甘蓝型油菜GPDH基因家族的全基因组鉴定

在甘蓝型油菜基因组中鉴定出18个BnGPDH基因,参考拟南芥AtGPDH基因家族分类信息将它们分为BnGPDHp、BnGPDHm和BnGPDHc 3个亚家族。基因结构、保守模块分析发现亚家族内的基因成员具有较高的保守性;染色体位置定位显示BnGPDH分布在10条染色体上;qRT-PCR分析发现BnGPDHc家族成员在所检测的组织部位中具有不同的表达模式。此外,在花后21 d(day after flower, DAF)和30DAF的种子中 BnGPDHc1-2、 BnGPDHc2-1、 BnGPDHc2-2的相对表达量在高油材料中要显著高于低油材料,表明这些基因可能与油菜种子中三脂酰甘油的形成相关。     

盐地碱蓬二型性种子及其幼苗对盐渍环境的适应性

研究了盐地碱蓬二型性种子中离子含量与刚萌发幼苗耐盐性之间的关系,以及盐分对砂培盐地碱蓬二型性种子的幼苗生长、离子含量及光合特性的影响。棕色种子中离子含量显著高于黑色种子。与对照相比,100和400 mmol/L NaCl对棕色种子幼苗伸长没有抑制作用,却显著抑制黑色种子幼苗的伸长。 NaCl处理下棕色种子的幼苗地上部分干重和主茎一级分枝数比黑色种子幼苗高,但二型性种子的幼苗叶片中离子含量、叶绿素含量及光合放氧速率却没有明显差异。上述结果说明盐地碱蓬棕色种子较高的离子含量可能是棕色种子刚萌发幼苗耐盐性较强的重要原因。棕色种子幼苗较高的生物量可能与其较多的分枝数有关。二型种子的这些特征可能决定了其在群落建成中所起到的不同作用。     

GsMAPK4, a positive regulator of soybean tolerance to salinity stress

Salt stress is one of the major factors affecting plant growth and yield in soybean under saline soil condition. Despite many studies on salinity tolerance of soybean during the past few decades, the detailed signaling pathways and the signaling molecules for salinity tolerance regulation have not been clarified. In this study, a proteomic technology based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to identify proteins responsible for salinity tolerance in soybean plant. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) were used to verify the results of 2-DE/MS. Based on the results of 2-DE and MS, we selected glucosyltransferase (GsGT4), 4-coumarate, coenzyme A ligase (Gs4CL1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (GsMAPK4), dehydration responsive element binding protein (GsDREB1), and soybean cold-regulated gene (GsSRC1) in the salinity tolerant soybean variety, and GsMAPK4 for subsequent research. We transformed soybean plants with mitogen-activated-protein kinase 4 (GsMAPK4) and screened the resulting transgenics soybean plants using PCR and WB, which confirmed the expression of GsMAPK4 in transgenic soybean. GsMAPK4-overexpressed transgenic plants showed significantly increased tolerance to salt stress, suggesting that GsMAPK4 played a pivotal role in salinity tolerance. Our research will provide new insights for better understanding the salinity tolerance regulation at molecular level.     

Putrescine Plays a Positive Role in Salt-Tolerance Mechanisms by Reducing Oxidative Damage in Roots of Vegetable Soybean

Polyamines play important roles in plant tolerance to environmental stress. With the aim of investigating the possible involvement of putrescine （Put） in salt-tolerance mechanisms in vegetable soybean roots, exogenous Put （10 mmol L＂） and its biosynthetic inhibitor D-arginine （D-Arg） （0.5 mmol L-1） were added to nutrient solution when vegetable soybean （Glycine max L. cv. Huning 95-1） seedlings were exposed to 100 mmol L^-11 sodium chloride （NaCl）. The results showed that Put ameliorated but D-Arg aggravated the detrimental effects of NaCl on plant growth and biomass production. Under NaCl stress, levels of free, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound types of Put in roots of vegetable soybean were reduced, whereas those of free, soluble conjugated, and insoluble bound types of spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spm） were increased. Exogenous Put eliminated the decrease in Put but promoted the increase of Spd and Spm. However, these changes could be reversed by D-Arg. Under NaCl stress, activities of arginine decarboxylase （ADC）, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase （SAMDC）, diamine oxidase （DAO）, and polyamine oxidase （PAO） were induced, with exogenous Put promoting and D-Arg reversing these changes. Furthermore, NaCl stress decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes. Exogenous Put alleviated but D-Arg exaggerated these effects of NaCl stress, resulting in the same changes in membrane damage and reactive oxygen species （ROS） production. These results indicated that Put plays a positive role in vegetable soybean roots by activating antioxidant enzymes and thereby attenuating oxidative damage.     

An Investigation to the Vermicompost Efficacy on the Activity Level of Antioxidant Enzymes and Photosynthetic Pigments of Borage (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Borago officinalis</Emphasis> L.) under Salinity Stress Conditions

Salinity stress is one of the most important factors that limit the growth and yield of agricultural crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Activation of the antioxidant system in plants acts as a defense mechanism to build tolerance against salinity. The present factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. with four replications to evaluate the effect of salinity and application of vermicompost on the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments borage (Borage officinalis L.) under salinity stress conditions. The study treatments consist of four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % potted soil in dry weight) and four salinity levels (0 (control), 4, 8 and 12 ds/m sodium chloride (NaCl)). The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the considerable influence of salinity stress and vermicompost on the activity level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and total chlorophyll enzymes. The findings indicated that incremental salinity increased the activity level of antioxidant enzymes and decreased photosynthetic pigments. The results showed that the use of vermicompost fertilizer raised the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids significantly compared to the control. Based on the comparison of means of the interactions between salinity stress and vermicompost the maximum activity of antioxidant enzymes was obtained by 15 wt % vermicompost treatment at the salinity level of 12 ds/m NaCl. Therefore, the use of vermicompost as an organic fertilizer, in addition to increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments, can be a good way to reduce the negative effects of high levels of sodium and chlorine in soils on the growth of borage.     

盐胁迫下3种杨树的抗氧化能力与耐盐性研究

以抗盐性不同的胡杨、群众杨和I-214杨3种杨树为材料,对NaCl胁迫下叶片中的盐离子含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量和电解质外渗率的动态变化进行分析和对比,探讨3种杨树抗氧化能力的差异及其与抗盐性的关系．结果显示,在长期且不断提高的盐胁迫下,群众杨叶片中Na+、Cl－离子浓度不断升高,特别是在盐处理后的第28 d,叶片中的盐离子含量达到最高时,SOD和POD的活性大幅度下降,叶片中MDA的含量和电解质外渗率随之大幅度上升,叶片出现了严重的盐害症状．与群众杨相比,I-214杨叶片中Na＋、Cl－浓度也有相同的变化趋势,但其MDA和电解质外渗率增加幅度较小,盐害症状也较轻. 与前两种杨树明显不同,胡杨在轻度盐胁迫下（土壤NaCl浓度58.5 mmol/L）,叶片中SOD和POD的活性就显著上升,并且在盐胁迫期间,胡杨叶片中盐离子含量、MDA的含量和电解质外渗率都没有明显的变化．因此,在长期盐胁迫条件下,群众杨和I-214杨叶片中电解质外渗率的增加与盐离子的大量积累有关,而叶片电解质外渗主要是膜脂过氧化的结果．活性氧清除酶（SOD、POD）活性的下降,是导致这两种杨树膜脂过氧化和电解质外渗率增加的主要原因．而胡杨在盐胁迫初始阶段就能大幅度上调SOD、POD活性,以避免活性氧对膜的伤害．在长期不断提高的盐胁迫条件下,胡杨的排盐性强,降低了盐诱导的膜脂过氧化,最终减少了电解质外渗率,从而提高了抗盐性．      

Effects of various salts on the germination of two cultivars of Medicago sativa

The germination responses of Medicago sativa (Yazdi and Hamedani cultivars) seeds to salinity stress by different salt solutions were studied in this project. To evaluate salt tolerance during germination, 25 seeds of each cultivar were placed on filter paper in 9 cm petri dishes containing distilled water (control), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 mmol · L^?1 saline solutions of NaCl, CaCl₂, and KCl, respectively. The results indicated that the effects of salinity levels were significant (P < 0.05) for percent seed germination, seed germination rate, mean time to germination, length of the stem, and radical and seed vigor. Seed germination decreased significantly by increasing salinity levels. These two cultivars of alfalfa were more resistant to KCl than NaCl and CaCl₂ salts, respectively. In addition, the results showed that the Hamedani cultivar was more tolerant than Yazdi cv. against salinity.     

盐氮处理下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累和种子萌发特性

研究了盐氮处理条件下盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中的离子积累以及种子萌发特性,以理解盐地碱蓬在种子发育及萌发过程中对高盐低氮生境的适应性。结果表明,种子成熟过程中,不同浓度盐氮处理下(0.5和5 mmol/L NO₃^--N;1和500 mmol/L NaCl),与果皮和果枝相比, 胚中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^- 和NO₃^-离子含量几乎没有变化。所有盐氮处理下Na⁺ 和Cl^-都是果皮和果枝中高于胚中,尤其是在高盐处理下。高盐处理下,K⁺ 和NO₃^-含量呈现相反的趋势。高氮时无论高盐还是低盐,果皮中NO₃^-离子含量高于胚中,而果枝中NO₃^-离子含量低于胚中。而低氮时果皮及果枝中NO₃^-离子含量均显著低于胚中。与高氮环境下收获的种子相比,低氮环境下收获的种子萌发率,萌发指数,活力指数都要明显高。上述结果说明,盐地碱蓬种子成熟过程中存在完善的离子调控机制,保护胚免受Na⁺ 和Cl^-等有害离子的伤害并且促进K⁺ 和NO₃^-等营养离子的积累。低NO₃^--N下收获的种子对外界的NO₃^-含量比较敏感,施以较高浓度的NO₃^-能够促进种子萌发,提高萌发指数和活力指数,可能与盐地碱蓬长期适应高盐低氮生境有关。     

SlTPP4 participates in ABA-mediated salt tolerance by enhancing root architecture in tomato

Salinity tolerance is an important physiological index for crop breeding. Roots are typically the first plant tissue to withstand salt stress. In this study, we found that the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (SlTPP4) gene is induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and salt, and is mainly expressed in roots. Overexpression of SlTPP4 in tomato enhanced tolerance to salt stress, resulting in better growth performance. Under saline conditions, SlTPP4 overexpression plants demonstrated enhanced sucrose metabolism, as well as increased expression of genes related to salt tolerance. At the same time, expression of genes related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction was enhanced or altered, respectively. In-depth exploration demonstrated that SlTPP4 enhances Casparian band development in roots to restrict the intake of Na⁺. Our study thus clarifies the mechanism of SlTPP4-mediated salt tolerance, which will be of great importance for the breeding of salt-tolerant tomato crops.     

盐分不均匀分布对紫花苜蓿生长和离子特征的影响

【目的】土壤盐分浓度在空间上呈不均匀分布,研究不均匀盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长、水分吸收、光合作用以及根叶部位K~+和Na~+的影响,探讨紫花苜蓿适应根部不均匀盐胁迫的生理机制,为紫花苜蓿耐盐品种培育及改良盐碱地紫花苜蓿种植技术提供理论依据。【方法】通过水培法,将紫花苜蓿幼苗的根均匀分成两部分置于分根装置中,给予两侧根部相同或不同浓度的NaCl处理,设置对照(0/0)、低盐胁迫根部分别为0 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl(0/400)和100 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl(100/300)的不均匀盐胁迫处理和均匀的200 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫处理(200/200),处理7 d后取样分析。【结果】不均匀盐胁迫与均匀盐胁迫均抑制了紫花苜蓿生长,导致水分吸收减少、叶片Na~+浓度增加和叶片K~+浓度减少。然而,0/400处理紫花苜蓿地上部分鲜重、水分吸收分别比200/200处理提高了24.3%和44.2%,其叶片Na~+浓度比200/200处理降低了53.6%、叶片K~+浓度与200/200处理无显著差异。0/400处理0侧根部水分吸收比对照提高12.3%、Na~+浓度是对照的10.5倍、K~+浓度与对照无显著差异。100/300处理紫花苜蓿地上部分鲜重、整株水分吸收、叶片K~+浓度均与200/200处理无显著差异。100/300处理叶片Na~+浓度比200/200处理提高了31.0%。100/300处理100侧根部水分吸收比对照降低了33.9%、Na~+浓度是对照的39.5倍、K~+浓度比对照降低了31.3%。0/400、100/300与200/200的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间二氧化碳浓度无显著差异且均显著低于对照,而0/400的净光合速率与200/200无显著差异,均显著高于对照,100/300的净光合速率与对照无显著差异。【结论】紫花苜蓿根部平均盐分浓度为200 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl时,一侧根部NaCl浓度等于或高于其半致死浓度,另一侧根部NaCl浓度为0 mmol·L~(-1)时,不均匀盐胁迫缓解了根部高浓度盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长的抑制,当低盐胁迫根部NaCl浓度为100 mmol·L~(-1)时,不均匀盐胁迫不能够缓解根部高浓度盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长的抑制。     

5-Aminolevulinic acid alleviates herbicide-induced physiological and ultrastructural changes in Brassica napus

It is well known that application of 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) could promote the plant growth under abiotic stress in oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). However, the specifics of its physiological and ultrastructural regulation under herbicide stress conditions are poorly understood. In the present study, alleviating role of ALA in B. napus was investigated under four levels of herbicide propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy) benzylamino) benzoate(ZJ0273)(0, 100, 200 and 500 mg L–1) with or without 1 mg L–1 ALA treated for 48 or 72 h. Results showed that after 48 h of herbicide stress, the growth of rape seedlings was significantly inhibited with the successive increases of the ZJ0273 concentrations from 0 to 500 mg L–1, but this inhibition was obviously alleviated by exogenous application of ALA. However, when treatment time prolonged to 72 h, the recovery effects of ALA could not be evaluated due to the death of plants treated with the highest concentration of ZJ0273(500 mg L-1). Further, the root oxidizability and activities of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) were dramatically enhanced by the application of 1 mg L–1 ALA under herbicide stress. Therefore, plants treated with ALA dynamically modulated their antioxidant defenses to reduce reactive oxygen species(ROS) accumulation and malondialdehyde(MDA) content induced by herbicide stress. Additionally, exogenously applied ALA improved the ultrastructure's of chloroplast, mitochondria and nucleus, and induced the production of stress proteins. Our results suggest that ALA could be considered as a potential plant growth regulator for the improvement of herbicide tolerance through alleviation of the physiological and ultrastructural changes induced by the herbicide in crop production.     

硅酸盐提高番茄抗盐性的效应与生理机制

研究了盐胁迫下外源硅对盐敏感番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)中杂9号和耐盐番茄金鹏朝冠幼苗生长、根系特征、光合作用、渗透调节及抗氧化酶活性的影响,以探讨硅提高番茄抗盐性的生理机制。结果表明,在150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下,两个番茄品种的生物量、净光合速率、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、可溶性蛋白含量及渗透势均显著降低,而H2O2和丙二醛含量显著升高;外源硅可显著改善盐胁迫下番茄的生长、提高光合和蒸腾作用及抗氧化酶活性、促进根系生长、降低膜脂过氧化;不同浓度硅对盐胁迫的缓解效果不同,两个品种均在硅酸盐浓度为2.0 mmol·L-1左右时缓解效果最好。硅可通过促进番茄根系的生长和水分吸收、提高叶片的光合作用及降低植株的氧化损伤来提高其抗盐性,而渗透调节与降低蒸腾失水不是本试验条件下硅诱导番茄抗盐的机理。     

Exogenous GSH protects tomatoes against salt stress by modulating photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light allocation and H_2O_2-scavenging system in chloroplasts

The effects of exogenous GSH(reduced glutathione)on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H_2O_2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)seedlings were studied using hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse.Application of exogenous GSH ameliorated saline-induced growth inhibition,the disturbed balance of Na~+ and Cl~- ions and Na~+/K~+ ratios,and the reduction of the net photosynthetic rate(P_n).GSH also increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),the electron transport rate(ETR),the photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P),and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ).In addition,GSH application increased the photochemical quantum yield(Y(Ⅱ))and relative deviation from full balance between the photosystems(β/α–1)and decreased the PSⅡ excitation pressure(1–q_P)and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation(Y(NO))in leaves of salt-stressed tomatoes without BSO(L-buthionine-sulfoximine,an inhibitor of key GSH synthesis enzymeγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase)or with BSO.Further,the addition of GSH depressed the accumulation of H_2O_2 and malondialdehyde(MDA),induced the redistribution of absorbed light energy in PSⅡ reaction centers,and improved the endogenous GSH content,GSH/GSSH ratio and activities of H_2O_2-scavenging enzymes(including superoxidase dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD)and key enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle and Grx system)in the chloroplasts of salt-stressed plants with or without BSO.Therefore,GSH application alleviates inhibition of salt-induced growth and photosynthesis mainly by overcoming stomatal limitations,improving the PSⅡ efficiency,and balancing the uneven distribution of light energy to reduce the risk of ROS generation and to mediate chloroplast redox homeostasis and the antioxidant defense system to protect the chloroplasts from oxidative damage.Thus,GSH may be used as a potential tool for alleviating salt stress in tomato plants.     

八棱海棠耐盐碱性评价

为探明八棱海棠的耐盐碱性种质资源价值,以实生苗为试材,采用水培的方法评价了八棱海棠耐盐性和耐碱性.结果表明:1)0.4％ NaCI处理30 d时,八棱海棠的盐害指数为51.1,根据耐盐性评价标准判定为中等耐盐型树种;其实生个体间存在广泛的抗性分离现象,极强、强、中、弱和极弱耐盐型植株分别占群体总数的20.6％、23.9％、37.0％、12.0％和6.5％.2)pH9.5碱处理(Na2CO3)30 d时,八棱海棠的碱害指数为16.3,根据耐碱性评价标准判定为极强耐碱型树种;其实生个体间存在广泛的抗性分离现象,极强、强、中、弱和极弱耐碱型植株分别占群体总数的79.1％、15.3％、4.2％、1.4％和0％.八棱海棠中存在极强耐盐型和极强耐碱型植株,是优异的耐盐/碱型种质资源树种.     

Cloning and Characterization of a Salt Tolerance-Associated Gene Encoding Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Sweetpotato

Trehalose plays an important role in metabolic regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in a variety of organisms. In plants, its biosynthesis is catalyzed by two key enzymes： trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（TPS） and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase（TPP）. In the present study, a TPS gene, named IbTPS, was first isolated from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.） cv. Lushu 3 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）. The open reading frame（ORF） contained 2 580 nucleotides encoding 859 amino acids with a molecular weight of 97.433 kDa and an isoelectric point（pI） of 5.7. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities with TPS of other plants. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbTPS gene was significantly higher in stems of Lushu 3 than in its leaves and roots. Subcellular localization analysis in onion epidermal cells indicated that IbTPS gene was located in the nucleus. Transgenic tobacco（cv. Wisconsin 38） plants over-expressing IbTPS gene exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared with the control plant. Trehalose and proline content was found to be significantly more accumulated in transgenic tobacco plants than in the wild-type and several stress tolerance related genes were up-regulated. These results suggest that IbTPS gene may enhance salt tolerance of plants by increasing the amount of treahalose and proline and regulating the expression of stress tolerance related genes.     

Characteristics of NaCl-induced oxidative stress and dynamics of antioxidant enzyme activity in winter triticale organs

The characteristics of development of oxidative stress and change in activity of antioxidant enzymes in winter triticale shoots and roots under the effect of 120 mM NaCl are investigated. It is shown that the salinity stress response of plants has a diphasic character. The stress response phase (12?C24 h) is characterized by a 2.5-fold increase in the amount of hydrogen peroxide and, accordingly, in the intensity of lipid peroxidation, diagnosed by the increase in the amount of malondialdehyde by 2?C3 times in the plant shoots and roots. Both the H₂O₂ level and intensity of oxidative processes stabilized in the next phase of specific adaptation (24?C96 h). A general tendency of a change in the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase, enzymes decomposing hydrogen peroxide in roots and shoots, is not found.