只 )远端桡尺骨、肱骨、胫骨及股骨的骨矿含量 (BMC)和骨密度 (BMD)。结果表明 ,公犬各骨骼间BMC和BMD相关系数 (r)分别平均为 0 90和 0 71,估计标准误 (SEE)分别平均为 11 32 %和 10 67% ;母犬r分别平均为 0 89和 0 59,SEE分别平均为 11 32 %和 10 67%。公犬肱骨和母犬股骨相关性高 ,预测性好 ,尤其两者对胫骨预测性更好 (公犬BMC ,r =0 91,SEE =9 67% ;BMD ,r =0 76 ,SEE =8 67% ;母犬BMC ,r =0 91,SEE =7 69% ;BMD ,r =0 70 ,SEE =6 90 % )。     

犬肾动脉、脾动脉分支及其节段性分布

采用动脉铸型和大体解剖学方法观察了犬肾动脉 38例 ,脾动脉 30例。结果表明 :(1)犬肾动脉入肾前分为背干和腹干 ,由它们发出 2～ 6支肾段动脉 ,其分布区即为同名肾段。 (2 )犬肾段动脉有 5种分支类型 ,变异较大 ,但具有高度的对称性。 (3)犬脾动脉的分支均为双分支型 ,即分为脾上叶动脉和脾下叶动脉 ,将犬的脾脏分为 4个脾段 ,每 1个脾段由同名脾段动脉供应血液。 (4 ) 2 5例各脾段动脉之间无吻合支存在 ,称为“无血管区”;5例存在着少量吻合支 ,可称为“少血管区”。     

A Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Meloxicam and Ketoprofen following Oral Administration to Healthy Dogs

Ketoprofen (KTP) and meloxicam (MLX) are non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs used extensively in veterinary medicine. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied in eight dogs following a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg of KTP as a racemate or 0.2 mg/kg of MLX. The concentrations of the drugs in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were differences between the disposition curves of the KTP enantiomers, confirming that the pharmacokinetics of KTP is enantioselective. (S)-(+)-KTP was the predominant enantiomer; the S:R ratio in the plasma increased from 2.58 +/- 0.38 at 15 min to 5.72 +/- 2.35 at 1 h. The area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of (S)-(+)-KTP was approximately 6 times greater than that of (R)-(-)-KTP. The mean (+/- SD) pharmacokinetic parameters for (S)-(+)-KTP were characterized as Tmax = 0.76 +/- 0.19 h, Cmax = 2.02 +/- 0.41 microg/ml, t1/2el = 1.65 +/- 0.48 h, AUC = 6.06 +/- 1.16 microg.h/ml, Vd/F = 0.39 +/- 0.07 L/kg, Cl/F = 170 +/- 39 ml/(kg.h). The mean (+/- SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of MLX were Tmax = 8.5 +/- 1.91 h, Cmax = 0.82 +/- 0.29 microg/ml, t1/2lambda(z) = 12.13 +/- 2.15 h, AUCinf = 15.41 +/- 1.24 microg.h/ml, Vd/F = 0.23 +/- 0.03 L/ kg, and Cl/F = 10 +/- 1.4 ml/(kg.h). Our results indicate significant pharmacokinetic differences between MLX and KTP after therapeutic doses.     

纳米硒对犬肾衰中肾组织离子转运体表达及凋亡的影响

旨在探究纳米硒作为治疗药物对腺嘌呤诱导急性肾衰犬肾组织离子转运体表达及凋亡的影响。20只体重约4 kg年龄1岁左右的贵宾犬在做基本健康检查并适应性喂养两周后,随机分为空白对照组(Control,饲喂基础日粮30 d)、急性肾衰造模组[Model,15 d基础日粮+15 d腺嘌呤75 mg·(kg·d)^-1]、常规输液治疗组[Infusion,15 d腺嘌呤75 mg·(kg·d)^-1+15 d静注葡萄糖氯化钠60 mL·(kg·d)^-1、呋塞米2~4 mg·kg^-1]、纳米硒治疗组[Nano-Se,15 d腺嘌呤,75 mg·(kg·d)^-1+15 d纳米硒0.5 mg·(kg·d)^-1]、纳米硒预防组[Prevention,15 d纳米硒0.5 mg·(kg·d)^-1+15 d腺嘌呤75 mg·(kg·d)^-1],每组4只犬。通过血液生化分析,尿常规分析,肾组织石蜡切片免疫组化,Western blot,RT-qPCR检测相关蛋白基因表达水平。结果表明：纳米硒治疗与预防有效降低肾衰特征指标CRE、BUN,恢复肾衰异常尿常规指标尿比重、尿pH,改善肾衰犬机体钙磷代谢;纳米硒治疗对比急性肾衰造模组可有效增加肾组织CaSR、WNKs mRNA与蛋白表达量(P<0.05),降低NKCC2 mRNA与蛋白表达量(P<0.05),从而减弱了急性肾衰中过度代偿的重吸收功能;纳米硒治疗较肾衰造模组肾组织促凋亡Bax、Caspase3/9 mRNA与蛋白表达量显著下调(P<0.05),降低急性肾衰中肾的凋亡效应。     

Diversity of Plasmids and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Multidrug‐Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals

The presence and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal bacteria in companion animals to more pathogenic bacteria may contribute to dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance gene content and the presence of genetic elements in antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals. In our previous study, from May to August, 2007, healthy companion animals (155 dogs and 121 cats) from three veterinary clinics in the Athens, GA, USA area were sampled and multidrug‐resistant E. coli (n = 36; MDR, resistance to ≥2 antimicrobial classes) were obtained. Of the 25 different plasmid replicon types tested by PCR, at least one plasmid replicon type was detected in 94% (34/36) of the MDR E. coli; four isolates contained as many as five different plasmid replicons. Nine replicon types (FIA, FIB, FII, I2, A/C, U, P, I1 and HI2) were identified with FIB, FII, I2 as the most common pattern. The presence of class I integrons (intI) was detected in 61% (22/36) of the isolates with eight isolates containing aminoglycoside‐ and/or trimethoprim‐resistance genes in the variable cassette region of intI. Microarray analysis of a subset of the MDR E. coli (n = 9) identified the presence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac, aad, aph and strA/B), β‐lactams (ampC, cmy, tem and vim), chloramphenicol (cat), sulfonamides (sulI and sulII), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) and regulator, tetR] and trimethoprim (dfrA). Antimicrobial resistance to eight antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole) and five plasmid replicons (FIA, FIB, FII, I1 and I2) were transferred via conjugation. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, intI and transferable plasmid replicons indicate that E. coli from companion animals may play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, particularly to human hosts during contact.     

COLOR DOPPLER AND DOPPLER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IN THE SPINAL CORD OF NORMAL DOGS

Doppler ultrasonography of the spinal cord was performed in 34 normal, anesthetized dogs following hemilaminectomy. This study was part of an investigation to evaluate the efficacy of a 21-aminosteroid compound and high dose methylprednisolone for the treatment of spinal cord trauma. Grey-scale images of the canine spinal cord were similar to those described for the spinal cord of people. Doppler waveforms of intraparenchymal spinal arteries exhibited high end diastolic blood flow velocities, indicating low resistance to flow. Doppler values (mean ± SD) for arteries immediately ventrolateral to the central canal were: Peak Systolic Velocity = 5.78 ± 2.5 cm/sec, Minimum Diastolic Velocity = 3.5 ± 1.62 cm/sec, Mean Velocity = 4.45 ± 1.96 cm/sec, Minimum Diastolic Velocity = 3.5 ± 1.62 cm/sec, Mean Velocity = 4.45 ± 1.96 cm/sec, Systolic/Diastolic ratio = 169 ± 0.19, Pulsatility Index = 0.53 ± 0.09, and Resistance Index = 0.4 ± 0.06.     

Effects of Body Positioning on Swallowing and Esophageal Transit in Healthy Dogs

Background: Contrast videofluoroscopy is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating dysphagic dogs. In people, body position alters the outcome of videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing.
Hypothesis/Objective: That esophageal transit in dogs, as measured by a barium esophagram, is not affected by body position.
Animals: Healthy dogs ( n = 15).
Methods: Interventional, experimental study. A restraint device was built to facilitate imaging of dogs in sternal recumbancy. Each dog underwent videofluoroscopy during swallowing of liquid barium and barium-soaked kibble in sternal and lateral recumbancy. Timing of swallowing, pharyngeal constriction ratio, esophageal transit time, and number of esophageal peristaltic waves were compared among body positions.
Results: Transit time in the cervical esophagus (cm/s) was significantly delayed when dogs were in lateral recumbency for both liquid (2.58 ± 1.98 versus 7.23 ± 3.11; P = .001) and kibble (4.44 ± 2.02 versus 8.92 ± 4.80; P = .002). In lateral recumbency, 52 ± 22% of liquid and 73 ± 23% of kibble swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. In sternal recumbency, 77 ± 24% of liquid ( P = .01 versus lateral) and 89 ± 16% of kibble ( P = .01 versus lateral) swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. Other variables were not significantly different.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lateral body positioning significantly increases cervical esophageal transit time and affects the type of peristaltic wave generated by a swallow.     

Comparison of Pulsed Wave and Color Doppler Myocardial Velocity Imaging in Healthy Dogs

Background: Tissue velocity imaging (TVI) is increasingly used in small animal cardiology. Tissue velocity of the myocardial wall can be measured by pulsed wave (PW) or color Doppler (CD) imaging methods. Currently, the same reference ranges are used for PW TVI and CD TVI methods. However, if and how both methods correlate, and whether they can be used interchangeably, have not been assessed in small animals. Objectives: To compare the results of PW TVI and CD TVI measurements. Animals: Seventy‐one healthy dogs. Methods: Longitudinal myocardial velocity profiles were recorded from the 4‐chamber left apical view. Peak maximal systolic (S), early (E), and late diastolic (A) velocities were measured off‐line in a blinded fashion in the septal and lateral left ventricular wall by PW TVI and CD TVI. Differences between peak PW TVI and CD TVI waves were analyzed by a paired t‐test. Regression analysis and Bland‐Altman difference plots also were used to assess agreement between methods. Results: There was a significant correlation between PW TVI and CD TVI (P < .001). However, S, E, and A waves measured by PW TVI were significantly higher than the CD TVI values (P < .001). Peak systolic and diastolic PW velocities were approximately 2.20 cm/s higher than corresponding mean CD TVI velocities. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: PW TVI measurements are significantly higher compared with CD TVI measurements. Theses differences are clinically relevant. These methods should not be used interchangeably, and different reference ranges for PW TVI and CD TVI should be used.