Water diversion and agricultural production: Evidence from China

Water diversion can alleviate water shortages caused by the uneven distribution of water resources.  China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD) is the largest water diversion project worldwide.  Based on the prefecture-level data of China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2000 to 2020, this study employs an empirical strategy of Differences-in-Differences (DID) to analyze the impact of SNWD on agricultural production.  The results show that SNWD has significantly increased agricultural production, measured by the agricultural value added.  The estimated results of the benchmark model remain robust when the contemporaneous policy is addressed, an alternative outcome is used, subsamples are estimated, and alternative estimation techniques are employed.  This study argues that the potential impact mechanism may be that SNWD significantly increases the acreage for cash crops but reduces that for grain crops.  Heterogeneity analysis shows that in prefectures with high temperature or land potential, SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively low.  In contrast, in areas with prolonged sunshine or high slopes, SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively large.  Given the low added value of grain crops, the government should consider strengthening food security by subsidizing water supply to sustain grain production.     

收入增长与膳食知识对超重人群热量摄入的影响——基于居民体重管理决策模型

我国农业资源严重短缺,但食物分配不均与超重肥胖问题却日益严峻,不仅困扰人口健康,而且导致食物与资源严重浪费,从食物需求管理视角研究引导居民合理热量摄入对于人口健康和农业资源节约具有重要意义。基于需求理论,拓展并构建纳入膳食知识禀赋的居民体重管理决策理论模型,利用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据,分析收入增长与膳食知识对超重个体热量摄入的影响,探讨两者影响超重个体热量摄入的作用机制。结果表明,膳食知识增加能有效减少超重个体热量摄入,主要通过减少谷物类食物摄入量,实现食物摄入量减少和热量摄入量下降。收入增长对超重个体热量摄入无显著影响。收入增长的直接效应提高了食物消费总量;收入增长引起的食物结构升级减少了谷物食物和油脂摄入,增加了蔬菜水果和肉蛋奶类食物摄入;谷物类食物和油脂摄入减少引起的热量下降很大程度上抵消了肉蛋奶食物摄入增加引起的热量增加。这一结果对热量摄入无收入弹性提供了一般性的解释。因此,政府相关部门有必要对超重人群给予膳食指导,并采取相关干预政策增加超重居民膳食知识,调整不健康的饮食行为,增加体育锻炼。     

A市低收入边缘群体特征及针对性减贫路径探讨

【目的/意义】随着脱贫攻坚进程不断深入,低收入边缘群体问题日益突出,通过分析低收入边缘群体特征及其存在的问题,探索更高效的帮扶手段,为其他经济发达地区提供借鉴。【方法/过程】基于A市249户低收入边缘群体的调查数据,运用文献法、问卷调查和重点访谈法等研究方式,研究调查低收入边缘群体脱贫攻坚落实情况。【结果/结论】基于对问题的分析,提出准确甄别低收入边缘群体,完善收入核准机制;充分挖掘社会资源,聚焦扶志立业工作;加强基础工作指导,提升基层干部信心;涵养乡风文明,重塑家庭责任意识等对策建议。     

Impacts of household income on beef at-home consumption:Evidence from urban China

Beef consumption in China has increased substantially from 5.0 million tons in 2000 to 7.7 million tons in 2019 thanks to rapid income growth, but still remains low compared to pork and poultry consumption. Improving the understanding about the impacts of household income on beef consumption in China is necessary to forecast future beef demand and inform the domestic beef industry, especially in the context of unprecedented expansion of middle income class in China. Based on survey data of 32 878 urban households collected by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, we employed the inverse hyperbolic sine(IHS) double-hurdle model to estimate income elasticities of beef demand across different income groups and simulated possible trends of future beef consumption of Chinese urban residents. The empirical results showed that the unconditional income elasticities of beef consumption at home vary between 0.169 for the lowincome group and 0.671 for the high-income group. The simulated results indicated that beef consumption is expected to increase by 12.0 to 38.8% in 10 years and by 18.6 to 70.5% in 15 years under distinct income growth scenarios. Our findings provide practical insights for policy makers and other stakeholders about future beef demand, such as potential opportunities embedded in rising beef demand for domestic producers and world beef exporters as well as the urgency of improving the supply chain resilience of beef in China.     

Impacts of formal credit on rural household income: Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort. Thus, it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households. In 2012, 2015, and 2018, a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China, including counties in Guizhou, Yunnan, and Shaanxi provinces. We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect. We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households' income in deprived areas in western China. Furthermore, formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households' decisions about investment-consumption behavior. These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income. Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas. The individual characteristics of rural households, such as different levels of material capital, human capital, and social capital, bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth. This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas, but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.     

被动迁居后城市低收入居民通勤行为特征演变及影响因素研究——以南京市主城区为例

基于南京老城区居民拆迁安置后生活工作情况的调查数据，分析迁居后低收入居民通勤行为特征与影响因素。结果表明：安置后总体通勤时间增加，历次就业变动通勤时间区段经历了三个演变阶段；安置后每日往返通勤费用增加，通勤方式以步行为主，选择公交车与电动车通勤的比例上升；不同类型通勤行为特征街道的空间分布存在差异；历次就业变动后的通勤行为受到居民社会经济属性、安置小区交通设施配套、居住区功能定位与城市产业布局等多种因素影响。     

The short- and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family farms in China – Evidence from a survey of 2 324 farms

Family farms are considered the most desirable form of Chinese agriculture. Studies on the risk management of family farms are rare, while the COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to explore how family farms respond to risks. Based on an online survey of 2 324 family crop farms, we examine for the first time the short-term impact (immediate impact or short-term fluctuation, and farms' instantaneous response) and long-term impact (on farms' future or long-term production) of the COVID-19 pandemic on family farms' production and operation in rural China. By using factor analysis and dummy variable regression, we find that the severity of the pandemic, the lockdown of the village, and farmers' knowledge of the pandemic contribute significantly to the short-term impact, but not on the long-term impact. Farmers' characteristics such as gender, age, and education are not related to the short-term impact, but family farms with male owners or owners with high school education or below are more likely to be diversified and large-scale. The number of years the farm has existed for and agricultural insurance affect both short-term and long-term impacts. We suggest that the government needs to pay more attention to stability-enhancing policies, the market environment, vocational training and the agricultural insurance market.     

中国作物模型系列的研究与应用

农业模型是“数字农业”的核心技术之一,作物模型是农业模型的重要内容。本文从中国作物模型技术初创、发展、中国作物模型系列的形成以及中国作物模型系列的原理、结构与功能等方面,回顾与分析了中国作物模型系列的研究过程与创新点等,同时列举了其在全国范围的应用情况,在此基础上,提出了进一步完善与发展的思路。     

Uncertainty aversion and farmers’ innovative seed adoption: Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers’ adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers’ adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income. The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers’ ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.     

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Farmers and Its Determinants： Evidence from a Survey in Northwestern China

Irrigation water shortage is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural production. In this case, it is very important for policy makers to take measures to improve irrigation water use efficiency, especially in the water-scarce areas. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis （DEA） techniques, based on the concept of input-specific technical efficiency were used to develop farm-level technical efficiency measures and sub-vector efficiencies for irrigation water use. The Tobit regression technique was then adopted to identify the factors that influence irrigation water efficiency differentials under the shortage of water resources. Based on a sample data of 432 wheat farmers in northwestern China, our experimental results of the DEA analysis showed the average technical efficiency of 0.6151. It suggested that wheat farmers could increase their production by as much as 38.49% by using inputs more efficiently. Further, the mean irrigation water efficiency of 0.3065, suggested that wheat farmers could produce the same quantity of wheat using the same quantity of inputs but with 69.35% less water. The results of the Tobit regression analysis showed that the farmer＇s age, income, education level, and the farm size tended to affect the degree of irrigation water efficiency positively, and the channel conditions and different irrigation methods made a significant impact on irrigation water use efficiency. Furthermore, the arrangements of exclusive water property rights and competitive water price mechanism have effectively encouraged the water saving behavior of farmers. These results are valuable for policy makers since it could help to guide policies towards high irrigation water use efficiency.     

我国茶叶氟含量状况研究

测定了2000—2001年我国主要产茶省份的262家单位的绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、花茶和黑茶共计577只茶样的水溶性氟含量,结果表明,不同茶类水溶性氟含量不同,以绿茶最低,平均含量为67.53±69.49μg·g-1;黑茶最高,平均含量为296.14±246.07μg·g-1;红茶类、乌龙茶类及花茶类含量居中,分别为177.01±121.49μg·g-1、167.68±112.28μg·g-1和140.97±150.51μg·g-1。名优茶水溶性氟含量比大宗茶低。茶园附近的环境条件对茶叶氟含量有较大影响。茶叶中氟的浸出率随着冲泡时间的延长和水温的增加而增加,一般在45min和90℃时趋于稳定。     

中国化肥过量施用的实证研究:来自四省农户调研数据(英文)

化肥施用对提高中国农作物产量起到十分重要的作用,然而化肥的密集性施用将造成严重的环境污染问题,正逐步引起相应的关注。本研究的目标在于通过实证分析的方法测算化肥过量施用的实际情况。基于中国四省的农户调查数据,本研究旨在利用科布道格拉斯生产函数以及利润最优理论,实证分析农户层面化肥过量施用的程度。研究结果表明,中国农户的化肥施用量达到平均110.5公斤每亩,这其中化肥过量施用量达到46.9公斤,占到总施用量的42.5%。因此,减少过量施用量存在较大的空间,如何有效地减少化肥过量施用量已经成为一项重要的议题,并需要在今后开展进一步的深入研究。     

中国波纹蛾科一新纪录属﹑种

报道了中国波纹蛾科新纪录属卡波纹蛾属Chaeopsestis Le Cerf,1941新纪录种卡波纹蛾Chaeopsestis ludovicae Le Cerf,1941.提供雄性成虫及外生殖器图.研究标本保存于华南农业大学资源环境学院昆虫学系.     

黄河三角洲湿地水生维管植物资源及其利用研究

黄河三角洲湿地水生维管植物种类丰富,据调查统计,共有水生维管植物64种,隶属25科40属,依其形态特征和生活习性划分为挺水植物、沉水植物、浮叶植物、漂浮植物4个生活型。同时,对水生维管植物的用途进行了综述并就其利用、保护提出了建议。     

中国大蚊属二新种及一新亚种(双翅目:大蚊科)

本文记述了中国大蚊属北方尖大蚊、宽端尖大蚊和华尖角雅大蚊3个新种及新亚种。     

A potential solution for food security in Kenya: implications of the Quzhou model in China

Poor soil fertility due to low nutrient inputs is a major factor limiting grain production in Kenya. Increasing soil fertility for crop productivity in China has implications for food security in Kenya. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the historical patterns of grain production, nutrient inputs, soil fertility and policies in Quzhou, a typical agricultural county on the North China Plain, and to compare grain production in Quzhou County and Kenya to identify a potential approach for increasing grain production in Kenya. Grain yields in Quzhou increased from 1 to 3 t·ha⁻¹ between 1961 and 1987 by increasing manure application accompanied by small amounts of chemical fertilizer after soil desalinization. There was a further increase from 3 to 5 t·ha⁻¹ up to 1996 which can be mainly attributed to chemical fertilizer use and policy support. Hence, a beneficial cycle between soil fertility and plant growth in Quzhou grain production was developed and strengthened. In contrast, there was only a slight increase in grain yields in Kenya over this period, resulting from low soil fertility with limited external nutrient inputs, a consequence of poor socioeconomic development. It is suggested that grain yields in Kenya would likely be boosted by the development of a self-reinforcing cycling between soil fertility and plant growth with manure and chemical fertilizer use if supported by policy and socioeconomic development.     

高岭景天：中国景天属一新记录种

报道了中国景天科Crasulaceae景天属Sedum的一新分布种——高岭景天Sedum tricarpum Makino.,对该种的形态做了描述。在中国,高岭景天目前仅发现于安徽省金寨县,生于海拔200 ～ 400 m的溪流边岩石上。凭证标本存放在浙江农林大学植物标本馆（ZJFC）。图1参4     

基于文化与审美视角的中国牡丹旅游分析

分析了牡丹在中国备受人们喜爱的自然和社会文化原因,认为人们喜欢牡丹不仅仅是由于它的美丽和香味,更由于其在传统的中国文化里是富贵和吉祥的象征,是中国主流文化和传统审美观的代表。介绍了河南洛阳、山东菏泽、四川彭州三大牡丹栽培和观赏中心的牡丹繁育、栽培现状,以及在这三大栽培中心举办的每年一度的以牡丹为主题的旅游节庆活动。以期能让更多的人了解牡丹在中国文化中的地位及其对现代花卉旅游的影响,更好地理解牡丹和中国人民审美情结、国民气质之间的关系。     

中国矛茧蜂亚科一新记录属及一新种(膜翅目:茧蜂科)

我国首次发现断脉茧蜂属 H eterospilus Haliaday,本文记述了该属的属征、生物学及其分布 ,并报道一新种——网皱断脉茧蜂 H eterospiluscancellatusn.sp..模式标本保存于福建农林大学益虫室     

中国蝇科-新记录属-新记录种

整理新疆地区蝇科标本中，发现四鬃秽蝇属Macrorchis Rondani 1877。隶于秽蝇亚种Coenosiinae，系中国一新记录属；并发现1个国内新记录种。