Amino acid changes provoked by streptomycin in a polypeptide synthesized in vitro

The misincorporation of isoleucine provoked by streptomycin in a polyuridylate-directed incorporating system from Escherichia coli has been examined by a double-labeling technique with phenylalanine-(3)H and isoleucine-(14)C. The polypeptides synthesized are associated with 70S ribosomes and contain only phenylalanine in the absence of streptomycin, and both phenylalanine and isoleucine in the presence of the antibiotic. Results of acid hydrolysis and subsequent chymotryptic digestion of the polypeptides indicate that the misincorporated amino acid is inserted by peptide bonding with phenylalanine and is randomly distributed along the chain.     

Amino acid replacements that compensate for a large polypeptide deletion in an enzyme

Deletion of more than 400 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of an enzyme causes a severe reduction in catalytic activity. Selected point mutations within the residual protein partially reverse the effects of the missing segment. The selection can yield mutants with activities at least ten times as high as those of the starting polypeptides. One well-characterized mutation, a single amino acid replacement in the residual polypeptide, increases the catalytic activity of the polypeptide by a factor of 5. The results suggest substantial potential for design of protein elements to compensate for missing polypeptide sequences. They also may reflect that progenitors of large aminoacyl-tRNA (transfer RNA) synthetases--one of which was used in these studies--were themselves much smaller.     

Amino acid composition of proteins as a product of molecular evolution

The average amino acid composition of proteins is determined by the genetic code and by random base changes in evolution. Small but significant deviations from expected composition can be explained by selective constraint on amino acid substitutions. In particular, the deficiency of arginine in proteins has been caused by constraint, during evolution, on fixation of mutations substituting arginine for other amino acids.     

Amino acid coding in Sarcina lutea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aminoacyl-tRNA's from Sarcina lutea were tested for incorporation into protein in a heterologous system from Escherichia coli or for biniding in a homologous system from Sarcina lutea. Aminoacyl-tRNA's from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for biniding in a homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae system. Synthetic polyribonucleotides were used as messengers. The code which exists in Sarcina lutea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the same as in Escherichia coli.     

新疆雪莲的氨基酸组成

新疆雪莲，生长在高山雪线以下2000－3000m之间的寒东风化带中，是著名的地方药材，全草入药，具有多种治病功效，且富含氨基酸，必需氨基酸齐全。     

两种颜色虹鳟卵氨基酸、脂肪酸含量的比较

用化学分析法,分别对两种颜色的虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum卵的氨基酸、脂肪酸含量等进行了分析。结果表明,两种颜色的虹鳟卵其蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、水分、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成与含量基本相同,均高于虹鳟肌肉(除水分外),两种颜色卵的受精率、发眼率、破膜率和上浮率相近。     

肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式

为了确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式,分别选用0,14,28,42日龄的Arbor Acres公母肉仔鸡各6只,颈骨错位致死后分离羽毛和胴体,将胴体和羽毛分别加工处理,测定其粗蛋白质及各种氨基酸含量,并将各种氨基酸含量表示为占粗蛋白质百分比的形式。结果表明,性别对肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成没有影响(P>0.05);除胴体蛋白中天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸和羽毛蛋白中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸外,日龄对胴体和羽毛蛋白其他氨基酸组成模式均有显著影响(P<0.05),胴体蛋白中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸和羽毛蛋白中苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸组成模式在14,28和42日龄间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。而胴体蛋白中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和羽毛蛋白中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸组成模式在不同日龄间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。综合考虑认为,以14,28和42日龄的平均值作为确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白氨基酸模式的依据。     

肉仔鸡维持氨基酸模式和需要量的研究

【目的】确立肉仔鸡的维持氨基酸需要模式,并依此估测肉仔鸡用于维持的氨基酸需要量。【方法】以体重基本一致的6周龄AA肉鸡为供试动物,设计无氮和低氮2种饲粮进行氮平衡试验,以无氮饲粮来估测内源氮排泄量,以低氮饲粮来估测肌酐排泄总量和羽毛、皮屑等体表氮损失量(沉积氮量),合计不同途径的氮损失量估算蛋白质维持需要量。通过屠宰试验分析胴体和羽毛的氨基酸组成,并将胴体蛋白质和羽毛蛋白质的氨基酸组成模式,分别作为内源氮中非氨态氮和体表损失氮的氨基酸组成模式,肌酐形式的氨基酸损失以等物质量的甘氨酸、精氨酸和蛋氨酸替代,综合内源氨基酸排泄量和体表氨基酸损失量,确定肉仔鸡的维持氨基酸模式,并根据蛋白质维持需要量和氨基酸组成模式计算维持氨基酸的需要量。【结果】肉仔鸡采食低氮饲粮时的沉积氮量为509.27 mg/d,肌酐排泄量为12.22 mg/d,采食无氮饲粮时内源氮排泄总量为510.71 mg/d。肉仔鸡蛋白质维持需要量(mg/d)为3 414.38×体重0.75。【结论】肉仔鸡维持氨基酸模式(质量分数,%):天冬氨酸7.68,苏氨酸4.52,丝氨酸6.75,谷氨酸10.42,甘氨酸8.20,丙氨酸5.18,胱氨酸4.16,缬氨酸6.30,蛋氨酸1.64,异亮氨酸4.59,亮氨酸7.77,酪氨酸3.17,苯丙氨酸4.16,赖氨酸4.37,组氨酸2.04,精氨酸6.86,脯氨酸7.65,色氨酸0.76。肉仔鸡维持氨基酸需要量(mg/(kg0.75.d))为:天冬氨酸262.22,苏氨酸154.33,丝氨酸230.47,谷氨酸355.78,甘氨酸279.97,丙氨酸176.86,胱氨酸142.04,缬氨酸215.11,蛋氨酸56.00,异亮氨酸156.72,亮氨酸265.30,酪氨酸108.24,苯丙氨酸142.04,赖氨酸149.21,组氨酸69.65,精氨酸234.23,脯氨酸261.20,色氨酸25.95。