喷雾机器人重喷漏喷问题研究

喷雾机器人在行走过程中由于两驱动电机的不一致性和地面不平整等因素,会偏离航线产生“跑偏”现象,从而造成重喷和漏喷区域。为了解决这一问题,运用模糊控制方法,在机器人偏离预定行驶轨迹时改变两轮的转速,以实时地控制机器人及时调整和消除“跑偏”现象。仿真结果表明,此方法的效果良好。     

农业喷雾机器人的机械结构创新设计

农业机器人是21世纪农业机械的发展趋势之一。为此,讨论了农业机器人的技术特点和基本特征,重点论述了一款可以自主行走且能避障的农业喷雾机器人机械结构创新设计。其主要包括载体移动系统和车载喷雾系统的创新设计,给出了具体的设计方案和部分结构图以及参数。该农业喷雾机器人一方面提高了农业喷雾作业的效率,实现作业的自动化;另一方面降低了作业对操作者的健康影响。     

喷雾机器人作业重喷漏喷显示研究

喷雾机器人试验中喷雾幅宽、喷幅边缘的实际轨迹以及重喷漏喷面域不易获得,而且作业时机组的运动状况事后不能重新显示.为此,利用ADAMS软件的动画仿真功能,在ADAMS下使用样条编辑器将试验过程中采集到的机器人和喷雾小车位置数据生成运动轨迹线,让机器人与小车沿此轨迹线运动,显现喷杆运动状况以及喷雾幅宽重喷漏喷区域;同时,利用其后处理模块来获得相邻两喷幅边缘轨迹间距离等参数,便于对其进行定量计算,以此来对作业效果进行评价,并以图形方式输出或以文件形式保存.     

连栋温室分段变距喷雾机器人设计与试验

针对国内连栋温室缺乏植保喷雾机、机械走直定位与换轨转向精度低等问题,设计了一种连栋温室分段变距喷雾机器人,在实现无人化喷药的同时提高作业精度。为满足连栋温室机械作业路轨结合、精准切换的要求,提出一种通用型移动底盘,并确定其关键设计参数;为减少底盘上下轨时的偏移量,设计轨上矫正装置,通过分析计算及试验验证,确定其安装余量为4 mm;针对底盘对轨误差大的问题,提出一种二维码融合陀螺仪及光电传感器双向垂直寻迹的路面关键点定位与转向控制方法。设计分段变距喷雾装置,提出一种丝杆滑台驱动的喷杆变距方案,分析校验其驱动参数以满足工作要求;基于滚针轴承设计喷杆辅助防抖装置,减小因喷杆剧烈抖动带来的滑台与喷杆损伤。开发底盘运动及分段变距喷雾控制系统,实现喷雾机器人在连栋温室内的全程自动化作业。最后,对样机进行底盘性能与喷雾效果试验。底盘作业时直线行走与对轨误差平均值分别为4.8、5.8 mm,满足控制精度要求;避障距离为34 cm,满足安全性要求;防抖装置的安装使喷杆行进方向的抖动量从-1°～1.3°降低到±0.4°内,喷头方向的抖动量从±0.5°降低到±0.3°内,防抖效果显著;分段变距喷雾作业后,盛...     

喷雾机器人导航系统建模与控制算法设计

喷雾机器人是为适应设施农业的要求而发展起来的一种农业高新技术,自动导航技术是喷雾机器人研究的关键技术之一.为此,通过对喷雾机器人运动状态的分析,建立了控制系统的数学模型.以此为基础,进行了数字PID控制算法的工程实现.运行实验表明,控制系统工作稳定可靠,满足了喷雾机器人的功能要求.     

面向果林的一款农用喷雾机器人的创新设计

农业机器人是21世纪农业机械的发展趋势之一。为此,重点论述了一款面向果林喷雾作业的农用喷雾机器人的创新设计。同时,给出了具体的设计方案和总体装配图、车架结构图、传动系统图、转向系统图、升降机构图以及各部分参数。该款农业喷雾机器人提高了农业果林喷雾作业的效率,实现作业的自动化,大大降低了劳动强度,另一方面也避免了喷雾作业对劳动者的健康影响。     

基于DSP喷雾机器人直流电机控制应用与研究

传统的农药喷雾主要依靠人工喷洒完成,工作效率低、耗时耗力,且对作业人员造成了严重的健康威胁。随着农业现代化水平的不断提升,越来越多的高科技手段被应用在农药喷洒过程中。智能农药喷雾机器人通过自动控制技术,可以实现农药喷雾的全自动化作业。为此,设计了智能农药喷雾机器人,并将自动控制技术应用在喷雾直流电机中,完成了系统总体结构设计、硬件模块电路设计及系统软件流程设计,并进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:该直流电机自动控制系统能够提高农药喷雾机器人的作业效率,实现农药喷雾的精准控制,喷雾质量好,有效减少了农药的浪费,防止了对自然环境造成破坏,具有一定的推广价值。     

畜禽舍防疫消毒机器人设计与试验

针对畜禽养殖防疫消毒劳动强度大、安全性差的问题，设计了防疫消毒机器人系统，以实现畜禽舍防疫消毒喷雾的智能化作业。机器人系统由移动承载平台、防疫喷雾部件、环境监测传感器以及控制器等4部分构成，支持全自动运行和遥控操作2种工作模式。针对畜禽舍内弱光、低应激的工况条件，提出了“磁标-射频识别”组合的导航路径探测方法，实现在畜禽舍内养殖笼架间的自主移动。设计了风助式药液喷嘴，可同步实现消毒药液的雾化和扩散。通过对喷嘴内腔风场进行流体动力学仿真，对喷嘴气体导流和药液雾化部件结构参数进行了优化设计，确定了锥形导流垫块和雾化栅板的倾角分别为75°和90°。最后，在禽舍内对机器人导航和喷雾性能进行了现场测试。试验结果表明，机器人移动平台可满足0.1~0.5 m/s速度范围的自动巡线导航，其实际轨迹相对磁钉标记的最大偏移量为50.8 mm；风助式喷嘴可适用于200~400 mL/min流量的药液喷洒，形成的雾滴直径（DV.9）为51.82~137.23 μm，雾滴沉积密度为116~149 个/cm²。本畜禽舍防疫消毒机器人可实现养殖舍内消毒和免疫药液的智能化喷雾作业。     

一种智能遥控变轨式喷杆喷雾机的设计

针对大面积菠萝种植人工喷药或施叶面肥作业劳动强度大、效率低等问题,基于作物种植垄距不同、生长高度不同等特点,课题组设计了一种智能遥控变轨式喷杆喷雾机。喷雾机采用履带式液压驱动,喷雾机底盘根据作物种植垄距和高度的不同,采用液压升降和液压变轨距调节适应作业要求;喷杆采用平行四边形机构液压升降调节喷雾高度,采用电动推杆实现展开与折叠;喷雾系统采用电磁离合器、电磁球阀和电控调压阀智能控制,从而可以远程控制喷雾启停并实现变量喷雾;增加倾斜报警系统,超过设定坡度值时,机器发出危险报警;喷雾机配置全景摄像头,在遥控器中显示多视角界面以及整机状态与参数,能实现200 m无线遥控远程操控作业。研究结果表明,智能遥控变轨式喷杆喷雾机应用于菠萝田间喷药或施叶面肥等植保作业,无需作业人员下地工作,通过远程控制喷杆喷雾机即可完成,能有效避免菠萝带刺叶片以及喷雾对人的伤害,大大促进了菠萝种植机械化智能化发展。     

棉花喷雾机“∏”型喷杆喷雾系统试验台架的研究与设计

喷杆顶喷+吊杆侧喷"∏"型组合式喷雾系统的喷杆喷雾机是新疆垦区现行被广泛应用于棉花中后期病虫害防治和催熟脱叶剂喷施的一类机型。目前针对该类喷雾机的改进优化,主要还是依靠经验和户外田间试验。这种通过逐一变换参数进行田间试验的方法,存在着不确定性因素多、可控性及可重复性差的问题。为便于开展相关研究,我们研究和搭建了棉花喷雾机"∏"型喷杆喷雾系统试验台架。本文介绍了棉花喷雾机"∏"型喷杆喷雾系统试验台架的设计思路与要求、结构组成、工作原理和主要部件的选型与设计。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。