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1.
对ＡＡ肉用种鸡在育雏育成期进行每日限饲和分段限饲对比试验。结果：成活率差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５），开产时间均为２４周龄，但分段限饲耗料较少，均匀度优于每日限饲，高峰产蛋率（周）；分段限饲８４．３％，每日限饲６７．６％，差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。  相似文献   

2.
    
Liver metabolism is affected by nutrients. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of low‐protein diets (17% crude protein, CP) supplemented with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val), on hepatic amino acid profile and lipid metabolism in growing pigs. The ratio of Leu : Ile : Val in all groups was 1 : 0.51 : 0.63 (20% crude protein, CP), 1 : 1 : 1 (17% CP), 1 : 0.75 : 0.75 (17% CP), 1 : 0.51 : 0.63 (17% CP) and 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 (17% CP) respectively. Results revealed that compared to the positive control group (1 : 0.51 : 0.63, 20% CP), the low‐protein diets significantly augmented the concentrations of most essential amino acids and non‐essential amino acids (p < .05), with the greatest values observed in the 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 group. Moreover, relative to the control, the low‐protein diets with the Leu : Ile : Val ratio ranging from 1 : 0.75 : 0.75 to 1 : 0.25 : 0.25 markedly downregulated the mRNA abundance of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP‐4) (p < .05), and upregulated the mRNA expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐g coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α), uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (L‐CPT‐1) (p < .05). Therefore, our data suggest that protein‐restricted diets supplemented with optimal BCAA ratio, that is, 1 : 0.75 : 0.75–1 : 0.25 : 0.25, induce a shift from fatty acid synthesis to fatty acid oxidation in the liver of growing pigs. These effects may be associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis.  相似文献   

3.
本试验旨在阐明营养限制与补偿对蒙古育成羯羊肝脏关键酶活性的影响。试验选用40只平均体重为(14.72±1.10)kg的3月龄蒙古育成羯羊,随机分为对照组(CG)和双限组(RG)。试验分营养限制期(60d)和营养补偿期(90d)。限制期2组饲粮对应能氮水平为代谢能(ME):10.88(对照组)和8.62(双限组)MJ/kg;粗蛋白质(CP):15.0%(对照组)和5.7%(双限组)。补偿期各组饲喂同一能氮水平(ME:9.75 MJ/kg;CP:12.0%)的饲粮。在限制期与补偿期末分别测定蒙古育成羯羊肝脏中己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP1)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、α-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GAPDH)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GLDH)的活性。结果显示:限制期结束时双限组蒙古育成羯羊肝脏中HK、ALT、AST、GLDH活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而PK、LDH、FBP1、MDH、GAPDH活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);经过90d补偿后,双限组蒙古育成羯羊肝脏中HK、PK、MDH、ALT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而LDH、FBP1、GAPDH、AST、GLDH活性与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,限制期双限组蒙古育成羯羊糖酵解途径关键酶活性降低,糖异生途径关键酶活性升高,脂肪分解途径关键酶活性升高,这与机体在低能氮营养水平时脂肪动员加强有关,蛋白质代谢途径关键酶活性降低则表明限制期蛋白质代谢降低;补偿期双限组蒙古育成羯羊总体糖酵解、糖异生和脂肪分解途径关键酶活性基本恢复到对照组水平,而PK活性显著提高,脂肪合成和蛋白质代谢途径关键酶活性升高可能与此期较高的生长速率相关。  相似文献   

4.
    
One hundred and seventy one‐day‐old female broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups fed with different dietary treatments: basal control diet (C); C supplemented (2 g/kg) with an oregano aqueous extract (O); C supplemented (150 mg/kg) with vitamin E (E). Growth performance was evaluated at 21 (T1) and 42 days (T2). On the same days, morphological, histochemical and microbiological analyses were performed. The O group showed the highest (p < 0.01) body weight at T1, while no differences were observed at T2. Light microscopic observation and conventional histochemistry showed no differences with regard to the two sampling times, whereas significant differences emerged among the treatments. The O treatment generally enhanced goblet cell reactivity more than both the C and E treatments. Coliform count was lower in the ileum tract of the O group at both T1 and T2 (p < 0.05) and increased with age in all groups. Escherichia coli showed the lowest values in the caecum of the O group (p < 0.001) at both sampling times. Enterococci, lactobacilli and staphylococci populations showed no differences among the different experimental groups in the caecum. In the ileum, the O group did not exhibit the sharp decline (p < 0.001) in the lactic acid bacteria population observed in the other two experimental groups. In conclusion, oregano aqueous extract supplementation seemed to elicit the best response among treatments, enabling better growth performance, enhancing both the quantity and quality of glycoconjugates involved in indirect defence actions and significantly reducing both the coliform and E. coli counts.  相似文献   

5.
选取12头杜大长三元杂生长猪进行消化试验,随机分成3组。组Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,组Ⅱ、Ⅲ为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%复合饲用抗生素和1%中草药添加剂复方B,以研究中草药添加剂对生长猪养分消化率与小肠绒毛生长的影响,并与饲用抗生素的效果进行比较。结果表明:组Ⅲ的DM、CP、CF和ASH表观消化率最高,其中CF和ASH表观消化率比组Ⅰ提高13.09%(P<0.05)和6.76%(P<0.05);组Ⅱ的EE和GE表观消化率最高,组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ的EE表观消化率与组Ⅰ差异显著(P<0.05)。组Ⅲ的小肠黏膜绒毛高度和C/V值最大,与对照组的差异显著(P<0.05),绒毛的形态与生长得到改善。  相似文献   

6.
中草药添加剂对生长猪养分消化率与小肠绒毛影响的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选取12头杜大长三元杂生长猪进行消化试验,随机分成3组.组Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,组Ⅱ、Ⅲ为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%复合饲用抗生素和1%中草药添加剂复方B,以研究中草药添加剂对生长猪养分消化率与小肠绒毛生长的影响,并与饲用抗生素的效果进行比较.结果表明:组Ⅲ的DM、CP、CF和ASH表观消化率最高,其中CF和ASH表观消化率比组Ⅰ提高13.09%(P＜0.05)和6.76%(P＜0.05);组Ⅱ的EE和GE表观消化率最高,组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ的EE表观消化率与组Ⅰ差异显著(P＜0.05).组Ⅲ的小肠黏膜绒毛高度和C/V值最大,与对照组的差异显著(P＜0.05),绒毛的形态与生长得到改善.  相似文献   

7.
本试验旨在研究限饲对辽宁绒山羊生产性能及消化代谢的影响。将20只1周岁、体重(22.29±1.05)kg辽宁绒山羊母羊随机分为4个采食水平组,即干物质为基础分别为自由采食100%(AL),以及自由采食组采食量的90%(IR90)、80%(IR80)和70%(IR70)。结果表明:不同限饲水平对绒山羊的体重和日增重有显著影响(P<0.05),日增重随饲喂水平的下降而显著下降,分别为32.20、17.40、10.80 g/d和-8.20 g/d;饲料增重比在AL和IR90两组间无显著差异(P>0.05),其余各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。不同限饲水平对绒山羊的营养物质表观消化率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。不同限饲水平显著影响进食氮、粪氮排出和沉积氮(P<0.05);随限饲水平的下降,沉积氮分别为3.05、2.62、1.87 g/d和1.18 g/d;限饲水平对尿氮的排出和氮的利用率影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。在本试验条件下,限饲显著影响绒山羊的体重、日增重和氮沉积,辽宁绒山羊育成母羊粗蛋白的维持需要为46.16 g/d,高于NRC(1981)的相同生长阶段山羊蛋白质维持需要量推荐值。  相似文献   

8.
    
In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.  相似文献   

9.
本研究通过饲养试验与屠宰试验来探讨限饲对绒山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。将20只育成羊随机分成4组,即分别为自由采食组(AL)及自由采食组采食量的90%(IR90%)、80%(IR80%)和70%(IR70%)。正式试验期为90 d。结果表明:AL的日增重比IR90%组I、R80%组显著高出91.21%和194.92%(P<0.05),但IR90%和IR80%之间无显著差异(P>0.05),另外IR70%组的日增重为-6.3 g/d。宰前活体重、空体重、胴体重和屠宰率随着营养水平的降低有所减少(P<0.05)。随着营养水平的降低,肾周脂肪、系网膜脂肪占空体重的比例显著减少(P<0.05)。随着限饲强度的增加,日增重逐渐下降,体内脂肪沉积也随之减少。综合分析显示,绒山羊的限饲的阈值为IR80%。  相似文献   

10.
    
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide (HiZox) on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of (6.55 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) a corn‐soybean basal diet; (2) basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO; (3) basal diet + 200 mg/kg HiZox; (4) basal diet + 500 mg/kg HiZox. The experiments lasted for 28 days. Incremental HiZox in the diet increased ADG (linear p = 0.015; quadratic p = 0.043) and ADFI (linear p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.038), and the diarrhea index decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01) as HiZox supplemented increased. Furthermore, supplementation with HiZox increased the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum in comparison with that of control treatment or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO treatment, while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium coccoides, and Clostridium. leptum subgroup (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum relative to those in control treatment. The addition of HiZox increased the villus height and villus‐to‐crypt ratio (VC) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05), while decreased the crypt depth of jejunum (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the crypt depth of duodenum (p < 0.10) compared with the control treatment. Piglets fed with 500 mg/kg HiZox had lower serum D‐lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) than those fed with basal control diet or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO diet (p < 0.01). The results suggested that supplementation with HiZox modulated intestinal microbial composition and improved intestinal morphology, which may exert protective effects on the integrity of the mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets, was as efficacious as pharmaceutical doses of ZnO in enhancing growth performance, indicating that the HiZox may be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.  相似文献   

11.
    
This study assessed the effect of probiotics on cecal microbiota, cecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the gene expression of cytokines in young specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens infected with S. enterica subsp. enterica. One‐day‐old SPF chickens (n = 105) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: control (Cont) group, Salmonella‐infected (Sal) group, and a Salmonella‐infected group treated with multi‐strain probiotics (ProSal group). All chickens except those in the Cont group were challenged orally with 1 × 108 cfu/ml of Salmonella 4 days after hatching. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited more abundance of Proteobacteria than those in the Cont and ProSal groups. At the genus level, chickens in ProSal group exhibited increased numbers of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira compared with those in the other groups. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited a significant increase of cecal SCFAs compared with chickens in the Sal group. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited increased gene expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐10 and TGF‐β4, and decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN‐γ, in the cecal tonsil compared with those in the Sal group. The results of this study indicated that the administration of probiotics can modulate microbiota, SCFAs, and immunomodulatory activity in SPF chickens.  相似文献   

12.
    
The present study used intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) piglets as an animal model to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis on intestinal integrity, antioxidant capacity, and microbiota in the jejunum of suckling piglets. In total, 8 normal birth weight (NBW) newborn piglets (1.62 ± 0.10 kg) and 16 newborn IUGR piglets (0.90 ± 0.08 kg) were selected and assigned to three groups. Piglets were orally gavaged with 10-mL sterile saline (NBW and IUGR groups), and IUGR piglets were orally gavaged with 10-mL/d bacterial fluid (B. subtilis diluted in sterile saline, gavage in the dose of 2 × 109 colony-forming units per kg of body weight; IBS group; n = 8). IUGR induced jejunal barrier dysfunction and redox status imbalance of piglets, and changed the abundances of bacteria in the jejunum. Treatment with B. subtilis increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) in the jejunum, decreased (P < 0.05) the plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and enhanced (P < 0.05) the gene expressions of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1 in the jejunum of IUGR piglets. Treatment with B. subtilis decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl (PC) and increased (P < 0.05) the activities of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in the jejunum of IUGR piglets. Treatment with B. subtilis also increased (P < 0.05) gene expressions of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), CAT, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), as well as the protein expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), SOD1, and Nrf2 in the jejunum of IUGR piglets. Treatment with B. subtilis also improved the abundances and the community structure of bacteria in the jejunum of IUGR piglets. These results suggested that IUGR damaged the jejunal barrier function and antioxidant capacity of suckling piglets, and altered the abundances of bacteria in the jejunum. Treatment with B. subtilis improved the intestinal integrity and antioxidant capacity while also improved the abundances and structure of bacteria in the jejunum of suckling piglets.  相似文献   

13.
肠道干细胞(intestinal stem cells, ISCs)在维持肠道稳态中起重要作用。已有研究表明;肠道共生生物(如微生物和寄生虫及其代谢产物)对宿主的干细胞调节至关重要;可通过直接或间接作用影响肠道干细胞的更新分化。本文重点阐述了肠道菌群和蠕虫及其代谢产物对ISCs的影响;并侧重总结了相关的细菌、代谢产物等对ISCs增殖分化的研究进展;旨在为未来肠道损伤治疗提供新的思路。  相似文献   

14.
    
Altering the composition of the bovine vaginal microbiota has proved challenging, with recent studies deeming the microbiota dynamic due to few overall changes being found. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine whether gestational age, endogenous progesterone, maternal nutrient restriction, or dietary melatonin altered the composition of the bovine vaginal microbiota. Brangus heifers (n = 29) from timed artificial insemination to day 240 of gestation were used; at day 160 of gestation, heifers were assigned to either an adequate (ADQ; n = 14; 100% NRC requirements) or restricted (RES; n = 15; 60% NRC requirements) nutritional plane and were either supplemented with dietary melatonin (MEL; n = 15) or not supplemented (CON; n = 14). Samples for vaginal microbiota analysis were taken on day 0 (prior to artificial insemination), day 150 (prior to dietary treatments), and day 220 of gestation (60 d post-treatment initiation) using a double guarded culture swab. The vaginal bacterial overall community structure was determined through sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform. Alpha diversity was compared via 2-way ANOVA; β diversity was compared via PERMANOVA. The linear discriminant analysis for effect size (LEfSe) pipeline was utilized for analysis of taxonomic rank differences between bacterial communities. Gestational age, progesterone concentration, and maternal nutritional plane did not alter α or β diversity of the vaginal microbiota. However, gestational age resulted in compositional changes at the order, family, and genus level. Moreover, dietary melatonin supplementation did not alter α diversity of the vaginal microbiota but did alter β diversity (P = 0.02). Specifically, melatonin altered the composition at the genus level and increased the prevalence of aerobic bacteria in the vaginal tract. To date, melatonin is the first hormone associated with altering the composition of the bovine vaginal microbiota.  相似文献   

15.
    
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of quantitative feed restriction, along with dietary supplementation with a probiotic blend (Protexin) as a natural growth promoter, on the performance, water consumption, mortality rate and carcass traits of meat‐type quails. A total of 250 1‐day unsexed quails were randomly allocated to five equal groups in a completely randomized design. The first group (A) fed a basal diet without any restriction (24 hr/day); the second group (B1) fed the basal diet for 20 hr/day; the third group (B2) fed the basal diet enriched with probiotic (0.1 g/kg diet) for 20 hr/day; the fourth group (C1) fed the basal diet for 16 hr/day; and the fifth group (C2) fed the basal diet enriched with probiotic (0.1 g/kg diet) for 16 hr/day. Birds were fed ad‐libitum from 0–14 days of age, and then the feed restriction regimes started from 14 till 28 days of age. Results showed that quails in the control‐group consumed more feed and water than the other treatment groups (p < .01), however their body weights did not differ (p > .05) compared with the other treated groups. The best feed conversion values were achieved in quails supplemented with probiotic blend (B2 and C2) in comparison with the other groups (p < .01). Feeding probiotic had a positive effect on bird health which reduced the mortality rate. Further, mortality rate was significantly reduced (p < .05) by feed restriction, with or without probiotic supplementation. No carcass parameters were significantly affected (p > .05) by treatments. Our results show that quail could be reared under a feed restriction system, for 4–8 hr daily, along with dietary supplementation of probiotic as growth promoter for better growth performance.  相似文献   

16.
油脂作为机体三大主要营养素之一,除了为机体供给和储存能量外,也参与机体代谢调节。饮食油脂及其代谢物与肠道微生物群的关系对宿主的生理和代谢具有重要意义。脂肪酸的组成和含量会影响肠道内微生物的平衡,肠道微生物也会影响后肠短链脂肪酸的含量,从而影响机体能量供应和健康状态。本文综述了机体中肠道微生物与脂肪酸的相互作用及其机制,以期为饮食中脂肪酸种类的选择以及配比提供理论依据。  相似文献   

17.
本试验旨在研究复合乳酸菌发酵饲料对生长猪生长性能、粪便菌群、血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响.选取平均体重(40.69±1.16)kg的健康\"长×大\"二元生长猪90头,随机分为3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加1％和3％复合乳酸菌发酵饲料的试验饲粮,试验期3...  相似文献   

18.
肠道菌群是动物肠道系统组成的重要部分,对动物肠道发育和免疫功能成熟起着重要的作用,而且肠道菌群失衡与多种肠道疾病有关。粪菌移植（FMT）是一种将健康供体粪便菌群移植到患病受体肠道内,通过改善肠道菌群治疗肠道疾病的方法,是改善肠道菌群最直接、快速、有效的方法之一。近期的研究表明,FMT对畜禽肠道健康和生长性能有积极作用,可调节肠道菌群、维护肠道机械屏障、改善肠道黏液环境、提高肠道免疫力,对于维护肠道健康有很好的效果。本文综述了FMT对猪肠道屏障的影响,探讨了FMT的安全性和注意事项,以期为FMT技术在猪生产上更加安全规范的应用提供参考。  相似文献   

19.
本试验旨在探究植物源miR156a-5p对五指山断奶仔猪肠道菌群和上皮屏障的影响。选取初始体重为（5.82±0.13） kg的35日五指山龄断奶仔猪12头,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头。对照组饲喂无意义单链核酸,试验组饲喂合成的植物源miR156a-5p（每天600 pmol/kg）。试验期7 d。结果表明：与对照组相比,1）试验组的终末体重和平均日增重均无显著差异（P>0.05）,肺脏指数显著增加（P<0.05）;2）试验组的血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著或极显著提高（P<0.05）;3）试验组十二指肠Chao1指数和Observed＿otus指数显著提高（P<0.05）,空肠Simpson指数显著降低（P<0.05）,盲肠Shanon指数和Simpson指数显著或极显著提高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,结肠Simpson指数显著提高（P<0.05）;4）试验组十二指肠拟杆菌目（Bacteroidales）、拟杆菌纲（Bacteroidia）和拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）的富集显著增加（P <0.05）...  相似文献   

20.
早期限饲对肉仔鸡的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
遗传育种选育和营养水平的改进,在使肉仔鸡生长速度不断提高的同时带来了一系列负面影响,如脂肪沉积、代谢性疾病、骨骼疾病、死亡率增加。早期限饲在改善这些问题上有一定的作用。本文综述了早期限饲对肉仔鸡的生产性能和健康状况等影响,并对早期限饲的进一步研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   

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