高温对蛋鸡血液理化指标及生产性能的影响

高温对蛋鸡血液理化指标及生产性能的影响刘凤华谢仲权（北京农学院动物科学技术系１０２２０６）孙朝龙钱志彬王村（北京市宏基公司１０００７６）蛋鸡生产中温热环境是影响夏季生产重要的因素，其中以高温最为突出。尽管１９９６年北京地区夏季雨水量较多，气温较常年相...     

复方中药对热应激条件下杂交小尾寒羊生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响

针对目前生产中绵羊遭受热应激的现状，研究了热应激条件下复方中药对杂交羊（小尾寒羊×内蒙古细毛羊）生产性能、生理参数和血液理化指标的影响。选择4味中草药（香薷、大黄、厚朴和黄芩），按3∶3∶2∶2进行组方。选择240只、体重（36.61±0.73） kg相近的育肥后期杂交绵羊，随机分为4组，各组羊分别饲喂含干物质含量的0（对照组）、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中药，每组60只羊。试验期为28 d，试验期间羊舍温湿指数平均达79.68。结果表明：1）从生理指标上，日粮中添加不同剂量的中药可显著降低羊的呼吸频率（P<0.05），并提高了羊的躺卧比例，尤其是下午12：00-16：00，较对照组提高了13.38%~19.15%。2）从生产性能上，饲喂中药显著提高了羊的平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05），不同中药组的ADFI较对照组提高了1.05%~7.21%（P<0.05），ADG和料重比（F/G）以0.5%组效果最好，ADG较对照组提高了12.12%（P<0.05），F/G降低了14.68%（P<0.05）。3）从血液理化指标上，饲喂中药组的血清甲状腺素（T₄）和皮质醇（COR）含量分别表现出增加和降低趋势（P<0.05），尤其0.5%组，T₄含量较对照组提高了13.97%（P<0.05），而COR含量降低了33.15%（P<0.05）。从血清常规代谢营养指标看，各组间尿素氮（BUN）和葡萄糖（GLU）含量均表现出显著性差异（P<0.05），0.5%组GLU含量较对照组极显著提高（P<0.01），而BUN含量显著下降（P<0.05）。4）从经济效益分析，饲喂0.5%~1.5%中药可使增重效益提高了7.50%~13.91%，0.5%组净收益最高（4.85元·d^-1·只^-1）。可见，该复方中药可以有效缓解杂交小尾寒羊的热应激，添加日粮干物质的0.5%最佳。     

冷应激对猪生产性能的影响

低温环境显著改变猪的体组织的组成、代谢和生产性能,使之有别于适温区和热应激。我国大部分地区寒冷季节漫长,猪舍一般都缺乏加温设备或保温不足,致使猪群或长或短地处于冷应激状态。养猪生产者应该了解冷应激对猪群的影响,才能有效地应对低温对养猪生产造成的损害。为此,本文对研究相对少见的低温对猪群的影响这一主题进行综述。临界温度是指适温区的下限。当环境温度低于临界温度时,猪处于冷应激状态。因为部分摄食被用于产热来调节体温,所以,低温条件下养猪生产不能优化。此外,在冷应激情况下,猪群可能还要面对更多的健康问题。下表给出…     

皮质酮应激对肉仔鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

为了确证皮质酮(CORT)应激对肉仔鸡生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,试验选用108只7日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,对照组(CTRL)饲喂基础日粮,试验组(CORT)日粮在基础日粮中添加30 mg/kg皮质酮(饲喂2周),21日龄后两组鸡均采食基础日粮。测定肉仔鸡生产性能及血液中皮质酮、葡萄糖、钙、尿酸和游离脂肪酸含量。结果表明:8~21日龄时,皮质酮组肉仔鸡日采食量、日增重及饲料效率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。8~42日龄时,皮质酮组肉仔鸡日增重显著低于对照组(P0.05);采食量比对照组有降低趋势(P0.05)。皮质酮组肉仔鸡血液中皮质酮、葡萄糖、钙及尿酸含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,日粮长期添加皮质酮使肉仔鸡产生应激,并改变了肉仔鸡机体物质代谢。     

冷应激对猪生产性能的影响

低温显著改变猪的体组织组成、代谢和生产性能，使之有别于适温区和热应激。我国大部分地区寒冷季节漫长，猪舍一般都缺乏加温设备或保温不足．致使猪群或长或短地处于冷应激状态。养猪生产者应该了解冷应激对猪群的影响，有效地应对低温对养猪生产造成的损害。为此，本义对研究相对少见的低温对猪群的影响这一主题进行综述。     

钠盐对热应激肉鸡生产性能和血液指标的影响

试验了电解质平衡值(DEB)为250mmol/kg的3种钠盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3和Na2SO4)对热应激肉鸡生产性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明:1)钠盐组较对照组显著提高了增质量、采食量、饮水量及饮水量/采食量比;并使料重比和病死率显著降低;2)添加钠盐,尤其是NaHCO3较对照组显著提高了屠体质量、屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率,而使腹脂率显著降低;3)钠盐组与对照组相比,使血液中淋巴细胞、红细胞压积和血红蛋白值显著提高,而使血糖明显降低。     

抗热应激剂对獭兔生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

为探讨抗热应激剂对夏季热应激獭兔生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,试验选择120只2月龄体重相近的健康獭兔,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每重复10只,公母各半。I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;II、III、IV组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%抗热应激剂。结果表明：在高温季节獭兔日粮中添加抗热应激剂,平均日采食量、平均日增重分别比对照组提高1.52%～7.94%和5.87%～17.75%,料重比降低4.27%～9.33%,皮张面积提高1.10%～5.95%,被毛密度提高0.25%～0.51%;血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、血糖、血脂、血钙、三碘甲腺原氨酸与甲状腺素含量增加,血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氧酶、肌酸磷酸激酶活性和皮质醇浓度降低,碱性磷酸酶活性提高。由此可见,在高温环境日粮中添加抗热应激剂可提高獭兔的生产性能、毛皮品质和成活率,改善獭兔的血液生化指标,降低热应激的影响。     

豆腐皮下脚料对猪生产性能和理化指标的影响

试验研究豆腐皮下脚料对生长猪生产性能和血液理化指标的影响,为优化利用豆腐皮下脚料特色资源提供科学依据.试验在日粮中添加8％、16％和24％豆腐皮下脚料替代豆粕饲喂(杜×长×大)三元生长猪,进行生长性能、消化率和血液理化指标测定.结果表明:添加不同比例豆腐皮下脚料平均增质量与对照组差异不显著;饲料转化率,试验Ⅲ组(2.13)显著优于对照组(2.38),每千克增质量饲料成本以添加24％豆腐皮下脚料为最低(4.98元),对照组最高(6.35元);粪尿水份以对照组最高(87.79％),试验Ⅲ组最低(82.64％)(P＜0.01);粪尿干物质以试验Ⅲ组最高(17.36％),对照组最低(12.21％)(P＜0.01);粗蛋白质消化率各组间差异不显著.血清尿素氮试验Ⅲ组显著高于对照组,而总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇和三酰甘油4组间差异不显著.高密度脂蛋白试验Ⅰ组显著高于对照组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组间差异不显著.结果显示:生长猪日粮中添加不同比例豆腐皮下脚料部分替代豆粕,对生产性能和血液理化指标无不良影响,并具有降低饲料成本的作用,在试验条件下,豆腐皮下脚料替代日粮豆粕适宜替代比例为8 ％～16％.     

抗热应激添加剂对肥育猪生产性能的影响

选取体重约60kg[杜×（长×大）]杂交猪50头,按性别、体重随机分为5个处理组,每组2个重复,每重复5头,单栏饲养,试验期间舍内平均湿度73％。各组分别饲喂含不同抗热应激剂的饲粮,探讨不同抗热应激剂在高温条件下对肥育猪生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响。试验结果表明:试验期内,VC组和VE组猪的体温均低于对照组,且在第4周时达到显著水平（P<0.05）;各试验组猪的呼吸数均低于对照组（第四周的测定值达到显著水平,P<0.05）;不同抗热应激剂对试验猪生产性能的影响不显著（P<0.05）,但从具体试验结果来看,VC组优于其他各组;VC组的干物质、总能、氮和粗脂肪消化率均高于对照组（P<0.05）,其他各试验组干物质、总能、氮和粗脂肪消化率均低于或接近于对照组（P<0.05）。根据本试验结果,维生素C、维生素E和大豆黄素对提高在热应激条件下猪的生产性能的效果较好。     

大麻籽粕对仔猪生产性能和血液理化指标的影响

 试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平大麻籽粕对仔猪生产性能和血液理化指标的影响。选用体重约17 kg仔猪240头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10头猪。在等能等氮条件下,大麻籽粕添加水平为：0,2%,4%,6%。结果表明,1）大麻籽粕的不同添加水平均未显著影响猪的日增重、日采食量和饲料利用率（P＞0.05）;2）不同添加水平的大麻籽粕对仔猪血清SUN,GH、IGF-Ⅰ、空肠黏膜Na-+-K-+-ATPase和总二糖酶活性的影响不显著（P＞0.05）。大麻籽粕作为蛋白质饲料资源,可部分替代豆粕,应用于仔猪生产中。     

乳酸菌对生猪健康和生产性能的影响

病原体对抗生素的耐药性不断增强,以及动物源性食品中抗生素残留所带来的食品安全问题引起越来越多的关注。乳酸菌是一种安全、优质、高效的益生菌,可调节肠道环境,抑制或杀死胃肠道病原体,改善肠道微生物平衡,调节肠粘膜免疫力,保持肠屏障功能,有利于猪的健康,提供了抗生素策略的潜在替代方案。本文就饲料中添加乳酸菌作为益生菌对新生仔猪、断奶仔猪、生长育肥猪和母猪的作用进行综述,以期为进一步提高猪的生产性能和健康养殖提供参考,不断提高猪的福利和养殖水平。     

Effect of Protein Hydrolysate on Growth Performance,Blood Biochemical Indexes and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility in Growing-finishing Pigs

This experiment was aimed to study the effects of protein hydrolysate on growth performance,blood biochemical indexes and nutrient apparent digestibility in growing-finishing pigs,and determine the optimum dosage of additions.300 Doroc pig×Landrace pig×Yorkshire pig crossbreeding commercial pigs were chosen and divided into five groups with four repeats per groups and 15 pigs per repeat.The pigs in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed with basal diet,others in groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were fed basal diet with 1%,2%,3% and 4% T30 small peptide,respectively.The test lasted for 30 d. The results showed that:①The average daily gain (ADG) of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than groups Ⅰ and Ⅴ (P<0.05), the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than group Ⅱ, and had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05). ②The total protein and globulin levels of group Ⅴ were the highest that significantly higher than group Ⅱ (P<0.05),and had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05).The urea nitrogen of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than other groups (P<0.05).③The dry matter and crude protein apparent digestibility of group Ⅴ were the highest,and the Ca and P apparent digestibility were declined in T30 supplement groups. In conclusion,the optimum adding amount of protein hydrolysate of growing pig was 1.796%.It could improve the growth performance,decrease F/G,and increase the levels of total protein and globulin.     

酶解蛋白肽对生长育肥猪生长性能、血液生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响

本试验在生长育肥猪日粮中添加酶解蛋白肽T30,研究小肽对生长育肥猪的生长性能、血液生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响,并探讨其在生长育肥猪阶段的最适添加量。采用单因子随机试验设计。选取杜洛克猪×长白猪×大白猪三元商品猪300头,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复15头。Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ~Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加1%、2%、3%、4% T30。试验期30 d。结果显示：①Ⅲ组的平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅴ组（P<0.05）;Ⅲ组平均日采食量显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,与其他组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。②Ⅴ组总蛋白、球蛋白水平最高,显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,但与其他各组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组尿素氮水平显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。③Ⅴ组干物质、粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,T30添加组钙、磷表观消化率均出现不同程度的下降。综上所述,在生长育肥猪阶段酶解蛋白肽的最佳添加量为1.796%,添加酶解蛋白肽可提高生长性能、降低料重比,提高血液总蛋白水平、球蛋白水平。     

茶树油对育肥猪生长性能、器官指数、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加茶树油对育肥猪生长性能、器官指数、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选用64头初重为(68.13±0.46)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交生长育肥猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加100、200和300 mg/kg茶树油的试验饲粮,预试期10 d,正试期56 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,200和300 mg/kg组末重和平均日增重显著增加(P0.05),100和200 mg/kg组料重比显著降低(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,200和300 mg/kg组肝脏指数显著增加(P0.05),300 mg/kg组肾脏指数显著增加(P0.05);3)与对照组相比,200 mg/kg组背最长肌红度值、p H24 h显著增加(P0.05),100和200 mg/kg组背最长肌剪切力显著降低(P0.05)、肌内脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加不同剂量的茶树油对育肥猪的生长性能、器官指数和肉品质有不同程度的影响,其中基础饲粮中添加200 mg/kg茶树油对育肥猪生长性能和肉质的改善效果较好。     

Effects of Different Dietary Cotton by-products Levels on Production Performance,Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Sheep

The study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary cotton by-products levels on production performance,nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical indexes of sheep.30 healthy sheep were chosen and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 sheep per group. The feed of each group was that 50% formula concentrate feed was mixed with 50% wheat straw (control group),25% wheat straw and 25% cotton stalk (group Ⅰ),50% cotton stalk (group Ⅱ),45% cotton stalk and 5% cotton seed (group Ⅲ),and 40% cotton stalk and 10% cotton seed(group Ⅳ), respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 d. The result showed that:① The total weight gain and ADG of sheep showed a decreased with the increase of cotton stalk added proportion in the diets, and the total weight gain and ADG of group Ⅱ were significantly lower than group Ⅲ (P<0.05).② The concentration of NH₃-N was increased or decreased at different levels after adding different proportions of cotton by-products,and the TVFA and propionic acid concentration were not significantly affected (P>0.05).③ There was no significant difference of intake nitrogen, fecal nutrogen and uninary nitrogen among groups (P>0.05),but apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF showed a downward trend with the increase of cotton by-products added proportion in the diets,which were extremely significantly lower than control group (P<0.01).④ There were no significant differences among groups of the blood white cell count,red cell count,hemoglobin concentration,total protein,albumin,globulin,serum iron,sodium,chlorine and potassium content (P>0.05),but serum magnesium was significantly increased with increases of gossypol content in the diets (P<0.05). In conclusion,when the cotton by-products addition level in diets reaches 50% caused the free gossypol concentration in the feed more than 300 mg/kg, it would has certain negative effects on the production performance and health of sheep,and the cotton stalks add ratio in the diet should be controlled in the range of lower than 25%.     

日粮中添加不同比例棉副产品对绵羊生产性能、营养物质消化率及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例棉副产品对绵羊生产性能、养分表观消化率和血液生化指标的影响。选取30只健康巴尔楚克绵羊,随机分为5组,每组6只羊,各组分别饲喂由配合精料50%分别与50%麦秸（对照组）、25%麦秸和25%棉秸（Ⅰ组）、50%棉秸（Ⅱ组）、45%棉秸和5%棉籽（Ⅲ组）、40%棉秸和10%棉籽（Ⅳ组）混合的颗粒饲料,试验期60 d。结果显示：①绵羊总增重、平均日增重随着棉花秸秆添加比例的增加而降低,其中Ⅱ组绵羊总增重、平均日增重最低,显著低于Ⅲ组（P<0.05）;②日粮中添加不同比例的棉副产品后绵羊瘤胃液氨态氮出现不同程度的升高或降低,各组间总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、丙酸浓度无显著差异（P>0.05）;③各试验组粪氮、尿氮和摄入氮量无显著差异（P>0.05）,而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率随着棉副产品添加比例的增加极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;④棉副产品添加比例对绵羊血液中白细胞数、红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、血清铁、钠、氯、钾含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但随着棉副产品比例的增加,绵羊血液中镁的浓度显著提高（P<0.05）。综上所述,日粮中棉副产品添加量达到50%时,其游离棉酚浓度超过300 mg/kg,对绵羊的生产性能及健康具有一定负面影响,棉花秸秆添加量控制在低于25%的范围为宜。     

饲粮中添加绿狐尾藻对肥育猪生长性能、血清生化指标和胴体品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加绿狐尾藻对肥育猪生长性能、血清生化指标和胴体品质的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选用40头初始体重为(55.20±2.18)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪,随机分为4个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加5%、10%和15%绿狐尾藻,试验期60 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肥育猪的终末体重、平均日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P0.05);Ⅳ组的终末体重和平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),料重比显著增加(P0.05)。2)各组肥育猪的血清总蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白含量和谷草转氨酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ组的血清谷丙转氨酶活性和Ⅳ组的血清白蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05)。3)各组肥育猪的胴体率、瘦肉率、屠宰率、胴体斜长、肉色、剪切力和大理石纹评分均无显著差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组的平均背膘厚和Ⅳ组的眼肌面积显著降低(P0.05),Ⅲ组的滴水损失有降低趋势(P0.05),Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的p H45 m in、p H24 h有增加趋势(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加10%绿狐尾藻对肥育猪的生长性能无显著影响,可改善血清生化指标,降低平均背膘厚,减缓肌肉p H下降速度,降低滴水损失,改善猪肉品质。     

洛克沙胂对猪生产性能和血液指标的影响

本研究通过断奶仔猪、生长猪和肥育猪3个试验研究了日粮添加洛克沙胂对猪生产性能及血液指标的影响。试验分别选择96头杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪(8.29±0.99)kg、生长猪(32.68±3.43)kg和肥育猪(62.74±8.89)kg,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头猪,公母各半。处理1为对照组,日粮中不添加洛克沙胂,处理2、3和4分别在日粮中添加50、100 mg/kg和150 mg/kg洛克沙胂。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型,各处理日粮营养水平均为等能量、等蛋白。结果表明:日粮中添加洛克沙胂能显著提高断奶仔猪与生长猪日增重和饲料转化效率(P<0.05),减少仔猪腹泻率(P<0.01)。但对肥育猪增重效果不明显(P>0.05);日粮中添加洛克沙胂使动物血红蛋白、肌酐和谷草转氨酶含量升高,白蛋白含量降低(P<0.05)。表明洛克沙胂对猪具有一定的促生长效果,可增加动物血液运氧能力,但同时有可能对动物肝脏、肾脏造成一定损伤。     

运输对荣昌猪生理生化指标的影响

获取荣昌猪对运输的耐受能力,以此研究针对运输的保健药品和保健措施。选择40日龄的荣昌仔猪12头,在最低气温15℃下运输2h(100km)。从前腔静脉采集运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、3天、7天试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪的血液,进行主要血液生理生化指标检测。同时,检测试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪在运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、第3天、第7天的临床三大生理指标(呼吸、脉搏、体温)。采用F检验统计分析运输前后差异显著性,比较运输对组内各组影响的差异性。结果表明,荣昌仔猪在经过运输后,尿素、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶等大部分生理生化指标都有上升,与运输前比较差异极显著(P<0.01),运输前各荣昌仔猪之间的生理生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05),荣昌猪对运输的抵抗能力较差,需要在运输前后做好抗应激措施。     

Effects of Pasting Anionic Salt and RPC on Production Performance and Blood Biochemical Indexes of Perinatal Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of pasting anionic salt and RPC on production performance and blood biochemical indexes of perinatal dairy cows.Using randomized trial design, 20 healthy Holstein cows which according to the tire time (2 to 4), age, last time lactation quantity and parturition date were chosen.They were divided into four groups, 5 cows per group.The control group was fed TMR diet, Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ groups were fed the basal diet +200 g pasting anion salt and supplemented with 10, 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC, respectively.There were 7 days to pilot test, formal test was from antenatal 21 d to parturition.The results showed that:①DMI of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group during most of antenatal 21 days (P< 0.05);The nutrients apparent digestibility of all experimental groups were generally higher than that of control group;Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of CP, NDF, ADF (P< 0.05);The apparent digestibility of Ca of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the apparent digestibility of EE (P< 0.05).②Among postpartal 90 days, the total milk yield of all experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly enhanced the feed conversion rate (P< 0.05);Add 30 g/(head·d) RPC was improved the percentage of milk dry matter, milk protein and milk fat of colostrum (P< 0.05).③Serum Ca²⁺ concentration of all experimental groups were significantly higher than that of control group (P< 0.05);Add 20, 30 g/(head·d) RPC was significantly increased the part time plasma TG levels (P< 0.05), significantly reduced the part time plasma contents of TCHO, BHBA and NEFA (P< 0.05).In conclusion, among the perinatal period added pasting anionic salt and RPC could improve early prenatal DMI and part nutrients apparent digestibility, improve perinatal blood calcium and blood lipid metabolism, and enhance the production performance and feed conversion rate, based on adding 200 g pasting anion salt among early perinatal, the best add amount of RPC was 30 g/(head·d).