添加乳酸菌剂和糖蜜对不同含水量食叶草青贮发酵品质及体外干物质消失率的影响

本试验探讨添加乳酸菌剂和糖蜜对不同含水量食叶草(Rumex hanus by.)青贮发酵品质及体外干物质消失率的影响,旨在探索高品质食叶草青贮技术并高效利用粗饲料资源。本试验以食叶草为青贮原料,采用双因素(含水量×添加剂)完全随机试验设计,青贮时将含水量分别调整为65%、60%和55%,并分别进行添加乳酸菌剂Master-LP(LP)、乳酸菌剂Chikuso-1(LAB-1)、乳酸菌剂Master-AC(AC)、糖蜜(M)和无添加(C,对照)处理,发酵30 d后分析食叶草青贮的发酵品质、营养成分含量、微生物数量及体外干物质消失率等。结果显示:1)60%组的粗蛋白质与粗脂肪含量、产气量和体外干物质消失率最高,中性洗涤纤维含量最低,与65%组和55%组差异显著(P0.05)。2)与无添加的对照相比,青贮时添加乳酸菌剂和糖蜜显著降低了pH(P0.05),显著提高了乳酸含量和产气量(P0.05);此外,LP组和LAB-1组的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),LP组的中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他组(P0.05),LAB-1组的产气量和LP组的体外干物质消失率最高,显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。综合考虑,食叶草在含水量为60%时,添加乳酸菌剂Chikuso-1或乳酸菌剂Master-LP有利于调制出较高品质的食叶草青贮。     

不同处理方式对籽粒苋青贮品质的影响

试验以籽粒苋为材料,在青贮中分别添加乳酸菌制剂、葡萄糖和甲酸3种添加剂,研究不同的处理方式对籽粒苋青贮动态发酵品质以及营养成分的影响,以明确青贮添加剂对粒苋青贮的作用,为籽粒苋青贮饲料的合理利用提供研究途径。试验设5个处理组:对照组,不加任何添加剂;乳酸菌制剂组,按1kg乳酸菌制剂调制3~4t籽粒苋鲜草装罐;葡萄糖组,添加量为30g/kg;乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖组,添加量与单独添加时一致;甲酸组,添加量为5g/kg。在发酵第1,3,9,30和57天分别开罐取样,检测样品中pH、乳酸、氨态氮、干物质、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维等指标。结果表明,在籽粒苋青贮同时加入乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖可以快速发酵,产生大量乳酸,迅速降低青贮pH值,显著降低乙酸、中性洗涤纤维含量和氨态氮/总氮(P0.05),并能显著提高干物质和粗蛋白含量(P0.05);加入甲酸可以显著降低乙酸含量(P0.05),对干物质含量没有明显影响(P0.05)。综上所述,籽粒苋通过制作青贮饲料可以保存营养成分,与籽粒苋自然青贮相比,籽粒苋青贮时加入上述青贮添加剂均可不同程度的改善青贮品质,同时加入乳酸菌和葡萄糖对青贮改善效果最佳。     

添加剂对羊草青贮发酵品质和体外消化率的影响

研究乳酸菌制剂、纤维素酶和甲酸对羊草(Leymus chinensis)青贮发酵品质和体外消化率的影响。结果表明:添加乳酸菌制剂、纤维素酶、乳酸菌制剂+纤维素酶均显著降低了青贮饲料pH值,提高了乳酸含量(P<0.05);添加甲酸显著降低了青贮料pH值、乳酸和氨态氮含量(P<0.05);添加乳酸菌制剂或甲酸显著提高了干物质体外消化率(P<0.05),乳酸菌制剂与纤维素酶混合添加显著提高了干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率(P<0.05)。     

不同添加剂处理对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响

采用二因素试验设计,以无添加剂处理作为对照,研究了甲酸以及两种乳酸菌类青贮添加剂(Sila-Max,Sila-Mix)对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响,以期为小黑麦和黑麦青贮饲料的调制奠定基础。结果表明:甲酸处理组的中(酸)性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他处理(P0.05),可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量和干物质消化率(DMD)显著高于对照组(P0.05),青贮营养品质最优;Sila-Max和Sila-Mix处理组的DMD和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),pH值和NH_3-N/TN显著低于对照组(P0.05),青贮营养品质和发酵品质均优于对照组,其中Sila-Max用量最少,发酵品质最优;青贮原料间小黑麦的营养品质和发酵品质均优于黑麦,更适于调制青贮饲料。综上,小黑麦添加甲酸调制青贮饲料的营养品质最优,小黑麦添加Sila-Max处理调制青贮饲料的发酵品质最优。     

禾王草的青贮特性研究

选用相同地块和生长期的禾王草制作青贮,试验组添加青贮添加剂(乳酸菌制剂),对照组不添加任何添加剂,比较在发酵1、3、9、30和57 d的动态发酵水平和营养成分,旨在比较乳酸菌制剂对禾王草青贮品质的影响,研究禾王草的青贮特性。结果表明:禾王草鲜草糖分含量丰富,水分含量适中,营养成分高,适合做青贮;试验组与对照组青贮p H均低于4.2,试验组乳酸含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而氨态氮占总氮比值和乙酸含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),丙酸含量差异不显著(P0.05);试验组干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,禾王草通过制作青贮饲料可保存营养成分,使用乳酸菌制剂可加快禾王草青贮发酵过程,减少营养物质损失。     

不同添加剂处理对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

研究探讨6种不同添加剂(甲酸、丙酸钙、双乙酸钠、葡萄糖、纤维素酶、乳酸菌接种剂)对苜蓿青贮的发酵品质及营养成分的影响。结果表明,添加甲酸可以改善苜蓿青贮的发酵品质,青贮pH显著下降(P0.05),乳酸含量增加(P0.05),氨氮含量减少(P0.05),粗蛋白、总糖和淀粉含量增加;丙酸钙组氨态氮和丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),乙酸和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗纤维及总糖等营养成分与对照相比变化不显著;添加双乙酸钠对青贮的营养成分及青贮品质影响不大;添加酶制剂组,pH显著下降(P0.05),氨态氮含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),乙酸、丁酸和乳酸含量低于对照组但差异不显著,粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);添加乳酸菌组,氨态氮及乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),粗纤维高于对照组,粗蛋白低于对照组;添加葡萄糖组,pH显著下降(P0.05),乳酸含量增加(P0.05),氨态氮及丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白及总糖含量低于对照组,水分、粗纤维、总能及淀粉的含量高于对照组,但差异不显著。在上述6种添加剂中,甲酸青贮效果最佳,发酵品质好、蛋白质损失小。     

切碎长度对不同牧草青贮饲料发酵品质的影响

本试验以羊草、无芒雀麦、黄花草木樨和沙打旺为青贮原料,按照长短两种切碎长度处理后分别青贮,研究牧草种类和切碎长度对青贮发酵品质的影响。结果表明,牧草种类对青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮含量及乳酸、乙酸和丁酸含量有极显著影响(P0.01),无芒雀麦的发酵品质不如另外3种牧草;切短处理能极显著降低青贮饲料的丁酸含量(P0.01),同时显著提高乙酸含量(P0.05),对pH值也有显著影响(P0.05);牧草种类和切碎长度对青贮饲料的干物质含量、粗蛋白含量及乳酸和丁酸含量有交互作用(P0.01)。综上所述,青贮原料切短处理可以提高牧草青贮发酵品质。     

纤维素酶及乳酸菌对棉花秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质及体外消化率的影响

本试验旨在探讨纤维素酶和乳酸菌对棉花秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质及体外消化率的影响,采用裹包青贮技术,在不添加或添加纤维素酶的条件下分别设置对照(CK)、添加植物乳杆菌(LP)和干酪乳杆菌(LC)共6个青贮处理,发酵60 d后取各处理样品进行相关指标的测定和分析。结果表明:青贮处理可有效降低棉花秸秆中的游离棉酚含量;添加纤维素酶可显著降低棉花秸秆青贮饲料的pH、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和半纤维素(P <0.05),添加乳酸菌则显著增加棉花秸秆青贮饲料中的乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和V-score(P <0.05);乳酸菌、纤维素酶和乳酸菌的互作效应可显著增加棉花秸秆青贮饲料的体外粗蛋白消化率、体外中性洗涤纤维消化率和产气量(P <0.05)。综合各指标来看,以添加纤维素酶的植物乳杆菌处理获得的棉花秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质较好,且48 h累积产气量最高。     

不同添加剂处理对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响

采用二因素试验设计,以无添加剂处理作为对照,研究了甲酸以及两种乳酸菌类青贮添加剂(Sila-Max,Sila-Mix)对小黑麦和黑麦青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响,以期为小黑麦和黑麦青贮饲料的调制奠定基础。结果表明:甲酸处理组的中(酸)性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他处理(P<0.05),可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量和干物质消化率(DMD)显著高于对照组(P<0.05),青贮营养品质最优;Sila-Max和Sila-Mix处理组的DMD和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),pH值和NH₃-N/TN显著低于对照组(P<0.05),青贮营养品质和发酵品质均优于对照组,其中Sila-Max用量最少,发酵品质最优;青贮原料间小黑麦的营养品质和发酵品质均优于黑麦,更适于调制青贮饲料。综上,小黑麦添加甲酸调制青贮饲料的营养品质最优,小黑麦添加Sila-Max处理调制青贮饲料的发酵品质最优。     

添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以第二茬盛花期紫花苜蓿为青贮原料,分别添加0.005g/kg乳酸菌、0.005g/kg纤维素酶以及0.005g/kg乳酸菌+0.005g/kg纤维素酶,以无添加为对照,青贮60d后取样分析发酵品质和营养成分,并对苜蓿青贮品质进行评定。结果显示:添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可显著降低青贮pH值和乙酸含量,显著提高乳酸含量(P0.05)。乳酸菌+纤维素酶处理pH值(4.10)和乙酸含量(1.11%FW)显著低于其他处理(P0.05),而乳酸含量(2.84%FW)显著高于其他处理(P0.05),弗氏评分最高(88分,优级)。纤维素酶处理中性洗涤纤维含量(52.11%DM)、乳酸菌+纤维素酶处理中性洗涤纤维(51.30%DM)和酸性洗涤纤维含量(31.02%DM)显著低于乳酸菌处理和对照(P0.05)。综上表明,添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可改善苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质,乳酸菌+纤维素酶组合改善效果最佳;使用纤维素酶可提高苜蓿青贮饲料的营养价值。     

水氮互作对青贮玉米产量和青贮品质的影响

为探究水氮互作对青贮玉米(Zea may)产量、青贮后营养品质和发酵质量的影响,提高青贮玉米综合利用价值,以青贮玉米国审品种北农青贮368为试验材料,在田间条件下设置传统灌溉量(2 250 m3·hm?2, W1)、节水10% (2 025 m3·hm?2, W2)和节水20% (1 800 m3·hm?2, W3) 3个灌溉水平;传统施氮量(420 kg·hm?2, N1)、减氮10% (378 kg·hm?2, N2 )和减氮20% (336 kg·hm?2, N3) 3个施氮水平,对青贮玉米产量、青贮料的营养品质和发酵效果比较分析,并对相对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：灌水量为2 025 m3·hm?2、施氮量为378 kg·hm?2 (W2N2)的组合青贮玉米干物质产量最高(22.78 t·hm?2),与传统水肥用量(W1N1)相比增产5.02%,水氮互作对青贮玉米干物质产量影响显著(P < 0.05)。青贮料经袋式青贮周年保存后, W1N1、W2N2和W2N3处理干物质损失率均低于1.0%。不同水氮处理对青贮后中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和粗灰分含量影响显著(P < 0.05),对粗脂肪含量影响不大。经长期保存的青贮料pH稳定在4.0左右,相对饲用价值为136.04～164.35,乳酸含量为3.33%～4.34%,乙酸含量为1.63%～2.29%。节水减氮处理不同程度提高了乳酸含量,其中W2N2处理乳酸含量最高。W2N2和W3N3处理的乙酸含量显著低于其他处理(P < 0.05)。综合青贮玉米产量、干物质含量损失率和青贮品质等参数,本研究条件下理想水氮处理为W2N2,在该处理下可获得较高的产量和较好的青贮品质。     

Influence of mass and volume of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and digesta passage of a forage diet in steers.

To assess the influence of volume and mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and related variables, five ruminally cannulated steers (550 kg) were fed a low-quality forage diet (43.1% ADF, 8.1% CP) in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. Mass and volume of ruminal contents were altered by adding varying numbers and weights of filled tennis balls (6.7-cm diameter) to the rumen immediately before the initiation of each experimental period. Treatments consisted of 0 balls (control), 50 balls with a 1.1 specific gravity (SG), 100 balls with a 1.1 SG, 50 balls with a 1.3 SG, and 100 balls with a SG of 1.3. The total volume of balls was 7.25 and 14.5 L for 50 and 100 balls, respectively. The total weight of balls was 8.5 and 17 kg for 50 and 100 balls with a 1.1 SG and 10.75 and 21.5 kg for 50 and 100 balls with a 1.3 SG, respectively. Daily DMI was 8.3, 7.3, 7.0, 6.5, and 6.0 kg for control; 50, 1.1 SG; 50, 1.3 SG; 100, 1.1 SG; and 100, 1.3 SG, respectively. Addition of balls to the rumen reduced (P < .01) DMI. Increasing the number (P < .01) and SG (P <. 01) of the balls decreased DMI further. However, digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, and CP were not influenced by treatment. Increasing the number of balls in the rumen increased (P < .05) rate of passage of digesta from the rumen, but increasing SG of the balls did not alter rate of passage. There was a treatment x hour interaction (P < .05) in the proportion of ruminal digesta with a functional specific gravity (FSG) less than 1.1, which decreased with time after feeding for the control but increased with time after feeding for other treatments. Ruminal passage rate of inert particles added in the rumen of different SG (1.1 and 1.3) and length (1 and 3 mm) decreased (P < .05) as SG of the balls increased. Mean fecal particle size was greater for those treatments with the heavier balls. Both the number and SG of balls (P < .10) influenced total VFA, and total concentrations were greater for the control and for the 1.1 SG than for the 1.3 SG treatments.     

Supplementation of ammoniated wheat straw: performance and forage utilization characteristics in beef cattle receiving energy and protein supplements.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance and forage utilization characteristics of beef cattle fed ammoniated wheat straw (AWS) unsupplemented except for minerals or supplemented with energy and protein. In Exp. 1, 194 crossbred beef cows (BW = 472 kg) in late gestation were allotted by weight, breed type, and age during two consecutive winters to 12 drylot pens (three pens/treatment) for a 60-d feeding trial. The AWS (3% NH3 wt/wt) was tubground through a 7.6-cm screen, and cows were allowed ad libitum access to the AWS. In Exp. 2, 16 ruminally fistulated Angus x Hereford steers (BW = 300 kg) were blocked by weight and randomized to treatments in a 35-d intake-digestion trial. Daily supplementation treatments in both experiments were Control, no supplemental energy or protein; LSG, 1.36 kg of sorghum grain (SG); HSG, 2.72 kg of SG; and SG + SBM, 1.02 kg of SG + .34 kg of soybean meal (SBM). All animals received .23 kg of mineral mixture formulated to meet a pregnant cow's mineral requirements. Supplements LSG and SG + SBM were fed to provide the same daily ME, and HSG and SG + SBM were fed to provide the same daily CP. Cows were managed as one group during and after calving. In Exp. 1, all supplements increased gain (P less than .01) vs Control, and cows fed SG + SBM had higher (P = .05) gains than those fed LSG. The SG + SBM supplement increased (P less than .01) change in cow body condition score compared with LSG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

引黄灌区模拟轮牧对春小麦、燕麦和黑麦饲草生产的影响

优质饲草生产是区域草地农业系统稳定的关键,引黄灌区存在季节性饲草亏缺。小麦、燕麦和黑麦等小谷物在引黄灌区有悠久的种植历史,具有生长快、耐刈割和再生能力强的特点,春季直到初夏可以放牧或刈割鲜草,也可调制干草冷季饲用,是潜在的饲草作物。在景泰引黄灌区模拟家畜轮牧小麦、燕麦和黑麦3种小谷物,比较其饲用价值,以期为利用现有作物资源发展动物生产、改革和完善农业系统提供科学依据。结果表明,在景泰引黄灌区模拟家畜轮牧春小麦、燕麦和黑麦3种小谷物,燕麦产草量分别比黑麦和春小麦高38.8%和9.9%,当用作籽实生产时春小麦和燕麦地上部分总生物量分别高于模拟放牧37.5%和35.0%,黑麦差异不显著。轮牧利用的3种小谷物粗蛋白产量显著高于籽实生产。春小麦和黑麦的粗脂肪含量在模拟轮牧下明显高于用于籽实生产,但轮牧下燕麦粗脂肪产量低于籽实生产。轮牧利用后小谷物的粗纤维含量分别下降42.9%,53.0%和21.9%。轮牧后小谷物可溶性碳水化合物含量逐渐增加,而籽实生产的春小麦和黑麦可溶性碳水化合物含量先增加后下降。轮牧下3种小谷物NDF、ADF和纤维素含量低于其用于籽实生产。定量评价,小谷物轮牧利用比籽实生产更具饲用价值,而燕麦的饲用价值高于其他两种作物。     

不同添加剂对青贮燕麦品质的影响

以灌浆期全株燕麦为青贮原料,设置无添加剂对照(CK)和尿素(0.4%)、玉米粉(4%)、Synlac Dry(0.002g/kg)及Sila-Max 200(0.002 5g/kg)4个添加剂处理,捆裹青贮120d后取样,测定其营养指标、发酵指标和主要微生物类群数量,研究不同添加剂对燕麦青贮品质的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,添加尿素可显著提高青贮饲料CP含量、添加玉米粉处理可显著提高LA、AA含量,但两者并不能显著改善燕麦青贮品质;Synlac Dry和Sila-Max 200显著改善了青贮燕麦发酵品质并有利于青贮料长期保存。各添加剂中Sila-Max 200能够在较好保持青贮品质的同时,有利于青贮燕麦的长期保存。     

添加剂对尖叶胡枝子青贮发酵品质及体外消化率的影响

以尖叶胡枝子为原料,添加乳酸菌制剂LaLsIL dry(0.000 5%,0.001 0%,0.002 0%和0.007 0%)和Micromanger H/M(0.001 135%,0.003 405%和0.004 450%),在实验室条件下制作小型塑料袋青贮,贮藏90 d,分析乳酸菌制剂对尖叶胡枝子青贮保存性能和消化率的影响。 结果表明,添加LaLsIL dry和Micromanger H/M可显著提高胡枝子青贮的乳酸含量(P<0.05),降低丁酸和氨态氮含量 (P<0.05)。通过Flieg青贮饲料评分方案得出尖叶胡枝子直接青贮饲料的发酵品质最差,等级为劣,而2种乳酸菌添加剂处理的青贮品质均明显好于对照组。LaLsIL dry和Micromanger H/M各处理均明显改善了尖叶胡枝子青贮饲料的发酵品质,同时也明显提高了尖叶胡枝子青贮饲料的干物质、粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维的体外消化率。     

Retention time of macerated alfalfa hay and silage in sheep

Fresh alfalfa was mowed and conditioned mechanically at four levels: a control (rubber rolls), macerated once (a single passage through three finely corrugated rolls set at 1-mm clearance), macerated twice (two passages), and macerated thrice (three passages). Alfalfa was then field-wilted either for 45 h and conserved as chopped silage at 30% dry matter (DM) or for 94 h and stored as baled hay at 85% DM. The eight forage treatments (four mechanical conditioning levels x two conservation systems) were fed to 24 sheep (three replications per treatment) during 5 wk. At the beginning of wk 5, a 15-g sample of chromium-mordanted forage (3.5% Cr) was fed to each sheep, and feces samples were collected at 30 different times over 7 d, between 10 h and 168 h after Cr ingestion. Four models were used to estimate the passage rates, the time delay, and the mean retention time (MRT). A two-compartment time-dependent model and a multicompartment model produced the best fit (average r2 of 0.96) to represent the Cr concentration in the feces over time. When compared with alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage had a higher (P < 0.01) time-dependent turnover rate (0.0949 vs 0.0733/h), a lower (P = 0.03) time delay (9.1 vs 11 h), and a lower (P = 0.04) MRT (57.8 vs 64.4 h). Maceration did not affect significantly (P > 0.10) the time delay or the MRT. However, the MRT of macerated alfalfa hay tended to be higher than the MRT of control hay. Experimental data based on marker concentration in the feces can be used satisfactorily to assess differences in MRT between treatments, but they should be used with caution to estimate the partition of retention time within the gastrointestinal tract.     

纤维素降解菌的筛选及在狼尾草青贮中使用效果评价

纤维素降解菌对改善牧草品质和提高动物对饲草的利用率具有重要作用。引进多种纤维素降解菌并从中筛选出酶活力较高的11,21和36号菌株。利用筛选出的3株菌株的发酵液,开展在青贮杂交狼尾草中的使用效果评价[设4个处理,处理1为未添加菌液的对照组(CK),处理2,3,4分别添加11,21,36号菌株菌液]。结果表明,添加纤维素降解菌能提高青贮牧草乳酸含量,处理2,3,4的乳酸含量比CK提高了19.42%(P<0.05),38.35%(P<0.05)和4.85%(P>0.05);添加纤维素菌液进行青贮的3个处理的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和半纤维素(HC)的含量均低于CK和青贮前,其中处理3的NDF、ADF和HC含量最低,表明筛选出的3种纤维素降解菌菌株均能改善青贮品质,不同程度地降解了牧草纤维素的含量,其中处理3(21号菌株)降解纤维素的效果最为明显,青贮料营养品质最好。     

苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究

以玉米与苜蓿为原料,按不同比例混贮;通过发酵品质和营养成分分析,找出二者混贮的适宜配比。结果表明: 1)各混贮处理发酵品质较苜蓿单贮均得到改善,达到优质青贮的目的; 2)玉米与苜蓿3∶7混贮处理CP和Ash含量高于玉米单贮,低于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P＜0.05),而NDF和ADF含量低于玉米单贮,高于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P＜0.05);3)玉米与苜蓿5∶5、7∶3混贮处理pH值较苜蓿单贮显著降低(P＜0.05);各混贮处理乳酸占总酸百分比均达到60%以上,乙酸、丙酸占总酸百分比较苜蓿单贮降低,丁酸产生较少; 4)苜蓿青贮后乳酸菌数达到10⁸ cfu/g FM,玉米青贮前后乳酸菌数差异不明显,青贮后各处理大肠杆菌数明显下降。7∶3混贮处理发酵品质最佳。