水分条件对不同类型土壤氮矿化及酶活性的影响

针对凉攀烟区立体气候特征明显，干湿分明特征，从水分变化角度研究植烟土壤氮素矿化及其酶活变化特征，为合理调控土壤氮素供应提供科学依据。以凉攀烟区土壤为研究对象，通过室内培养法研究了不同水分条件培养下（60%田间持水量（60%WHC），淹水状态（FS）），土壤（红壤、紫色土）氮矿化动力学及酶活性特征。结果表明，（1）与60%WHC相比，FS培养条件提高了土壤NH4+-N含量，且培养期内紫色土NH4+-N平均含量较红壤增加6.0%~9.0%； 60%WHC培养下土壤NO3--N含量明显高于FS，且培养期内红壤NO3--N平均含量（40.7~64.1 mg/kg）高于紫色土（38.0~56.4 mg/kg）；（2）FS培养提高了土壤氨化速率，紫色土平均氨化速率均高于红壤，60%WHC培养提高了土壤硝化速率，且红壤平均硝化速率高于紫色土；（3）培养期内，60%WHC培养下土壤无机氮累积矿化量明显高于FS，红壤氮矿化潜力强于紫色土，其中红壤在60%WHC培养下的土壤无机氮累积矿化量最大（42.12~394.06 mg/kg），其次是同一水分条件培养下的紫色土；（4）土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和亚硝酸还原酶的活性与土壤无机氮矿化累积量存在显著的相关性，红壤的脲酶活性强于紫色土，尤其是在60%WHC培养的效果更为显著；紫色土的蛋白酶活性和亚硝酸还原酶活性高于红壤，尤其是在FS培养下的效果显著。总体上，凉攀烟区红壤氮矿化潜力强于紫色土，尤其是在60%WHC条件下，在推荐氮肥施用量时，不仅要考虑不同土壤类型，而且还应该注意土壤水分状况的调控，防止烤烟生长后期氮素供应能力过强，影响烟叶成熟落黄和香气物质形成。     

长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

利用太湖地区26a的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素分布和C/N的影响,分析了10℃和30℃下不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化过程的差异,拟合了30℃下土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的方程式。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使表层土壤氮素累积量明显增加,0～20cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理。20～30cm土层,化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆+氮处理(CRN)及不施肥对照CK的含氮量高于有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆+有机肥+氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40～50cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)施有机肥或秸秆还田使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0～10cm表层土壤的C/N,CNPK>MNPK,CK>M0,而施秸秆处理MRN的C/N最低。20～50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。(3)在30℃下,土壤矿化过程达到稳定状态需要时间较短,且累积矿化量较高。在10℃下,培养后期的矿化速率高于30℃下的速率,但累积矿化量较低,低温条件引起了土壤氮素矿化率的降低。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式(p<0·01),K值较接近反应矿化初期各处理的矿化潜力,n值的差异反应MRN、MNP以及CNPK、CNP处理在矿化后期有更高潜力。     

施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土有机碳分布变异及其矿化特性的影响

利用始于1990年的湖南桃园红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土剖面有机碳含量和δ13C值分布,有机碳密度和变异幅度,以及有机碳矿化特性的影响.结果表明,长期施肥和秸秆还田使红壤稻田土壤表层有机碳含量显著升高,秸秆还田对有机质的累积作用明显优于仅施化肥处理.施肥或秸秆还田使0～25 cm和0～ 50 cm土层的有机碳密度均明显提高,且有机碳变异幅度也明显增大.0～10cm表层土壤δ13C值与对照的差异最大,而施化肥或秸秆还田处理之间的差异不大.各施肥处理土壤有机碳在培养初期的矿化速率较大,并在1～3周内迅速降低且逐渐达到稳定状态.秸秆还田使各处理有机碳矿化速率的提高较明显,各处理的平均矿化速率为CO247.75～31.16 ml/(kg.d),稳定矿化速率为CO240～60ml/(kg·d),12周培养期内累积矿化量大小为CK+C＞NP+C＞N+C＞NPK+C＞NP＞NPK＞N＞NK＞CK.长期施化肥和秸秆还田,均使土壤有机碳的累积矿化量提高,而秸秆还田作用更明显.因此,长期施肥和秸秆还田作为土壤有机碳累积的途径,有利于提高红壤水稻土的养分供应能力,并且能够维持稻田生态系统有机碳库的缓冲性和长期稳定性.     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮矿化特性的影响

采用Stanford和Smith提出的长期间歇淋洗通气培养法,对连续7a采用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉,栽培番茄的保护地不同剖面层次土壤的有机氮矿化特点进行了研究。渗灌管为发汗式半软管,埋深为30cm;渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌水方法及施肥、田间管理同当地农业生产。当20cm深处的土壤水吸力达到40kPa时开始灌水,渗灌和滴灌每次的灌水量是沟灌灌水量的1/2。试验结果表明,土壤矿化氮含量随着土层深度的增加而降低。从累积矿化氮量—时间曲线变化的趋势看,可将保护地土壤0～50cm剖面分为三个层次,其中渗灌与滴灌处理相似,为0～20cm、20～40cm和40～50cm土层,而沟灌处理则为0～30cm、30～40cm和40～50cm土层。保护地不同层次土壤有机氮的矿化可以用Twopool模型表达。比较不同灌溉处理,在0～10cm土层,易矿化有机氮含量(N1)表现为滴灌>沟灌>渗灌,易矿化有机氮矿化速率(k1)常数也以滴灌处理最大,说明滴灌更有利于表层土壤易矿化有机氮的形成。与渗灌和沟灌相比,长期使用滴灌灌溉有利于改善保护地土壤有机氮的品质。     

地下水位和长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验红壤性水稻土为对象,采用室内模拟培养试验方法,对耕层土壤有机碳矿化特征进行分析,以探究两个地下水位(20 cm、80 cm)下,长期不同施肥处理(高量有机肥+化肥(2/3OM)、常量有机肥+化肥(1/3OM)、单施化肥(NPK))红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征和差异。结果表明,较高的地下水位促进土壤有机碳累积,提高了高量有机肥和常量有机肥处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率,且增加了其有机碳累积矿化量(C_t)及潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0),但土壤有机碳累积矿化率在施用化肥的条件下表现为减少。长期不同施肥的红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳矿化特征在不同地下水位条件下变化明显,2个地下水位的土壤有机碳含量、土壤有机碳矿化速率及有机碳累积矿化量高低排序均表现为:2/3OM1/3OMNPK;20cm地下水位长期施用2/3OM和1/3OM土壤有机碳累积矿化率分别较NPK高出53.32%(P0.05)、15.44%,80 cm地下水位则分别低出5.56%、17.95%(P0.05);20 cm地下水位2/3OM和1/3OM处理的土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0)显著高于NPK处理,而80cm地下水位C_0表现为1/3OM处理显著低于NPK处理;地下水位对相同施肥处理土壤有机碳周转常数(k)影响不明显,而在同为80 cm的地下水位条件下,长期施用有机肥可显著提高k。因此,长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳累积矿化率、潜在可矿化有机碳量及周转常数的影响在不同地下水位条件下发生变化。     

土壤水分和氮添加对3种质地紫色土氮矿化及土壤pH的影响

为正确认识土壤水分、质地和外源氮添加对紫色土氮矿化作用和土壤pH的影响,以西南地区典型的紫色土为研究对象,通过90d的室内恒温(25℃)好气培养,研究了3种质地(粘土、粉粘壤土和砂土)紫色土在不同含水量(55%,65%和75%田间持水量)和尿素氮添加水平(0mg/kg土和250mg/kg土.)条件下,土壤氮矿化作用和pH的变化。结果表明:前30d的累积矿化氮量可占培养期间(90d)的78.48%~91.55%,且各处理的土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率均随着培养时间的延长而快速增加;第30~90d,土壤累积矿化氮量增长缓慢,净矿化速率迅速下降并趋于稳定。土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均随土壤水分含量的增加而逐渐增大,其中75%WHC(75%田间持水量)和75%WHC+U(75%田间持水量+尿素)处理的矿化作用最强。土壤质地从一定程度上对土壤的矿化产生影响,但其影响并不显著。外源氮添加能促进土壤氮矿化,其净氮矿化量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均极显著(p0.01)高于未加氮处理,分别为未施氮处理的1.68~4.56倍,0.60~6.47倍。外源氮添加使土壤pH显著下降,55%WHC+U、65%WHC+U和75%WHC+U处理分别下降了0.57,0.66,0.72个pH单位,土壤有酸化趋势。土壤pH值与土壤氮素净矿化速率呈极显著线性相关,净矿化速率对pH变化贡献巨大。总之,土壤含水量增加和外源氮添加均促进了土壤氮矿化,增加了土壤矿质氮含量,同时外源氮添加也加速了土壤pH下降,土壤有酸化趋势。     

水热条件对华西雨屏区柳杉人工林土壤氮矿化的影响

采用室内培养方法研究了温度(5、15、25和35℃)和湿度(20、40、60和80%田间持水量(FWC))对华西雨屏区柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)人工林表层(0~20 cm)土壤氮素矿化的影响,并探讨了温度和湿度与土壤氮素矿化的关系及土壤氮素矿化的最适温度和湿度。结果表明:在30 d的培养过程中温度和湿度均对华西雨屏区柳杉林土壤氮矿化有显著影响(p0.05);相同水分条件下,土壤净氨化速率和氮净矿化速率均随温度的升高而增加;净硝化速率先随温度的升高而增加,在25℃时达到最大值,之后又随温度的升高而降低。相同温度条件下,土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和氮净矿化速率均先随水分含量的升高而增加,在60%FWC时达到最大值,之后又随水分含量的升高而降低。在温度和湿度16个交互处理中,35℃和60%FWC条件下土壤净氨化速率和氮净矿化速率最高,在25℃和60%FWC条件下土壤净硝化速率最高;在5℃和20%FWC条件下土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和氮净矿化速率最低。土壤氮净矿化的最适温度和湿度分别为32.9℃和64.1%FWC。研究区各土壤水分含量(x1)和温度(x2)条件下的氮净矿化速率(y7)可用关系式y7=-0.5374+0.05001x2+0.04374x1-0.0009228x22-0.0003749x12+0.000215x1·x2进行估算。土壤氮矿化Q10值在5~35℃内随温度的升高而降低,氮净矿化在5~15℃内对温度敏感性最高。氮净矿化作用产生的无机氮中铵态氮占77.6~87.6%,说明该区柳杉人工林表层土壤氮矿化形成的铵态氮只有少部分转化成了硝态氮,这有利于减少研究区多雨条件下矿质氮的淋失。     

植烟黄壤氮素矿化动态模拟研究

研究不同温度和水分条件下植烟土壤有机氮的矿化动态,为田间土壤氮素矿化的预测提供依据。采用好气间歇淋洗方法,探求不同温度培养模式[恒温20℃,恒温35℃,变温(5、10、15、20、25、30、35、30、25、20℃)],不同温度(5~40℃)与不同土壤含水量(风干土~53%)交互作用下的土壤有机氮矿化动态,并建立回归方程。运用田间土壤氮素矿化数据,进行模型验证。结果显示,变温培养下土壤氮素矿化动态与恒温培养显著不同,变温下土壤矿化氮的累积动态以积温模型的拟合效果最好;指数模型能够较好描述土壤有机氮矿化对土壤水分含量的反应。在土壤氮素矿化积温模型和水分函数的基础上,建立了变化温度与水分条件下的土壤氮素矿化模型。田间实测矿化数据验证了此模型的可行性。因此,可以利用有效积温和土壤含水量来估测田间土壤氮素矿化量。     

无机氮与蔬菜废弃物耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响

为探明有机废弃物添加量与不同无机氮水平耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响,设计了3个甘蓝废弃叶添加量[B1:200 g.kg 1(土),B2:400 g.kg 1(土),B3:550 g.kg 1(土)]和4个无机氮水平[N0:0 mg.kg 1(土),N1:25mg.kg 1(土),N2:50 mg.kg 1(土),N3:100 mg.kg 1(土)]交互的控制培养试验(25℃,65%的田间持水量)。试验结果显示:各氮处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的4～5倍,N1水平下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于其他氮水平。各甘蓝废弃叶添加量处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的3～5倍,且B2添加量下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于B1和B3。统计分析表明,氮处理和甘蓝废弃叶添加量之间的交互效应不显著(P=0.275),甘蓝废弃叶的添加是影响氮矿化的主要因素(Eta2=0.16),而供氮水平为次要因素(Eta2=0.07)。B1添加量下,培养前期(0～20 d)土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高,后期保持稳定水平;但B2和B3添加量下,培养前期(30 d)土壤呈现矿化、固持、再矿化现象,后期土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高。氮矿化速率结果说明,甘蓝废弃叶添加后氮素矿化主要发生在培养前30 d。对培养期间土壤净累积氮矿化量随时间变化做一级动力方程模拟,拟合效果良好(R2=0.62～0.89)。     

温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

【目的】日光温室作为具有我国特色的一种高强度的栽培方式,过量施肥问题突出。随着温室栽培在我国北方地区规模的不断扩大,由此带来的土壤退化和地下水污染问题值得关注。不少研究表明,随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质含量不断增加;且温室栽培中的土壤温度与露地存在很大差异,其土壤氮素矿化特性如何,尚缺乏研究。【方法】本研究以位于黄土高原南部陕西省杨凌示范区不同栽培年限的日光温室土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法(84 d)测定不同培养温度(20℃和30℃)对不同年限温室(0 3年)土壤0—20 cm及20—40cm土层氮素矿化量,采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮素矿化曲线,根据土壤氮矿化势(N0)评价不同栽培年限温室土壤氮素矿化特性。【结果】1)随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮含量和氮素累积矿化量随之显著增加。2)30℃的土壤氮素累积矿化量高于20℃的矿化累积量;栽培年限长的日光温室矿化作用对温度的敏感程度高于年限短的温室。3)若温度和栽培年限同时增加,土壤氮素累积矿化量随之增加,说明温度和栽培年限对土壤氮素净矿化量有一定的交互作用,但差异不显著(P0.05)。4)日光温室栽培年限越长,土壤氮矿化势(N0)越大;与种植前相比,第2a、3a温室土壤氮矿化势增加了5.59和11.48倍。5)回归分析表明,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量每增加1 g/kg,20℃和30℃条件下土壤氮矿化势(No)分别增加2.70及3.18 mg/kg;土壤全氮含量每增加1g/kg,No分别增加37.28及43.12 mg/kg。【结论】日光温室土壤氮素矿化量随其栽培年限的增加显著增加;培养温度由20℃增加到30℃,土壤氮素矿化量也明显增加,日光温室栽培年限和温度对土壤氮矿化有一定的正交互效应。因此,在日光温室氮素管理中应考虑栽培年限和温度对土壤氮素矿化的影响,以采取针对性的氮素管理措施。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.