甘薯Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.茎蔓多糖提取技术研究

通过正交实验研究了甘薯茎蔓多糖水提过程中提取温度、时间和提取用水量对提取物得率的影响,选出了较为理想的提取条件,即加40倍水,在100℃下浸提25min,得率4 82%。通过棕色环法、蒽酮—硫酸法、Fe hling试剂法、双缩脲法证实提取物为多糖。     

不同重量脱毒甘薯对出苗数量和质量的影响

以徐薯18脱毒甘薯原种为材料，采用双膜冷床育苗的方法，对不同重量薯块类型种薯出苗的数量和质量进行了研究。结果表明：160－320g的脱毒除草18种薯出苗较多，且苗体健壮，是育苗生产首选薯型。     

紫色甘薯新引品种简易贮藏试验

[目的]为薯农提供耐贮藏的优良紫色甘薯品种及探索最佳的简易贮藏方法.[方法]对引进的紫色甘薯良种11-07、16-08、Y1和SCZ,分别采用陶罐、塑料整理箱、纸箱和网袋4种贮藏方法进行4个月的贮藏试验,并设加工房、工具房和宿舍3个重复,对比不同贮藏方法对紫色甘薯薯块贮藏完好率的影响.[结果]加工房中陶罐贮藏、塑料整理箱贮藏、纸箱贮藏和网袋贮藏的薯块完好率分别为42.5%~55.0%、20.7%~33.3%、20.0%~30.0%和15.0%~30.0%,均高于工具房和宿舍对应的薯块贮藏完好率;不同贮藏处理中,以陶罐贮藏的完好率最高(11-07为72.4%、16-08为78.5%、Y1为66.3%、SCZ为66.1%),其次是纸箱贮藏;不同紫色甘薯品种的平均贮藏完好率以16-08的最高,且与Y1、SCZ两个品种均达极显著差异.[结论]紫色甘薯16-08的耐贮藏性较好,可作为商品型品种在云南玉溪推广种植;贮藏地点以在一楼通风阴凉的地方为宜;在进行简易贮藏时以陶罐贮藏最佳,无陶罐时也可考虑用纸箱进行贮藏.     

茎尖菜用甘薯品种产量及品质分析

以翠绿、Y2、京薯2号等3个菜用甘薯品种为试验材料,对不同生长时期的甘薯茎尖鲜产、品质进行筛选评价。结果表明：Y2在不同采摘期的鲜产都是最高的,总鲜产为97 409 kg/hm^2,其次是京薯2号为82 135kg/hm^2,翠绿鲜产最低为81 437 kg/h m^2。翠绿茎尖水分含量较高,京薯2号干物质量较高,维生素C含量最高;Y2产量、总糖含量最高。甘薯茎尖的适宜采摘期从7月14日至9月4日,共计50 d。     

覆膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响

[目的]探讨覆盖黑膜、白膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响,为生产提供指导.[方法]于2011年3~10月在贵州省清镇市站街镇杉树村朱兵责任田进行甘薯地膜覆盖栽培试验,试验设覆盖黑膜、透明膜和不覆膜(CK)3个处理,比较覆膜对甘薯生长发育和产量的影响.[结果]覆盖黑膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部比对照分别增产202%和79%,覆盖白膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部分别比对照增产185%和50%,黑膜比白膜处理甘薯地上部和地下部分别增产6%和19.6%.覆膜条件下甘薯各器官的干率变化不明显;不同覆膜方式及对照的T/R比值均下降,但覆膜的T/R仍较对照大;覆盖黑膜条件下,甘薯生长前期日鲜重增长速率均比其他两种处理方式快.[结论]覆膜处理甘薯叶片、叶柄、茎蔓、块根的鲜重均比不覆膜明显增加,尤其黑膜覆盖处理下,甘薯各项指标增加明显,黑膜处理下甘薯块根产量增产79%.覆盖栽培是一项投入少、效益高的技术措施,可在贵州省甘薯生产上推广应用.     

甘薯生长发育过程中可溶性糖含量与淀粉积累的关系

以甘薯品种徐薯１８为材料，测定了甘薯各生育阶段块根的淀粉积累量和叶片、块根的游离糖含量．结果表明，薯叶总糖含量范围为１．２—７．７ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ．当总糖水平呈上升趋势（还原糖约占总糖的９５％，蔗糖占非还原糖９５％以上）时，块根淀粉积累快；在雨季和收获期，总糖水平下降，还原糖和蔗糖所占比例亦降低，块根淀粉积累速率低．甘薯块根总糖含量在２０．３—３７．０ｍｇ／ｇＦＷ时淀粉积累率高，总糖水平低．在生育前期，随着甘薯的生长，还原糖含量下降而蔗糖含量增加并保持占非还原糖的１００％；在生育后期，还原糖增加而蔗糖含量下降（但仍保持占非还原糖９０％以上）．淀粉积累率低时，块根总糖水平急剧升高．     

Accumulation and Gene Expression of Anthocyanin in Storage Roots of Purple- Freshed Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam] Under Weak Light Conditions

Anthocyanidin in plants, an important pigment, is of great interest to researchers, consumers, and commercial entities due to its physiological functions. Anthocyanin content and mRNA levels of anthocynin biosynthesis genes were investigated in storage root of different purple-fleshed sweet potatoes （PFSP） genotypes to understand the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin under weak light conditions. Anthocyanin content, its amount of accumulation, and the expression of CHS, DFR, F3H, GT, and ANS genes in the PFSP storage root under weak light conditions were studied. The results demonstrated that the anthocyanin content of the treatments was decreased and was obviously lower than that of the control until 30 days after shading in Ayamurasaki, while it was lower than that of the control from the beginning of shading in Jishu 18. Their accumulation rates of both treatmeants were lower than its control before 10-20 d of shading in Jishu 18, while those of Ayamurasaki weren＇t in their treatments. This indicated that Jishul 8 is more sensitive to light as compared to Ayamuraska. Under the different weak light conditions, mRNA levels for ibCHS, ibF3H, ibDFR, and ibANS were obviously decreased, while the expression of ibGT was increased. These results indicated that anthocyanin content was regulated by light at the mRNA levels and the enzymatic level in sweet potato. Therefore, the development dynamic response to anthocyanin content varied in different genotypes of PFSP, and mRNA levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis were inhibited under the weak light condition.     

Postharvest Quality and Physiological Behavior of Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam.） Leaf Stalks Under Three Temperatures

Sweet potato （Ipomoea batatas Lam.） leaf stalks were cut into 20 cm length, and stored at 20, 6, and 2℃. The respiration rate, ethylene production, ascorbic acid, free amino acid, total chlorophyll content, freshness, and shelf life were determined during storage to investigate the effect of storage temperatures on the quality and physiological responses in sweet potato leaf stalks. Wound responses were observed as high respiration rate and ethylene production immediately after cutting. Sweet potato leaf stalks were found to be sensitive to chilling injury manifested as browning and water-soaking on the surface at 2℃. In contrast, sweet potato leaf stalks were susceptible to senescence, exhibited by etiolating and yellowing, at 20℃. Loss in weight and chlorophyll was minimized under low temperatures. High temperatures also caused the accumulation of amino acids with a significant loss of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll. Sweet potato leaf stalks had a storage life of 16 days at 6℃, 8 days at 2℃, and 6 days at 20℃, respectively.     

甘薯NPR1基因半定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为进一步研究甘薯病原微生物的侵染对甘薯病程相关非表达子1基因(NPR1)表达的影响,以甘薯肌动蛋白(β-ac-tin)基因为内参照基因,提取甘薯叶片总RNA,反转录为cDNA,同批异管对该2个基因进行PCR扩增.通过对循环数的优化和对体系重复性、准确性的分析,建立了一个稳定、方便的半定量RT-PCR体系.     

国内外甘薯种质资源研究进展

论文综述了甘薯种质资源的起源、分布、分类、保存、鉴定评价、种质创新与利用、分子生物学研究等方面的研究进展,并指出了与国外在研究技术和水平等方面存在的差距,对国内甘薯资源的研究方向、研究重点提出了自己的看法。     

紫心甘薯花青素积累与PAL活性的关系

以块根着色程度不同的2个紫心甘薯品系‘A3’和‘山川紫’为试材,以白心甘薯‘禺北白’为对照,对其不同器官(叶、茎和块根)的花青素含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性进行了测定,对它们之间的变化趋势进行了相关性分析并建立了回归模型.结果表明:不论是不同品系的整株水平,还是同一品系的不同器官,着色程度深的部位,花青素的含量较高,PAL活性也较高.相关性分析以及回归模型显示,花青素含量与PAL活性之间呈极显著的线性正相关.说明PAL是紫心甘薯花青素合成的关键酶.     

Identification of QTLs for Starch Content in Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.）

Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.） breeding is challenging due to its genetic complexity. In the present study, interval mapping （IM） and multiple quantitative trait locus （QTL） model （MQM） analysis were used to identify QTLs for starch content with a mapping population consisting of 202 F1 individuals of a cross between Xushu 18, a cultivar susceptible to stem nematodes, with high yield and moderate starch, and Xu 781, which is resistant to stem nematodes, has low yield and high starch content. Six QTLs for starch content were mapped on six linkage groups of the Xu 781 map, explaining 9.1-38.8% of the variation. Especially, one of them, DMFN 4, accounted for 38.8% of starch content variation, which is the QTL that explains the highest phenotypic variation detected to date in sweetpotato. All of the six QTLs had a positive effect on the variation of the starch content, which indicated the inheritance derived from the parent Xu 781. Two QTLs for starch content were detected on two linkage groups of the Xushu 18 map, explaining 14.3 and 16.1% of the variation, respectively. They had a negative effect on the variation, indicating the inheritance derived from Xu 781. Seven of eight QTLs were co-localized with a single marker. This is the first report on the development of QTLs co-localized with a single marker in sweetpotato. These QTLs and their co-localized markers may be used in marker-assisted breeding for the starch content of sweetpotato.     

紫色甘薯营养成分和药用价值研究进展

紫色甘薯[Ipomoea batatas（L.）Lam.]是一种富含天然食用色素的独特甘薯。从20世纪90年代初在日本农林水产省九州农业试验场选育出的“川山紫”开始,紫色甘薯由于富含多种营养成分,具有清除自由基抗氧化、预防和治疗心血管疾病等多种药用功能而在日本等发达国家得到广泛推广。就国内外对紫色甘薯各方面的研究,对其营养成分和药用价值进行论述,为在国内广泛推广种植紫色甘薯新品种提供重要依据。     

宽幅地膜覆盖对烟叶产量和品质的影响

烟叶栽培中用不同幅宽的地膜覆盖进行比较试验,结果证明:宽膜覆盖增加了地表覆盖度,各种效应有明显的提高,与普通膜对比,更有利于土壤水分保持,不但烟叶产量增加,烟叶品质也有所改善。     

ISSR-Based Molecular Characterization of an Elite Germplasm Collection of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in China

To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of sweet potato accessions cultivated in China, and to establish the genetic relationships among their germplasm types, a representative collection of 240 accessions was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The mean genetic similarity coefficient, Nei’s gene diversity, and shared allele distance of tested sweet potato accessions were 0.7302, 0.3167 and 0.2698, respectively. The 240 accessions could be divided into six subgroups and five subpopulations based on neighbor-joining (NJ) clustering and STRUCTURE results, and obvious genetic relationships among the tested sweet potato accessions were identified. The marker-based NJ clustering and population structure showed no distinct assignment pattern corresponding to flesh color or geographical ecotype of the tested sweet potato germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed small but significant difference between white and orange-fleshed sweet potato accessions. Small but significant difference were also observed among sweet potato accessions from the Southern summer-autumn sweet potato region, the Yellow River Basin spring and summer sweet potato region and the Yangtze River Basin summer sweet potato region. This study demonstrates that genetic diversity in the tested sweet potato germplasm collection in China is lower than that in some reported sweet potato germplasm collections from other regions. Pedigree investigations suggest that more diverse Chinese sweet potato varieties should be formed by broadening the selection scope of breeding parents and incorporating the introduced varieties into future breeding programs.     

不同复合菌剂对甘薯营养成分的影响

本文以朝日8号 为材料进行田间小区试验，研究了9组不同复合菌剂对甘薯产量和品质的影响。与对照相比，苏云金芽孢杆菌Bt1、肠杆菌属Es和戊糖片球菌PP1形成的组合1的增产效果最高，与对照相比增产17.02%；复合菌剂处理均显著改变了甘薯的营养品质和DPPH自由基清除率，增加或减少了水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗纤维、总糖、还原性糖、胡萝卜素、维生素C和多酚等营养成分的含量，增加或减少了DPPH自由基清除率。复合菌剂组合1较好的改善了甘薯。     

地膜覆盖与肥料种类对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为探究地膜覆盖与肥料种类对寒地水稻产量与稻米品质形成产生的效应,以‘吉农大738’和‘吉粳525’为试材,在每个品种下均设置2种栽培模式:地膜覆盖(M)和露地(NM);2种肥料处理:有机肥(F₀)和化肥(F₁),于2020年在吉林省长春市九台区进行大田试验,测定水稻的产量、收获指数和品质等指标。结果表明:1)在有机肥条件下,2个品种覆膜处理较露地处理增产1.39%~7.40%;化肥条件下增产2.98%~3.30%。在露地条件下,化肥处理较有机肥处理增产23.19%~26.44%;在覆膜条件下,增产21.62%~25.13%。2)地膜覆盖和化肥的施用均提高了拔节期至成熟期的干物质积累量。地膜覆盖处理的收获指数较露地处理提高2.45%~8.17%;有机肥处理的收获指数较化肥处理提高3.06%~6.66%。3)地膜覆盖处理的糙米率、精米率和蛋白质含量较露地处理分别提高1.07%~2.84%、1.11%~1.74%和9.34%~20.81%,改善了稻米的加工品质和营养品质;地膜覆盖处理的热浆黏度和消减值较露地处理分别降低0.20%~5.62%和2.27%~12.54%,改善了RVA谱特征值。有机肥处理的蛋白质含量、食味值、峰值黏度和崩解值较化肥处理分别提高9.34%~26.38%、1.27%~4.70%、1.73%~14.74%和1.96%~32.02%,改善了营养品质、食味品质和RVA谱特征值;有机肥处理的垩白粒率和垩白度较化肥处理分别降低5.85%~58.94%和7.04%~71.65%,改善了外观品质。综上,地膜覆盖(M)配合施用化肥(F₁)处理增产效果最佳,较其他处理增产2.98%~30.62%,且糙米率和精米率最高;地膜覆盖(M)配合施有机肥(F₀)处理的食味品质、外观品质、营养品质和RVA谱特征值较其他处理改善效果最佳。     

川西北地区引进甘薯品种筛选研究

[目的]筛选适宜川西北地区种植的优质高产甘薯(Ipomoea batatas Lam.)品种。[方法]对引进的8个甘薯品种(南薯007、泉薯9号、渝5-12-57、川12-17、浙薯23、E01-09、宁23-1、浙薯70)进行栽培试验,以南薯88为对照。采用随机区组排列,3次重复。[结果]宁23-1、浙薯70鲜薯产量比南薯88分别增产4.91%和1.72%,浙薯70、川12-17淀粉产量比南薯88分别增产24.46%、24.10%,达到极显著水平。[结论]宁23-1、浙薯70、川12-17综合性状均较优良,可以在今后的生产中进行大面积推广与种植。     

低钾胁迫对甘薯块根淀粉理化特性的影响及其基因型差异

【目的】甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam]属块根类淀粉作物,同时也是较典型"喜钾"作物,而甘薯种植区土壤缺钾十分普遍。同时,甘薯块根淀粉用途与其理化特性密切相关,因此,必须加强研究钾缺乏对甘薯块根淀粉理化特性的影响。【方法】选用3个不同钾效率型甘薯徐薯32(耐低钾与钾高效型)、徐薯18(中间型)与宁紫薯1号(不耐低钾与钾低效型)为材料,利用1980年设置的长期肥料定位试验田低钾(LK,氮磷处理)与正常钾水平(CK,氮磷钾处理)两处理,分析甘薯块根淀粉粒径大小与分布、热焓特性、糊化特性、吸湿性及膨胀力等特征指标差异。【结果】与正常钾相比,低钾胁迫改变甘薯块根中直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总磷、总脂肪和氮等主要组分,不同钾效率型甘薯间变化存在差异。甘薯淀粉粒径存在≤2.50μm、2.50—5.00μm和5.00—30.00μm等明显的3峰分布,低钾胁迫下淀粉粒径及其分布均发生变化,淀粉平均粒径降低,其中在体积分布中,徐薯32平均粒径减幅最小,宁紫薯1号降幅达显著水平(P0.05),表面积与数目分布中差异不显著,而不同粒径的百分比、平均粒径与峰值(数目分布中无峰值)均有不同的变化,且这些变化在不同品种间也存在差异。淀粉糊化过程中的起始温度(T_0)、峰值温度(T_p)和热焓值(ΔH)普遍低于正常钾供应处理的相应指标,尤其宁紫薯1号在3个热特征值上的差异均达显著水平,其差异幅度大于徐薯32,3个甘薯品种最高粘度值、崩解值均明显下降,徐薯18与宁紫薯1号的最低粘度值、最终粘度值受低钾影响显著上升,而徐薯32的表现则相反。块根淀粉吸湿性均不同程度降低,徐薯18与宁紫薯1号降低达显著水平(P0.05),徐薯32淀粉吸湿性变化较小,但其吸湿性值最高。淀粉膨胀力不同程度上升,宁紫薯1号增幅达显著水平(P0.05),徐薯32淀粉颗粒膨胀力较高,受低钾胁迫影响效应小。相关分析表明,甘薯淀粉主要理化指标间密切相关,低钾胁迫改变甘薯块根淀粉组分及颗粒粒径大小,是导致不同程度影响甘薯块根淀粉的糊化特性、热特性等理化特性的主要因素。【结论】钾是影响甘薯块根淀粉理化特性的重要元素,低钾胁迫对甘薯块根淀粉组分及其品质理化特性产生较明显影响,不同钾效率型甘薯块根淀粉特性对低钾胁迫响应不同。