河北省蛋鸡舍建筑类型及配套设施调查

为了详细掌握我国北方蛋鸡生产和环境控制的现状及具体参数,本研究团队对河北省养殖密集地区的鸡舍类型及基本结构情况,蛋鸡生产配套设施基本情况进行了详细的调查,结果显示,鸡舍外围结构以花墙式为主,占72%;鸡舍屋顶结构类型以平屋顶为主,占77%;鸡舍材料以砖混结构为主,占53%。通风方式以自然通风利用率最高,清粪方式以人工清粪为主。说明样本调查区的分户散养模式下的鸡舍存在建筑及设施简陋,生物安全没有保障,不利于环境控制和疫病防治等特点。为实现蛋鸡产业升级,有必要对现有鸡舍进行改造。     

我国奶牛舍建筑与环境控制的发展方向

环境是影响奶牛产量的主要因素之一。环境因素包括:温度、湿度、光照、风力、辐射等。当这些因素适宜     

发酵床牛舍与散放式牛舍对荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的影响

为比较发酵床牛舍与散放式牛舍对荷斯坦牛日产奶量、乳脂率、蛋白率和体细胞数的影响,该研究利用最小二乘法对江苏省A牧场散放式牛舍1 111头荷斯坦牛和B牧场发酵床牛舍886头荷斯坦牛的奶牛群体改良(Dairy Herd Improvement, DHI)数据进行分析。结果表明:发酵床牛舍和散放式牛舍对荷斯坦牛日产奶量、乳脂率、蛋白率和体细胞数均有一定的影响。其中,发酵床牛舍荷斯坦牛日均产奶量极显著高于散放式牛舍(P0.01);散放式牛舍荷斯坦牛乳脂率极显著高于发酵床牛舍(P0.01);发酵床牛舍荷斯坦牛第1胎乳蛋白率极显著高于散放式牛舍(P0.05),泌乳后期乳蛋白率极显著高于散放式牛舍(P0.01);发酵床牛舍荷斯坦牛3胎体细胞数(Somatic Cell Count, SCC)显著低于散放式牛舍(P0.05)。研究表明,使用发酵床牛舍可以提高荷斯坦牛日产奶量和乳蛋白率,降低牛奶中体细胞数和乳脂率。     

肇东奶牛养殖小区牛舍与配套设施的建设

黑龙江省肇东市奶牛小区，主要建设在围城区域、沿路区域和奶牛集中的专业村屯。小区注重生产区牛舍建设，服务区的榨奶站、防疫室、配种室建设和配套生产设施的青贮窖、运动场、排污池等建设。     

牛舍建筑配置要求

1）牛舍.东北三省、内蒙古、青海等地牛舍设计主要是防寒,长江以南则以防暑为主.牛舍的形式依据饲养规模和饲养方式而定.牛舍的建造应便于饲养管理,便于采光,便于夏季防暑、冬季防寒,便于防疫.修建多栋牛舍时,应采取长轴平行配置;当牛舍超过4栋时,可以两行并列配置,前后对齐,相距10m以上.     

牛舍的建筑结构形式概况及发展方向

众所周知，我国是养牛大国，牛的数量很多，养牛地区也很多。同时，我国又是一个养牛弱国，表现为饲养分散，科技含量低，养牛环境差，养牛与牛乳加工相脱节等。我国在养牛方式、牛场建设方面可谓是五花八门。有个体散养、个体养牛专业户、养殖小区、大型养牛场等。     

牛舍的建筑要求

1牛舍的基本要求 牛舍建筑要根据当地的气温变化和牛场生产用途等因素来确定。建牛舍不仅要因陋就简,就地取材,还要符合兽医卫生要求,做到科学合理。有条件的,可建质量好的、经久耐用的牛舍。牛舍以坐北朝南或朝东南好。牛舍要有一定数量和大小的窗户,以保证光线充足和空气流通。房顶有一定厚度,隔热保温性能好。舍内各种设施的安置应科学合理,以利于肉牛生长。     

敞开式牛舍环境控制技术的初步探讨

敞开式奶牛舍的环境直接影响到产奶的质量和产量。本文对适合牛舍的喷淋降温系统进行研究探讨,对该系统的可行性进行了简要分析。     

河北省养鸡密集地区鸡舍建筑类型及配套设施

为了更深入了解我国北方蛋鸡生产和环境控制现状,国家蛋鸡产业体系生产与环境控制研究室北方饲养体系岗位专家团队与保定实验站组成了调研组,于2009年2月11日～8月23日,对河北省养鸡密集地区鸡舍建筑类型及配套设施进行了调查。调查组走访了河北省养鸡密集地区的有代表性的鸡场及养殖户,样本鸡场总存栏量500余万只蛋鸡,以期通过调查养鸡密集地区鸡舍建筑类型及配套设施,反映在环境控制方面的真实情况和存在的主要问题,为蛋鸡养殖密集地区鸡舍建造和改进提供依据。     

浙江省大型牧场泌乳奶牛饲料阴阳离子平衡调查研究

对浙江省杭州、金华、宁波三地区6个有代表性的大型牧场泌乳奶牛饲料主要原料的Na、K、C1状况进行了调研,并计算了阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)值。结果表明:泌乳奶牛常用饲料主要原料DCAB值均呈阳性;各牧场间精料混合料Na、K、C1和DCAB分别为1.269%、0.910%、1.147%和431meq/kgDM;玉米、豆粕、麸皮Na、K、C1和DCAB分别为0.019%、0.439%、0.086%和96meq/kgDM,0.044%、2.092%、0.104%和521meq/kgDM,0.008%、0.247%、0.110%和36meq/kgDM;苜蓿干草、羊草干草、青贮玉米Na、K、C1和DCAB分别为0.194%、3.175%、0.945%和612meq/kgDM,0.360%、0.735%、0.545%和177meq/kgDM,0.087%、0.1005%、0.688%和120meq/kgDM。同种原料间氯含量差异较大。     

陕西关中地区肉牛舍内外空气质量时空变化观测分析

[目的]旨在研究不同建筑类型肉牛舍空气中有害气体(NH_3、CO_2、H_2S)、细菌和真菌含量的时空分布变化情况,并分析微生物在舍内外(包括场内和场外)的空间分布规律。[方法]选择陕西省关中地区牛舍为分别为半开放式、开放式和封闭式的3个肉牛养殖场,对其舍内外不同时段的细菌和真菌以及有害气体、温度、湿度等进行同步检测分析。[结果]结果表明,测试期间,三类牛舍的氨气浓度、硫化氢浓度、二氧化碳浓度均在畜禽场环境质量标准允许范围内,而细菌与真菌在部分时间和地点超标,封闭式牛舍的空气质量要明显差于半开放式牛舍与全开放牛舍。[结论]不同建筑类型、不同时间段各牛舍空气质量基本符合国家标准,基本能满足肉牛生长育肥需求,封闭式牛舍需要制定合理的通风换气方案。     

哺乳母猪采食量的重要性

哺乳母猪采食量低下是当前养猪生产中存在的一大难题,特别是现代瘦肉型品种的哺乳母猪这一问题更为严重。泌乳期母猪采食量低下会对种猪繁殖性能造成有害影响,提高泌乳期采食量将有利于提高母猪繁殖性能和养猪经济效益。本文综述了哺乳母猪的采食量,哺乳母猪采食量低下对繁殖性能的影响,哺乳母猪采食量的影响因素,弥补哺乳母猪采食量不足的营养与饲养措施,哺乳母猪采食量的营养生理调控方法。     

哺乳牦牛隔离断乳及诱导发情技术试验研究

本研究旨在对哺乳牦牛在隔离断乳的基础上,考察断乳处理后母牦牛发情率及受胎率,并对未出现发情症状的试验牦牛,采用激素诱导发情处理,从而考察诱导发情处理后母牦牛诱导发情率及受胎率。隔离断乳结果表明,隔离断奶Ⅰ组、隔离断奶Ⅱ组及隔离断奶Ⅲ组试验牦牛的发情率和妊娠率对比差异不显著(P>0.05):激素诱导发情处理结果表明,PGF2α组与GnRH组的发情率及妊娠率对比差异显著(P<0.05);隔离断奶+PGF2α组与隔高断奶+GnRH组的总发情率及总妊娠率对比差异极显著(P<0.01),隔离断乳处理后,试验牦牛的发情高峰期主要集中在隔离断乳后的第12～13d。研究表明,在传统的放牧条件下,犊牛哺乳是影响牦牛进入发情季节正常发情排卵的关键影响因素,导致促黄休素分泌不足及卵泡发育受阻,通过犊牛的隔离断乳,进而采用诱导发情/人工授精技术,能够显著提高母牦牛的发情率和妊娠率。     

Hyperleptinemia in Mares: Prevalence in Lactating Mares and Effect on Rebreeding Success

Previous research from our laboratory showed that approximately one third of obese, nonfoaling mares displayed a condition of hyperleptinemia coupled with hyperinsulinemia that resembled type 2 diabetes in humans. The current study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of the hyperleptinemic syndrome in lactating mares and its possible impact on their rebreeding success. Additionally, we investigated possible relationships between leptin levels in lactating versus nonlactating mares. In experiment 1, jugular blood samples were collected from 198 lactating mares on two occasions approximately 2 weeks apart. The mares resided on eight farms in Louisiana; breeds included Thoroughbred (n = 86), Quarter Horse (n = 71), Warmblood (n = 24), and draft-type (n = 17). Body condition scores (BCS) were measured at the time of blood sampling; plasma samples were assessed for leptin and progesterone concentrations. Reproductive and medical histories, as well as feeding regimens, were compiled on each mare. Based on our previous reports and examination of the current data, a mare was considered hyperleptinemic if her plasma samples contained greater than10 ng/mL leptin; normal was considered 6.0 ng/mL or less; mares with levels above 6.0 and 10 ng/mL or greater were classified as intermediate. Overall mean leptin concentration was 4.7 ng/mL, and average BCS was 5.5. After analysis, 24 mares were classified as hyperleptinemic (12%), 138 were classified as normal (70%), and 36 were classified as intermediate (18%). Leptin concentrations were affected by BCS (P = .08), with higher concentrations in mares with higher body condition; however, there were hyperleptinemic mares with BCS of 4 to 5.5. Feeding regimen affected leptin concentrations (P < .01), with mares on pasture full-time having the highest concentrations. There was no effect of breed, mare age, number of years the mare had been bred, number of live foals, progesterone concentrations, or last foaling date on leptin concentrations. Rebreeding success averaged 81% overall and was not affected by leptin classification. In experiment 2, nonfoaling mares kept on pasture had mean leptin concentrations of 7.0 ng/mL; 8 of 31 mares (26%) displayed hyperleptinemia. Mean leptin concentration was correlated with BCS (R² = 0.65; P < .02) but was not affected by age of the mare. It was concluded that the hyperleptinemic condition occurs in lactating broodmares, even at BCS as low as 4. The overall incidence appears to be lower in broodmares than in nonfoaling mares, likely because of their lower BCS in general and the energy demands of lactation. Hyperleptinemia did not affect rebreeding success at the end of the breeding season.     

玉米不同处理方式对泌乳奶牛瘤胃降解规律的影响

为了研究不同加工处理方法对玉米在奶牛瘤胃内降解率的影响,本试验选用5头荷斯坦泌乳牛利用尼龙袋法测定玉米渣、膨化玉米、玉米片和蒸汽压片玉米的干物质和淀粉在泌乳奶牛瘤胃中的降解率．．结果表明,48h的瘤胃降解率规律为：玉米片〉膨化玉米〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣。瘤胃内可降解干物质为：膨化玉米和玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米和玉米渣;而可降解淀粉则为：膨化玉米〉玉米片〉蒸汽压片玉米〉玉米渣,以上结果表明,加工过程中温度湿度和压力的作用下,玉米籽实的结构发生变化,改变了瘤胃微生物接触淀粉的机会,从而影响玉米在瘤胃内的降解率。     

Evaluation on Air Environment of a Large Tower Type Cowshed for Dairy Cattle in Northern China

In this study, the air environment quality indicators of a large tower type cowshed for dairy cattle in North China were monitored and evaluated at all seasons of one year, including the indicators of thermal environment, the content of ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), microbe and the dust in the air. The objective was to study the change rules of the mentioned indicators, to evaluate whether this type of cowshed could meet the production requirements, and to provide theoretical basis for the design and daily management of the cowshed in the Northern region of China. The results showed that all the indicators mentioned above varied with seasons and time to some extent. The wind speed inside was below the standard of dairy cattle cowshed in summer, and the temperature in 14∶00 of summer was above 27 ℃, and THI was beyond 69, so the dairy cattle suffered slight heat stress in summer. The other air environment quality indicators monitored in any time and any space all met the standard. In conclusion, the tower type cowshed monitored was suitable for dairy cattle in North China, but some facilities should be added to decrease the temperature and the heat stress in summer.     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。