乙酸龙脑酯标准样品的制备和定值研究

研究了乙酸龙脑酯标准样品的制备、均匀性和稳定性及其定值方法。乙酸龙脑酯标准样品的制备采用高纯度天然龙脑的乙酰化法,乙酸龙脑酯标准样品的含量测定采用气相色谱面积归一化法,制备得到的乙酸龙脑酯标准样品通过了均匀性检验,且至少在24个月内是稳定的。乙酸龙脑酯标准样品的多实验室联合定值结果表示为:乙酸龙脑酯含量的标准值99.93%;标准不确定度0.08%;扩展不确定度(95%置信率)0.16%。     

没食子酸辛酯标准样品的研制

研究了没食子酸辛酯标准样品的制备、均匀性和稳定性及其定值试验。将没食子酸辛酯工业品用无水乙醇溶解,再用纯水稀释后重结晶,得到高纯度的没食子酸辛酯标准样品。没食子酸辛酯含量测定采用液相色谱面积归一化法。所研制的没食子酸辛酯标准样品通过了均匀性检验和稳定性检验(6个月)。经定值检测,该标准样品的质量分数为99.472 0%,不确定度为0.03%。     

Study on Preparation of Reference Material of Octyl Gallate

研究了没食子酸辛酯标准样品的制备、均匀性和稳定性及其定值试验.将没食子酸辛酯工业品用无水乙醇溶解,再用纯水稀释后重结晶,得到高纯度的没食子酸辛酯标准样品.没食子酸辛酯含量测定采用液相色谱面积归一化法.所研制的没食子酸辛酯标准样品通过了均匀性检验和稳定性检验(6个月).经定值检测,该标准样品的质量分数为99.4720％,不确定度为0.03％.     

3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛标准样品的研制

研究了3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛标准样品的制备、均匀性和稳定性及其定值试验。用3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛工业品与亚硫酸氢钠溶液加成反应,经H2SO4酸化,结晶;再用乙醇溶解,纯水稀释重结晶,得到高纯度的3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛标准样品。标准样品含量测定采用气相色谱面积归一化法,并通过了均匀性检验和稳定性检验(9个月)。经定值检测,3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛标准样品的质量分数为99.42%±0.07%。     

亚甲基蓝吸附值用活性炭标准样品的研制

制备活性炭吸附性能标准样品,对于规范产品应用市场,减少应用和生产企业的产品性能测定误差,尤其对于提高和确定活性炭的质量检测水平和产品仲裁均有积极作用.本文主要论述了亚甲基蓝吸附值用活性炭标准样品的研究过程,以及性能指标的可信性和稳定性研究.研制结果表明,该活性炭标准样品的均匀性、稳定性良好.该批次的标准活性炭的定值为:亚甲基蓝吸附值的标准值为 225 mg/g(滤液吸光度0.053);滤液吸光度的标准不确定度(U)0.009;扩展不确定度(置信水平为 95 %)0.018;采用每袋 5 g 标准样品包装并密闭保存,15个月内标准样品质量稳定性好,对分析数据进行Grubb's检验,置信度在 95 % 以上.     

利用精密度法对水质中化学需氧量的不确定度评定

使用Top—down不确定度的评定方法-精密度法对不确定度进行了评定，该方法主要是应用实验室的质控数据及能力验证、环境标准样品定值等数据，该方法要求实验室必须确保测量过程的偏倚受控，以及实验室的标准偏差（Si）控制有效，而且在可忽略其它效应如采样与标准物质的不确定度情况下，实验室可参考能力验证的室间标准不确定度（SR）作为不确定度的估计值。     

煤质灰份、挥发份、全硫测定的不确定度评定

分析了煤质灰份、挥发份、全硫测定中不确定度的来源,对各不确定度分量进行了评定及合成,并计算得出了合成不确定度和扩展不确定度,测试煤质灰份、挥发份、全硫的含量为14.30±0.29%、6.41±0.0.40%、0.249±0.04%。结果表明：测试影响最大的不确定度分量是仪器示值波动引起的相对不确定度,分别为0.010%、0.03%、0.08%,样品称样及重复测定引起的相对不确定度很少,可以忽略不计。     

森林土壤标准物质的研究——样品的采集、制备与均匀度、稳定性检验

本文报道了按照森林土壤标准物质要求采集的二个土壤样品（碱性土－碱灰性褐土；酸性土－黄红壤）和一个植物样品（杉木叶）的制备过程，粒径2mm的土壤样品采用Y型混样，0．149mm的土壤和0．177mm的植物样品采用高铝瓷球磨制备，土壤样品用高湿灭活，植物样品用^60Co辐射灭活，在二年测定标准样品稳定性和同时进行标准样品中微生物类群和数量的分析。土壤、植物标准样品的均匀性和稳定性采用数理统计方法检验，其结果均达到标准物质要求。     

兴安白芷种子欧前胡素含量的HPLC分析及不同产地的含量测定

用高效液相色谱法测定兴安白芷种子中欧前胡素含量。利用均匀设计试验筛选了分析样品的制备方法,确定的最佳提取条件为:以78%乙醇为溶剂在20℃下超声波辅助提取22min,欧前胡素得率0.698%。测定了不同产地兴安白芷种子中欧前胡素的含量,绥阳地区兴安白芷种子中的欧前胡素质量分数最高,达到1.722%;其次为虎林和海林所产,分别为1.519%和1.031%,大兴安岭地区质量分数最低,为0.698%。     

基于多指标的沥青混合料均匀性评价方法研究

针对目前沥青混合料均匀性定义不清、评价指标不健全和均匀等级划分存在的问题,利用规范对物质均匀性的定义和材料力学对物质均匀性的假设,将沥青混合料定义为组分均匀、质量分布均匀和刚度均匀,建立了沥青混合料均匀性多指标评价模型,给出了沥青混合料均匀性计算方法和均匀性等级划分依据。开展了AC-13级配的沥青混合料均匀性实验,测试了沥青混合料的各体单元的毛体积相对密度、弹性模量特征值和沥青含量,研究了沥青混合料均匀性,并与传统均匀性评价进行对比分析。结果表明:基于多指标的沥青混合料均匀性评价方法增加了沥青混合料的组成成分和力学性能指标,评价结果更加客观和准确,AC-13级配的沥青混合料的综合均匀指数为0.896,属于中度均匀;采用传统均匀性方法评价,沥青混合料的压实度和密度变异系数很小,均匀性很好,但合格率仅为63.2%。     

智利的人工林认证标准

智利是世界上为数不多的专门针对人工林制定森林认证标准的国家之一, 并且该标准已经得到森林认证认可计划(PEFC)的认可。文中介绍了智利人工林认证标准的制定过程, 并且在指标层次上对智利人工林认证标准与中国森林认证标准进行了比较分析, 以探讨人工林认证标准的特点, 从而为我国人工林认证标准的制定提供借鉴和参考。     

FSC森林经营联合认证标准最新修订及其对我国的影响

联合认证是小规模经营者开展森林管理委员会（FSC）森林经营认证的重要组织模式。从2018年起FSC对联合认证的标准进行了重新修订,并于2021年3月16日正式生效。FSC森林经营联合认证标准的制修订对于完善中国森林认证标准体系具有参考意义。文中介绍了FSC联合认证标准的最新变动,就该标准实施后对我国已开展认证的组织可能产生的影响进行了评估分析,并就国内如何开展相关工作及应对该标准的变化提出了建议。     

合成樟脑中主要杂质的研究

本文研究了我国合成樟脑的组成,用气相色谱和气一质联用方法分析。结果表明,主要杂质是樟脑的同分异构体(小茴香酮,异小茴香酮,异莰酮)和少量醇、烃(龙脑、异龙脑、异莰烷)。内标法分析表明,樟脑的含量通常在95％以上。     

江西乐安县牛田古樟群资源保护研究

对乐安县牛田古樟群资源调查结果表明,古樟群共有古树4 127株,其中古樟2 907株,其他树种古树1 220株;对照国家古树名木分级标准,结合查数古树年龄和各自生长环境,其中Ⅰ级古树346株,占8.4%,Ⅱ级古树2 330株,占56.5%,Ⅲ级古树1 451株,占35.1%。在对乐安县牛田古樟群古树资源、动植物资源、景...     

中葡非木质林产品认证标准比较

中国森林认证体系与葡萄牙森林认证体系均为PEFC认可的森林认证体系,中葡2国是通过PEFC认证的非木质林产品经营单位数量最多的2个国家。文中对中葡2国的森林认证体系、非木质林产品认证相关标准及认证程序进行了比较,发现2国认证体系在标准结构、认证程序、认证不符合项的整改时间、证书的有效期方面存在差异,但认证标准在内容上均有相对应的条款;研究结果可为中国森林认证体系的改进以及非木质林产品经营单位选择认证体系及认证机构提供参考。     

A comparison of biodiversity values in boreal forest regeneration areas before and after forest certification

Abstract

In this study, 236 regeneration areas (mostly clear-cuts) in southern Norway were selected by random stratified selection: 118 of the study units were cut before and 118 after the introduction of forest certification in 1998. The degree of compliance with biodiversity measures established in the prevailing certification standard (ISO 14001 and the Norwegian standard “Living Forests”) was compared in a field study, and the differences were analysed. In some aspects, a clear difference could be seen, most clearly in an increasing number of green retention trees and an increasing mean width of buffer-strips left along rivers, bogs and lakes in the postcertification units compared with the precertification units. Even though there was a significant increase in the mean number of retention trees, as much as 21% of the postcertification regeneration areas still did not have sufficient retention trees to comply with the certification standard and 41% had either too few retention trees or too few spruce trees according to the standard. Concerning the management of small swamp forests, and the damage done to terrain and prelogging coarse dead wood by off-road transport, little improvement was seen. The discussion examines whether it is probable that the changes seen are a result of forest certification in Norway.     

How does forest certification contribute to boreal biodiversity conservation? Standards and outcomes in Sweden and NW Russia

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one of the leading forest certification schemes. While many studies concern political aspects and social outcomes of FSC, little is known about the contribution of certification to biodiversity conservation. In Europe, the Russian Federation and Sweden have the largest areas of FSC-certified forest. We assessed the potential of FSC certification for boreal biodiversity conservation in terms of standard content, and outcomes as habitat area set aside and habitat network functionality. First, we compared the biodiversity conservation indicators at different spatial scales in Swedish and Russian FSC standards. Second, focusing on one large state forest management unit in each country, we compared the areas of formally and voluntarily set aside forests for biodiversity conservation. Third, we evaluated the structural habitat connectivity by applying morphological spatial pattern analysis, and potential functional connectivity by using habitat suitability index modelling for virtual species. The Russian standard included indicators for all spatial scales of biodiversity conservation, from tree and stand to landscape and ecoregions. The Swedish standard focused mainly on stand and tree scales. The area of voluntary set-asides for FSC was similar in Sweden and Russia, while formal protection in the Russian case study was three times higher than in the Swedish one. Swedish set-aside core areas were two orders of magnitude smaller, had much lower structural and potential functional connectivity and were located in a fragmented forestland holding. We conclude that to understand the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation both the standard content, and its implementation on the ground, need to be assessed. We discuss the potential of FSC certification for biodiversity conservation with different levels of ambition. We stress the need for developing rapid assessment tools to evaluate outcomes of FSC for biodiversity conservation on the ground, which could be used by forest managers and FSC-auditors toward adaptive governance and management.