中国东北大豆与日本大豆品种PEPCase基因的多态性

Soybeans in Northeast of China are one of the most importantgenetic resources in the world.In order to use themeffectively insoybean breeding,it is necessary to evaluate the maincharacteristics,especially the quality characteristics such as seedprotein content.It is reported that the PEPCase activity in soybeanseeds is positively correlated with the seed protein content andnegatively correlated with the lipid content[1].PEPCase is alsopresent in seeds of different species[2~4],and may play…     

Environmental effects on lutein content and relationship of lutein and other seed components in soybean

Lutein is a major carotenoid in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed, and has been shown to be beneficial for eye health in humans. Development of soybeans high in lutein is a goal of some breeding programmes. Little is known about how different growing environments affect lutein content. The objective of this study was to determine the variation of lutein and its relationship to seed protein, oil and individual fatty acids in soybean seed. Fifteen soybean genotypes were planted at four environments. There was no effect of year and planting date on lutein content in soybean seed. However, genotype × year, genotype × planting date and genotype × year × planting date were significant for lutein content. Although each genotype showed similar response across environments, lutein content varied significantly across the four growing environments in 14 of the 15 genotypes evaluated. Lutein content was not correlated with seed protein or oil and palmitic or stearic acid concentrations. However, lutein was positively correlated with oleic acid content and negatively correlated with linoleic and linolenic acids content.     

GmMYB042基因对类黄酮生物合成的调控作用

MYB类转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子基因家族之一,广泛参与植物生长发育全过程,对植物次生代谢等具有重要的调控作用。本研究对大豆GmMYB042基因的表达特性和功能进行了系统的研究,针对该基因C端的保守氨基酸基序(PDLNLELTIS)和锌指结构进行了一系列的序列删除突变,并将各缺失突变体在烟草中进行了过表达,以验证目的基因及其特殊基序的功能。表达特性分析结果表明GmMYB042基因在大豆的根瘤、根、茎、叶、花、荚果皮和种子中均有表达,且在茎、种子和花中的表达量相对较高;GmMYB042基因在大豆中的表达受PEG、高盐、低温和UV-B辐射的诱导。过表达分析结果表明,GmMYB042基因的过表达使转基因烟草类黄酮代谢途径部分关键酶基因(如PAL、CHS和FLS)的表达量明显上升,转基因烟草总黄酮的含量明显高于对照;各缺失突变体的转基因烟草类黄酮代谢途径相应酶基因的表达量发生相应的变化,进一步证明目的基因对类黄酮生物合成的调控作用;各缺失突变体的转基因烟草的叶缘有明显的皱褶,说明目的基因可能还参与调控叶的形态建成。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling soybean seed starch content in an interspecific cross of ‘Williams 82’ (Glycine max) and ‘PI 366121’ (Glycine soja)

Seed starch content (SSC) greatly affects the taste, flavour and processing properties of soy foods. The objective in this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SSC in soybean. A total in 169 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross in ‘Williams 82’ and ‘PI 366121’ were grown for three consecutive years. The SSC of the RILs displayed continuous variation with transgressive segregation and hence amenable for QTL mapping. Nine significant QTL exhibiting 5.6–11.3% of the total phenotypic variation (PVE) were identified. The QTL qSTR06_2 showed highest PVE (9.1–11.3%) at LOD values of 4.25–5.39. No stable QTL over 3 years were identified, indicating strong environmental influence on SSC. The QTL qSTR11_1 and qSTR20_1 were found to colocalize with some of the previously reported QTL for sucrose content in soybean, implying the interrelationship between starch and sucrose biosynthesis. As the carbohydrate components may affect key constituents such as oil and protein in soybean seed, findings of the study may be useful in breeding soybeans with improved seed composition.     

大豆子粒棉子糖含量与生态因子的关系

棉子糖是人与动物重要的营养成分。为了研究生态因子对大豆子粒中棉子糖含量的影响,2001—2002年在河南省夏大豆主产区的3个试点,以豫豆25为材料分13期播种,将78个样本子粒的棉子糖含量与气象、土壤养分和海拔等37个生态因子进行统计分析。诸样本棉子糖含量的变异范围为0.22%~0.87%。用逐步回归法筛选出8个生态因子与大豆棉子糖含量极显著正相关,各因子对于棉子糖含量影响的最大、最小值分别为0.392%和0.156%,按各因子的贡献大小依次为鼓粒成熟期昼夜温差、分枝期日照、土壤pH值、花荚期日照、土壤锰含量、花荚期降水、分枝期降水、出苗期降水。该结果对高棉子糖含量品种选育和配套栽培技术研究有参考价值。     

大豆品系在黄淮南部主产区产量及品质性状分析

为了筛选适宜黄淮南部大豆产区种植的大豆品种,于2011年和2012年对河南、安徽和江苏3省5个试验点测试的107份大豆品系的产量、品质及其他相关性状的数据进行收集、统计和分析。结果表明：测试大豆品系的平均产量为2601.73 kg/hm2,与对照‘中黄13’相比,共有48份大豆品系表现增产,占总数的44.86%;各试验点的大豆平均蛋白质含量总体较高,而且蛋脂双高的品种比例在各试验点均在70%以上。相关性分析表明,产量与品质性状有着极显著的负相关,与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和蛋脂总量的相关系数分别为-0.27、-0.23和-0.48;与有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.41,r=0.48,r=0.59,r=0.64)。偏相关分析也表明,大豆的产量与单株粒数呈极显著正相关性,且单株粒数是对大豆产量影响最大的性状;通径分析显示,该性状对产量的通径系数最大。蛋脂总量与株高、百粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.20,r=0.23),与有效分枝呈显著负相关(r=-0.19),与单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.29,r=-0.44,r=-0.37)。生产中,在提高大豆产量和品质的同时,应考虑到大豆各农艺性状之间存在着相互影响,在育种时应注意各性状之间的平衡。     

大豆籽粒蛋白质含量相关QTL定位研究进展

籽粒蛋白质含量是大豆品质性状改良的主要目标之一。笔者介绍了大豆遗传图谱的构建与基因组测序发展历程,从基于分离群体的连锁分析和基于自然群体的关联分析两方面阐述了大豆籽粒蛋白质含量QTL定位研究进展,进而讨论了大豆蛋白质含量MAS育种存在的问题,最后展望了大豆蛋白质含量分子遗传改良的研究趋势。以期为大豆高蛋白育种提供参考。     

大豆籽粒维生素E含量与生态因子关系的研究

维生素E(VE)是人体必须的营养因子。大豆籽粒富含VE,是人类重要的VE来源之一。为了研究生态因子对大豆籽粒中VE含量的影响,2001—2002年在河南省夏大豆主产区的5个试点,以豫豆25为材料分13期播种,将109个大豆样本籽粒的VE含量与气象、土壤养分和海拔等33个生态因子进行了统计分析。诸样本VE总量的变异范围为500.99~2353.68 µg g^-1。逐步回归筛选出9个生态因子与大豆VE含量显著相关。与VE含量呈负相关的因子有幼苗期(P<0.01)、分枝期(P<0.001)和花荚期(P<0.001)降水、花荚期昼夜温差(P<0.05)、鼓粒成熟期日照(P<0.001)及土壤速效氮含量(P<0.001);与VE含量呈正相关的因子有：土壤磷含量(P<0.001)和海拔(P<0.001)。另外,VE含量与花荚期日照呈正相关(P<0.001),与花荚期日照的平方呈负相关(P<0.01)。这些结果对高VE含量品种选育和配套栽培技术研究有重要的参考价值。     

黑龙江省寒地大豆气候适宜度演变特征

明确寒地大豆生长对气候变化的适应性,对维持大豆高产稳产、保障国内大豆供给和国际贸易秩序具有重要意义。利用黑龙江省62个气象站1961—2016年逐日气象资料,运用空间插值、小波分析等方法,研究了寒地大豆不同发育阶段气候适宜度的时空特征及周期变化。结果表明：1961—2016年寒地大豆全生育期内的温度适宜度呈增大趋势,增大速率为0.0075/10 a,但年际间波动平稳,热量条件较差的Ⅳ区的增大趋势最明显;日照适宜度呈减小趋势,减小速率为0.0089/10 a,年际间波动相对平稳,Ⅱ区的减小趋势最显著;水分适宜度呈不显著的减小趋势,减小速率为0.0004/10 a,但年际间波动相对较大,水分条件较差的Ⅱ区波动最为剧烈;综合气候适宜度呈不显著的减小趋势,减小速率为0.0004/10 a,在光温水的协同作用下,其年际间波动总体平稳,其时空变化特征与水分适宜度的相似。全省平均气候适宜度的主周期为5年;各地区气候适宜度的主周期为5~7年。     

Effects of divergent selection for seed protein content in high‐protein vs. food‐grade populations of early maturity soybean

Due to the growing need for vegetable protein in Central European agriculture, there is interest in producing food‐grade soybeans, which are higher in seed protein and sucrose content and have a larger seed size than conventional soybeans. As protein content of conventional soybean is often below 400 g/kg, either high‐protein or food‐grade donors were crossed with adapted genotypes in order to increase their protein level. After divergent selection for protein content, lines were evaluated for seed quality characters across three environments in Austria. The objectives of this research were to determine the roles of genetic background and the selection for protein content on food‐grade soybean traits. While seed protein content of adapted parents was between 395 and 420 g/kg, its range was from 410 to 490 g/kg for the high‐protein and from 390 to 450 g/kg for the food‐grade lines, respectively. However, food‐grade populations were superior in seed size and sucrose content and revealed different correlation patterns between quality traits as compared to high‐protein populations, which demonstrates their usefulness for developing soybeans with improved quality.     

Effect of Soil and Foliar Fertilization on Inoculated and Uninoculated Soybeans

Two experiments of soil N-fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation were conducted in 1981 and 1982 at Giza, Egypt. Soybean was sprayed with a commercial micronutrients mixture, and with urea.
In the first experiment, soil N-fertilization 0, 142.8 and 214.2 kg N/hectare were applied to uninoculated plants, whereas, in the second one, local inoculum was used alone or along with addition of a starter dose of N (47.6 kg N/hectare).
Urea applications were at pod filling period (R₄, R₅ and R₆ stages), whereas, micronutrients mixture was applied at 25 days from planting.
Plant dry weight, leaf area/plant, plant height, pod and seed number/plant, seed weight/plant, seed yield and crude seed protein content increased significantly with nitrogen application to uninoculated soybean plants; whereas the starter dose of N had no significant effect on any of these traits under the inoculated soybean plants.
Foliar application of micronutrients caused significant increases in plant DW, LA, pod and seed number/plant, seed index and seed yield of fertilized and inoculated plants.
Foliar application of urea, to inoculated and uninoculated plants, caused significant increments in plant dry weight, 1A, seed protein content and particular seed index and seed yield.     

大豆不同结荚部位籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量分析

对4个不同类型大豆品种的上、中上、中、中下、下、分枝六部分籽粒进行品质分析,各部分蛋白质和脂肪含量差异显著、极显著。蛋白质含量从上至下由高变低（40.010%、38.890%、38.110%、36.428%、35.888%）;无限结荚习性大豆脂肪含量（19.983%、20.873%、21.242%、21.797%、21.908%）与蛋白质相反;亚有限结荚大豆脂肪含量上至中下由低变高（21.411%、21.993%、22.113%、22.538%）,下部 (22.151%)低于中下部;分枝上籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量与中上部差异不显著;全株品质平均值(38.024%、21.760%)接近于中部值。     

Molecular loci associated with seed isoflavone content may underlie resistance to soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella)

Soybean pod borer (SPB) (Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.) Obraztsov) causes severe loss of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seed yield and quality in some regions of the world, especially in north‐eastern China, Japan and Russia. Isoflavones in soybean seed play a crucial role in plant resistance to diseases and pests. The aim of this study was to find whether SPB resistance QTL are associated with soybean seed isoflavone content. A cross was made between ‘Zhongdou 27’ (higher isoflavone content) and ‘Jiunong 20’ (lower isoflavone content). One hundred and twelve F_5:10 recombinant inbred lines were derived through single‐seed descent. A plastic‐net cabinet was used to cover the plants in early August, and thirty SPB moths per square metre were put in to infest the soybean green pods. The results indicated that the percentage of seeds damaged by SPB was positively correlated with glycitein content (GC), whereas it was negatively correlated with genistein (GT), daidzein (DZ) and total isoflavone content (TI). Four QTL underlying SPB damage to seeds were identified and the phenotypic variation for SPB resistance explained by the four QTL ranged from 2% to 14% on chromosomes Gm7, 10, 13 and 17. Moreover, eleven QTL underlying isoflavone content were identified, and ten of them were encompassed within the same four marker intervals as the SPB QTL (BARC‐Satt208‐Sat292, Satt144‐Sat074, Satt540‐Sat244 and Satt345‐Satt592). These QTL could be useful in marker‐assisted selection for breeding soybean cultivars with both SPB resistance and high seed isoflavone content.     

大豆上部节位叶片生产效率的初步研究

以5个亚有限型大豆品种和3个有限型大豆品种为试材,研究了主茎上部各节位的叶面积、粒重及粒叶比。结果表明,两种结荚习性大豆品种均存在顶端结荚优势,使倒数第2节位的粒重受到很大影响。亚有限型大豆品种植株上部9个节位的叶面积与粒重极显著相关,而有限型品种因受顶端结荚优势影响较大,植株上部5个节位的叶面积与粒重不相关。不同品种间植株不同节位的叶面积大小不能直接反应其对应节位的粒重大小。换算成各节位单位叶面积的籽粒生产能力时发现,存在较大的品种间差异,高产品种的叶片具有较高的籽粒生产效率。     

Dynamics of the Cumulation of Macroelements – Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium During Development to Maturity of Soybean Seed

Dynamics of the cumulation of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in developing seed of four soybean genotypes under the defined climatic conditions in the course of three years was observed. Samples were being taken at weekly intervals from the point at which the grain reached a size suitable to be analyzed up to the full maturity of the seed. By analyzing the results it was found out that the intense cumulation of the minerals tested took place during the stages III and IV of the seed development, that is, in the course of intense cumulation of dry matter and the most expressive metabolic activity in the seed. Investigation of the impact of climatic conditions provides evidence that cumulation of the tested macroelements has been favourably influenced by increased precipitation along with moderate air temperatures within the seed developing period. The highest content of the minerals found with the cultivar Maksimirka independently of the year investigated reveals that mineral cumulation in soybean seed is affected by the cultivar and genetic particularity.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying seed protein and oil contents of soybean across multi‐genetic backgrounds and environments

Seed protein and oil contents are important quantitative traits in soybean. Previously, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed protein and oil were mostly identified in single genetic background. The objective of this work was to identify QTL and their epistatic effects underlying seed protein and oil contents in three recombinant inbred line populations (two of them used one common female parent) across eight environments by composite interval mapping. Forty QTL underlying protein content and 35 QTL underlying oil content were identified. Among them, nine were universal QTL underlying protein content and four were universal QTL underlying oil content. Epistatic interactions between QTL underlying seed protein/oil and different genetic backgrounds were detected. Different pairs of epistatic interactions were observed in diverse genetic backgrounds across multi‐environments. Common marker intervals were observed to simultaneously underlie seed protein and oil contents with different epistatic interactions. The results in this study suggested that a specific genotype with high oil content and low protein content might significantly affect the selection of soybean lines for high seed protein.     

Characterization of genotype by environment interactions in soybean breeding programmes of southeast Europe

Southeast Europe is Europe's major production area of soybean of maturity groups (MG) 0, I and II, but genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for soybean traits in this region is still not characterized. The objective of this study was to characterize GEI in soybean grown in Croatia for seed yield, protein and oil content. Fourteen soybean cultivars of MG 0 and I were evaluated at 15 environments. In the combined anova , genotypes, environments and GEI were significant. All three seed traits were more affected by year than by location and seed yield and protein content were more sensitive to environmental changes than oil content. Genotype by environment interaction is generally of less importance than effects of genotypes and years, especially for oil content. High‐yielding genotypes had values of regression coefficient (b) close to 1, indicating that they were not responsive to extreme environments, either positive or negative. Means and b values were not correlated for yield and negatively correlated for protein and oil content, probably because of low‐input practice in the region. The absence of recognizable differences in means, b values and principal component scores of ammi analysis between two MGs for all traits indicated that soybean cultivars of MG 0 may be recommended for growing in the region because they responded similarly to environmental changes as do full‐season genotypes of MG I.     

吉林省82年来育成大豆品种的产量和叶片部分生理特性变化及其相互关系

对吉林省1923—2005年间育成的42个大豆品种叶片部分生理特性及其与产量关系的研究表明, 大豆产量随育成年代的推进呈线性增加, 82年增加了95.94%, 平均每年增加1.17%; 与此同时, 叶片硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性糖含量、比叶重、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量均随年代推进而增加, 且与产量呈正相关; 在V₄期(第4节期, 主茎第3个复叶全展), R₂期(盛花期), R₄期(结荚盛期), R₆期(鼓粒盛期)等不同生育时期的生理指标变化不同, 把它们作为选择高产品种的参考指标具有一定的应用价值; 硝酸还原酶活性在V₄期、R₂期、R₆期与产量呈极显著正相关, 在所有指标中表现最稳定, 作为高产品种的选育指标最具可行性。     

Identification and verification of pleiotropic QTL controlling multiple amino acid contents in soybean seed

Soybean is important throughout the world due to its high seed protein and oil, while the quality and quantity of seed amino acids need to be improved. To improve the multiple amino acid concentrations in soybean simultaneously, detecting and utilizing the pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL) and related genes become increasingly important. In view of this, a F_6:7 recombinant inbred line population was genotyped using 1739 polymorphic SNP and 127 SSR markers in the present study and was phenotyped for seventeen types of amino acids simultaneously. In total, twelve co-located or overlapped pleiotropic additive QTL clusters, which explained 2.38–16.79% of the amino acid variation, were identified. Of them, one novel pleiotropic QTL cluster with a phenotypic variation explained ranging from 8.84 to 16.79% for ten kinds of amino acid contents (glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and phenylalanine), was located at the same position on linkage group D2, and the confidence interval was only 0.8 cM. Moreover, the individuals in this family-based population (345 lines) and another cultivar-based population (254 varieties) with different genotypes at the common flanking markers for this QTL cluster showed significantly different amino acid contents, which further validated the QTL mapping results. Additionally, some candidate genes that might participate in the amino acid biosynthesis process were found in these pleiotropic QTL regions. Thus, novel pleiotropic QTL clusters could be applied in marker-assisted selection breeding or map-based candidate gene cloning in soybean for multiple amino acid genetic improvements in seed in the future.     

山东大豆品种资源农艺性状及品质概况分析

对1 069份大豆品种资源的农艺性状及品质概况进行了分析。结果表明山东省大豆品种中黄豆资源丰富,且生育期、株高、百粒重等农艺性状变幅大,选择范围广。在品质方面,蛋白质含量≥40%的品种989份,占92.52%,为我省培育高蛋白大豆品种提供了充足的原始材料。对蛋白质含量≥45%的164份品种进行各性状间相关性分析证明,高油、高蛋白育种在后代选择中紫花品种蛋白高于白花品种,百粒重大的品种含油量高。