Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency,Tuber Yield,Radiation Use Efficiency,and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AE_N), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (N_AL) and leaf N concentration (N_L). Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N1), 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (N2), 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, N_AL, and N_L. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AE_N, N deficiencies (NNI<1) which occurred for N1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, N_L and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on N_AL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber yield, LAI, N_L, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of RUE to NNI.     

华中区域直播冬油菜临界氮浓度稀释曲线的建立与应用

【目的】明确华中区域直播冬油菜的氮素稀释曲线模型及其适用性,探讨以氮素营养指数评价油菜氮素营养状况的可行性。【方法】通过2015—2016和2016—2017两个年度设置的不同氮肥用量（2015—2016年度氮肥用量为0、60、120、180和240 kg N·hm ^-2,2016—2017年度氮肥用量为0、60、120、180、240、300和360 kg N·hm ^-2）的田间试验,研究不同氮肥用量下从苗期到花期油菜各生育时期地上部生物量和植株氮素含量变化,建立直播冬油菜地上部临界氮素浓度稀释曲线模型。并利用该模型和植株氮素含量计算氮素营养指数,明确氮肥用量对油菜植株各个时期氮素营养指数的影响,探究油菜产量和氮素营养指数的关系,确定各时期适宜的氮素营养指数。 【结果】氮肥施用显著增加油菜地上部生物量和氮素含量,不同氮肥处理间差异显著。直播冬油菜地上部临界氮素浓度和地上部生物量符合幂指数的关系（Ncnc=3.49DM ^-0.26）。该模型可以将独立的两个试验的氮限制和非氮限制组数据区分开,模型拟合的氮素浓度和植株实际氮素浓度线性相关,RMSE和n-RMSE分别为0.37和13%,模型具有较好的稳定性。在试验氮肥用量范围内,各点不同时期氮素营养指数随氮肥用量的增加而增加,且氮素营养指数对氮肥用量的响应与产量相似。氮肥施用显著增加油菜产量,尽管不同试验点直播冬油菜产量对氮肥用量的响应存在差异,但各点相对产量和不同时期的氮素营养指数均呈一元二次曲线关系,各生育时期氮素营养指数可以准确地反映油菜氮素营养状况。直播冬油菜相对产量为1时,越冬期、薹期和花期的氮素营养指数分别为1.35、1.26和1.03。 【结论】油菜氮素稀释曲线模型Ncnc=3.49DM ^-0.26和氮营养指数能够评价华中区域直播冬油菜氮素营养状况,用于植株氮素诊断。     

Leaf area index based nitrogen diagnosis in irrigated lowland rice

Leaf area index(LAI)is used for crop growth monitoring in agronomic research,and is promising to diagnose the nitrogen(N)status of crops.This study was conducted to develop appropriate LAI-based N diagnostic models in irrigated lowland rice.Four field experiments were carried out in Jiangsu Province of East China from 2009 to 2014.Different N application rates and plant densities were used to generate contrasting conditions of N availability or population densities in rice.LAI was determined by LI-3000,and estimated indirectly by LAI-2000 during vegetative growth period.Group and individual plant characters(e.g.,tiller number(TN)and plant height(H))were investigated simultaneously.Two N indicators of plant N accumulation(NA)and N nutrition index(NNI)were measured as well.A calibration equation(LAI=1.7787LAI_(2000)–0.8816,R~2=0.870~(**))was developed for LAI-2000.The linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between NA and actual LAI(R~2=0.863~(**)).For the NNI,the relative LAI(R~2=0.808~(**))was a relatively unbiased variable in the regression than the LAI(R~2=0.33~(**)).The results were used to formulate two LAI-based N diagnostic models for irrigated lowland rice(NA=29.778LAI–5.9397;NNI=0.7705RLAI+0.2764).Finally,a simple LAI deterministic model was developed to estimate the actual LAI using the characters of TN and H(LAI=–0.3375(TH×H×0.01)~2+3.665(TH×H×0.01)–1.8249,R~2=0.875~(**)).With these models,the N status of rice can be diagnosed conveniently in the field.     

An entirely new approach based on remote sensing data to calculate the nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat

The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI) is a reliable indicator for diagnosing crop nitrogen(N) status. However, there is currently no specific vegetation index for the NNI inversion across multiple growth periods. To overcome the limitations of the traditional direct NNI inversion method(NNI_(T1)) of the vegetation index and traditional indirect NNI inversion method(NNI_(T2)) by inverting intermediate variables including the aboveground dry biomass(AGB) and plant N concentration(PNC), this study proposed a new NNI remote sensing index(NNI_(RS)). A remote-sensing-based critical N dilution curve(Nc_(_RS)) was set up directly from two vegetation indices and then used to calculate NNI_(RS). Field data including AGB, PNC, and canopy hyperspectral data were collected over four growing seasons(2012–2013(Exp.1), 2013–2014(Exp. 2), 2014–2015(Exp. 3), 2015–2016(Exp. 4)) in Beijing, China. All experimental datasets were cross-validated to each of the NNI models(NNI_(T1), NNI_(T2) and NNI_(RS)). The results showed that:(1) the NNI_(RS) models were represented by the standardized leaf area index determining index(sLAIDI) and the red-edge chlorophyll index(CI_(red edge)) in the form of NNI_(RS)=CI_(red edge)/(a×sLAIDI~b), where "a" equals 2.06, 2.10, 2.08 and 2.02 and "b" equals 0.66, 0.73, 0.67 and 0.62 when the modeling set data came from Exp.1/2/4, Exp.1/2/3, Exp.1/3/4, and Exp.2/3/4, respectively;(2) the NNI_(RS) models achieved better performance than the other two NNI revised methods, and the ranges of R2 and RMSE were 0.50–0.82 and 0.12–0.14, respectively;(3) when the remaining data were used for verification, the NNI_(RS) models also showed good stability, with RMSE values of 0.09, 0.18, 0.13 and 0.10, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the NNI_(RS) method is promising for the remote assessment of crop N status.     

Determining nitrogen status and quantifying nitrogen fertilizer requirement using a critical nitrogen dilution curve for hybrid indica rice under mechanical pot-seedling transplanting pattern

Field experiments of nitrogen(N) treatment at five different application rates(0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha~(-1)) were conducted under pot-seedling mechanical transplanting(PMT) in 2018 and 2019. Two high-quality and high-yielding hybrids of indica rice, Huiliangyou 898 and Y Liangyou 900, were used in this study. The N nutrition index(NNI) and accumulated N deficit(N_(and)), used to assess the N nutrition status in real-time, were calculated for the indica cultivars under PMT with a critical nitrogen concentration(N_c) dilution model based on shoot dry matter(DM) during the whole rice growth stage. The relationships between NNI and N_(and) with relative yield(RY) were determined, and accurate N application schemes were developed for hybrids indica rice under PMT. The results indicated that high application rate of N-fertilizer significantly increased the concentrations of shoot DM and N in aboveground organs during the observed stages in the two cultivars for two years(P0.05). The N_c dilution model of hybrid indica cultivars was N_c=4.02 DM~(-0.42)(R~2=0.97) combining the two cultivars under PMT. Root-mean-square error and normalized root-mean-square error of the curve verification were 0.23 and 10.61%, respectively. The NNI and N_(and) ranged from 0.58 to 1.31 and 109 to –55 kg ha~(-1), respectively, in the two cultivars for all N treatments. NNI showed a linear relationship with N_(and) during the entire growth stage(0.53R~20.99, P0.01). In addition, NNI showed a linear-plateau relationship with RY(0.73R~20.92, P0.01) throughout the observed stages. These results suggest that the models can accurately diagnose the N-nutrition status and support effective N-fertilizer management in real-time for hybrid indica rice under PMT.     

Closing the nitrogen use efficiency gap and reducing the environmental impact of wheat-maize cropping on smallholder farms in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

A high crop yield with the minimum possible cost to the environment is generally desirable. However, the complicated relationships among crop production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and environmental impacts must be clearly assessed. We conducted a series of on-farm N application rate experiments to establish the linkage between crop yield and N₂O emissions in the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. We also examined crop yield, partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) and reactive N (Nr) losses through a survey of 1 529 and 1 497 smallholder farms that grow wheat and maize, respectively, in the region. The optimum N rates were 175 and 214 kg ha^–1 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, thereby achieving the yields of 6 799 and 7 518 kg ha^–1, correspondingly, with low N₂O emissions based on on-farm N rate experiments. Among the smallholder farms, the average N application rates were 215 and 294 kg ha^–1 season^–1, thus producing 6 490 and 6 220 kg ha^–1 of wheat and maize, respectively. The corresponding PFPN values for the two crops were 36.8 and 21.2 kg N kg^–1, and the total N₂O emissions were 1.50 and 3.88 kg ha^–1, respectively. High N balance, large Nr losses and elevated N₂O emissions could be explained by the overdoses of N application and low grain yields under the current farming practice. The crop yields, N application rates, PFPN and total N₂O for wheat and maize were 18 and 24% higher, 42 and 37% less, 75 and 116% higher, and 42 and 47% less, correspondingly, in the high-yield and high-PFPN group than in the average smallholder farms. In conclusion, closing the PFPN gap between the current average and the value for the high-yield and high-PFPN group would increase crop production and reduce Nr losses or the total N₂O emissions for the investigated cropping system in Northwest China.     

氮磷配施下夏玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线的构建与氮营养诊断

[目的]探究不同水平氮磷配施对夏玉米地上部生物量和氮素浓度的影响,构建临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并基于氮营养指数模型诊断和评价玉米在不同氮磷互作条件下的氮素营养状况,可为夏玉米氮磷肥合理施用提供理论依据.[方法]以玉米品种郑单958和豫玉22为试验材料,在陕西关中平原设置田间定位氮磷配施试验,设氮肥(N)用量0、75、1...     

Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation

Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use, it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). One such method, alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), has been practiced worldwide, but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen (N) rates under APRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth, grain yield and WUE of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. The three N rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹, designated N₁, N₂ and N₃, respectively. The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%, 60–65% and 75–80% field capacity (FC) throughout the maize growing season, designated W₁, W₂ and W₃, respectively, were applied in combination with each N rate. The results showed that W₂ and W₃ significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, crop growth rate, chlorophyll SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), biomass, grain yield, ears per ha, kernels per cob, 1 000-kernel weight, harvest index, evapotranspiration and leaf area index (LAI) compared to W₁ at each N rate. The N₂ and N₃ treatments increased those parameters compared to N₁ in each irrigation treatment. Increasing the N rate from the N₂ to N₃ resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W₃ while it had no impact on those under the W₁ and W₂ treatments. The W₃N₃ and W₂N₂ and W₂N₃ treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield, respectively. Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI (LAI at the silking stage) and P_n under W₃, suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development, and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize. The W₂N₂, W₂N₃ and W₃N₃ treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments. Thus, either 60–65% FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ or 75–80% FC coupled with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments. These results can provide a basis for in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.     

不同水氮条件下冬小麦穗器官临界氮稀释模型研究

【目的】 开花后穗部器官成为小麦生长中心,保证穗部充足的氮素营养是籽粒产量和蛋白品质形成的基础,精确诊断穗氮营养对预测评价产量和品质具有重要意义。【方法】 选用周麦27和豫麦49-198为材料,在大田条件下设置3个灌溉条件（W0：雨养、W1：拔节期浇水1次、W2：拔节和开花各浇水1次）和5个施氮水平（0（N0）、90 kg·hm^-2（N6）、180 kg·hm^-2（N12）、270 kg·hm^-2（N18）和360 kg·hm^-2（N24））,于小麦开花后不同的灌浆时段采集各处理小麦穗器官干物质及氮素含量数据,构建不同灌溉条件下冬小麦穗器官的临界氮稀释（Nc）曲线,并于成熟期测定籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。【结果】 在同一灌溉条件下,随着施氮量的增加,穗部干物质及氮含量均增加;不同灌溉条件下的穗部临界氮浓度与生物量间均符合幂指数关系,不同灌溉条件的模型间存在差异（W0: Nc=2.58 DM^-0.242; W1: Nc=2.92 DM^-0.24; W2: Nc=3.10 DM^-0.231）。氮营养指数（NNI）在不同灌溉条件下均随着施氮量的增加而增加,适宜施氮量因灌溉条件而异,雨养条件为180—270 kg·hm^-2,灌溉条件为270 kg·hm^-2左右。相对产量（RY）与NNI之间显著相关,具体表现为线性+平台特征,在雨养条件下NNI为1.01时,RY获得最大值;而在灌溉条件下NNI为0.97时,RY获得最大值。籽粒蛋白含量与NNI之间呈显著的线性定量关系,灌溉导致蛋白质含量有所降低。【结论】 确立的穗器官Nc及NNI模型,能够有效指示不同水氮条件下小麦氮素丰缺变化,实时评价产量状况,准确预测蛋白质含量,为小麦生育后期的田间及收储管理提供参考和依据。     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

Spring Wheat Response to Fertilizer Nitrogen Following a Sugar Beet Crop Varying in Canopy Color

Experiments were conducted in the Red River Valley (RRV) of Minnesota to determine the responses of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aerstivum L.) to fertilizer N after a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) crop that varied spatially in canopy color and N content. A color aerial photograph was acquired of the sugar beet field just prior to root harvest, and six sites were selected that varied in sugar beet canopy color, three each of green and yellow canopy sites. The three green sugar beet canopies returned 369, 265, and 266 kg N ha^–1 to the soil while the three yellow sugar beet canopies returned 124, 71, and 73 kg N ha^–1 to the soil. Spring wheat response to fall-applied urea-N fertilizer (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg N ha^–1) was determined the following year at each of the above antecedent canopy sites. Soil NO₃-N in the top 0.6 m of soil varied among the locations with a range of 35 to 407 kg NO₃-N ha^–1 at the green canopy sites and 12 to 23 kg NO₃-N ha^–1 at the yellow canopy sites. Application of fertilizer N according to traditional recommendation methods would have resulted in fertilizer applications at all three yellow canopy sites and two of the three green canopy sites. At the antecedent green sugar beet canopy sites, fertilizer N had little or no effect on spring wheat grain yields, grain N concentration, anthesis dry matter, and anthesis N content. In contrast, fertilizer N increased all four parameters at the antecedent yellow sugar beet canopy sites. The data indicate that fertilizer N management can be improved by using remote sensing to delineate management zones according to antecedent sugar beet canopy color.     

东北地区春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线的建立和验证

过量施氮是目前玉米栽培中存在的普遍现象,基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线计算得出的氮营养指数是诊断氮营养丰缺的重要手段。基于东北地区4个生态点的试验数据,构建了东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,并在此基础上建立了氮营养指数模型和需氮量模型,结果表明,东北地区春玉米地上部临界氮浓度与生物量符合幂函数关系。利用独立试验资料对建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线进行检验,发现基于临界氮浓度稀释模型计算的氮营养指数可以准确诊断玉米植株的氮营养状况,并计算出实时的氮素需求量。该研究建立的东北地区春玉米临界氮稀释模型可以为该地区春玉米的氮营养诊断和动态调控提供较好的理论和技术指导。     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

氮钾配施下施磷对冬小麦群体发育特性、冠层光截获及产量的影响

【目的】明确一定氮钾配施条件下不同施磷水平对冬小麦群体发育特性、冠层截获光合有效辐射(IPAR)及产量的影响,同时分析IPAR与LAI之间的相关性,为在一定氮钾配施下筛选出适宜的磷肥用量提供理论依据。【方法】以郑麦7698为试验材料,设低氮低钾N_1K_1(N 225 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、低氮高钾N_1K2(N 225 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮低钾N_2K_1(N 300 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮高钾N_2K_2(N 300 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 225 kg·hm~(-2))4个氮钾配施比例,每个氮钾配施设置5个施磷水平:P0(不施磷)、P1(P_2O_5 150 kg·hm~(-2))、P_2(P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~(-2))、P~(-2)3(P_2O_5 300 kg·hm2)、P4(P_2O_5 375 kg·hm-),共20个处理。对小麦群体动态、叶面积指数(LAI)、开花后干物质积累、冠层截获光合有效辐射(IPAR)、产量等指标进行测定分析。【结果】(1)在4种氮钾配施下,施P_2O_5 0—225 kg·hm~(-2)时,随施磷量的增加,总茎蘖数、开花后干物质积累及LAI均增加,施P_2O_5超过225 kg·hm~(-2)时,各指标均有所下降,以施P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~(-2)水平群体指标最佳。(2)氮钾配施固定条件下,不同施磷水平小麦冠层截获光合有效辐射值(IPAR)的大小顺序均为P_2P1P3P4P0,且P_2水平IPAR值最高,增幅最大。不同氮钾配施下以N_1K_1条件IPAR增幅最多。(3)4种氮钾配施条件下IPAR与LAI均呈指数正相关关系,N_1K_1、N_1K2、N_2K_1、N_2K_2条件下不同施磷水平小麦IPAR与LAI的拟合系数分别为0.8492、0.8363、0.7321、0.8081。产量与LAI在二阶多项式函数关系上拟合度较好,拟合系数为0.7145。(4)从3个年度各处理产量来看,适当增施磷肥有利于提高小麦的籽粒产量,但磷肥增加到一定程度小麦产量又呈下降趋势,不同氮钾配施下N_1K_1处理产量水平最高,氮钾配施固定条件下,不同施磷水平的产量及增产率均为P_2(P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~-2))时最高。【结论】本研究条件下,N_1K_1P_2(N_225 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 150 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 225 kg·hm~(-2))处理可以优化小麦群体结构,提高LAI,增加开花后干物质积累,提高IPAR和籽粒产量。     

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management, however, the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen (N) input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous (P) fertilization. In this study, two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014–2019 under identical conditions. Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments. In field experiment 1, the two factors included three planting patterns (mono-cropped wheat (MW), mono-cropped faba bean (MF), and wheat and faba bean intercropping (W//F)) and four N application rates (N0, 0 kg N ha^–1; N1, 90 and 45 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; N2, 180 and 90 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; and N3, 270 and 135 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively). In field experiment 2, the two factors included three P application rates (P0, 0 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; P1, 45 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; and P2, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1) and the same three planting patterns (MW, MF, and W//F). The yield performances of inter- and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat (IW) and MW were estimated. The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield. Wheat yield increased by 18–26%, but faba bean yield decreased by 5–21% in W//F compared to MW and MF, respectively. The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12. N and P fertilization benefited IW yield, but reduced intercropped faba bean (IF) yield. Nevertheless, the partial LER of wheat (pLER_wheat) decreased with increasing N application rates, and the partial LER of faba bean (pLER_{faba bean}) decreased with increasing P application rates. Thus, LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased. IW maintained a similar yield as MW, even under reduced 40–50% N fertilizer and 30–40% P fertilizer conditions. The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^–1, respectively, and 63 and 62 kg ha^–1 for P₂O₅, respectively. In conclusion, W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield, but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased. Thus, it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping. Based on the results, rates of 150 kg Nha^–1 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1 are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.     

优化氮肥配置提高冬小麦-夏玉米贮墒旱作栽培水氮利用效率

为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术,基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水,生育期内不灌水),在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验.试验设置4种施氮处理,分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1);冬小麦1...     

Yield and water use responses of winter wheat to irrigation and nitrogen application in the North China Plain

With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain(NCP). A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels(W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation) and four N fertilizer rates(N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha~(-1); N2, 200 kg N ha~(-1); N3, 300 kg N ha~(-1)) on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice(W3 N3), the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha~(–1) is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.     

吨粮田肥力指标及培肥措施研究

通过研究,提出了关中灌区吨粮田土壤肥力指标及面积分布预估,得出一年两熟玉米和小麦的最佳施肥量分别为Ｎ１９４．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５９０．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和Ｎ１６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１３２．７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２;玉米以马鞍式施肥增产显著;     

不同施氮量下缓释氮肥与尿素掺混对玉米生长与氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究不同施氮量下,尿素与缓释氮肥掺混对大田玉米生长、干物质累积量、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,为作物高效施氮管理提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用玉米品种郑单958,设置了3种氮肥类型(尿素(U)、缓释氮肥(S)、尿素缓释肥3∶7掺混(SU))和4个施氮水平(N1(90 kg·hm~(-2))、N2(120 kg·hm~(-2))、N3(180 kg·hm~(-2))、N4(240 kg·hm~(-2))),以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,共13个处理。生育期内对玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积指数进行观测,并统计干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】氮肥类型与施氮量及两者交互作用对玉米生长指标、干物质累积量、产量及产量构成要素都有显著的影响。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下玉米最大干物质累积量和氮素累积吸收量分别为17 927.9 kg·hm~(-2)和156.1 kg·hm~(-2),较其他处理分别提高了16.0%—61.7%和8.1%—45.2%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下,产量达到最高,为6 200 kg·hm~(-2),比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理的产量分别增加了19.8%和20.7%;其中,缓释氮肥处理(S)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N2施氮量下比尿素处理施氮量减少30%时,产量无显著性差异。玉米的产量并不是随着施氮量的增加而增加,尿素(U)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N3施氮量时玉米产量比N4施氮量分别增加了19.7%和19.0%,缓释氮肥处理(S)中N2施氮量的玉米产量比N3和N4施氮量分别提高10.9%和26.5%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)N3处理玉米吐丝期后营养器官中氮素向籽粒中转运量最大,比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理分别增加了14.7%和8.2%,有利于促进籽粒的增产。土壤硝态氮的累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但是尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理的土壤硝态氮累积量比尿素(U)处理和缓释氮肥(S)处理分别平均减少21.2%和9.5%,尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理土壤硝态氮含量主要分布在0—40 cm土层,不仅促进玉米的吸收,更减少土壤氮素向更深土层的淋失,提高耕作层的土壤养分。【结论】尿素与缓释氮肥掺混,施氮量180 kg·hm~(-2)是试验区玉米高效生产的最佳施氮量。