ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Nitrogen and energy utilization in lactating dairy goats fed diets with different legume seeds

The N and energy utilization of diets with different legume seeds was analysed in lactating goats. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were used and in each case 30% of the protein was supplied by one of four different legume seeds: lupins (L), faba beans (FB), bitter vetch (BV) and vetch (V). A group of eight Granadina goats, allocated to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square, were used. The N and energy utilization of the different diets may be considered adequate; milk N/intake N was approximately 0.20, milk N/N balance was approximately 0.50 and milk energy/metabolizable energy was approximately 0.30. Under similar N and energy intakes, faecal and urinary excretion of N and the quantities in milk did not vary significantly. However, the partition of the N balance between milk production and deposit within the body varied depending on the diet. Although this N available to the metabolism was the highest for the FB diet, the quantity of this directed to milk was the lowest. Finally, the faecal and urinary excretion with respect to the quantity directed to milk production did not vary significantly among the different diets.     

子午岭黑山羊与辽宁绒山羊产肉性能、肉品质、肌肉营养成分和脂肪酸含量比较

1990年,甘肃省庆阳市开始引入辽宁绒山羊对子午岭黑山羊进行杂交改良,但目前尚不清楚2个品种在脂肪酸含量、肌肉营养成分等方面的差异,影响了杂交改良效果。试验旨在分析两个绒山羊品种的产肉性能、肉品质、肌肉营养成分和脂肪酸含量差异,为绒山羊的杂交改良提供理论依据。本研究选取相同饲养管理条件下、9月龄的子午岭黑山羊和辽宁绒山羊公羊各5只,测定其屠宰性能以及背最长肌、前腿肌和后腿肌处的肉品质、脂肪酸含量和肌肉营养成分。结果表明：子午岭黑山羊的胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率、眼肌面积、GR值、剪切力和滴水损失低于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.05）,但其肌肉的平均亮度值、色度值、pH₁和pH₂₄高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）。营养成分测定结果表明,子午岭黑山羊肌肉的水分和粗灰分含量高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.05）,但肌内脂肪和粗蛋白含量低于辽宁绒山羊。在2个山羊品种的肌肉中均检测到11 种饱和脂肪酸（SFA,以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主）、10种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA,以亚油酸和顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸为主）和6种单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA,以油酸为主）,子午岭黑山羊肉中的SFA、PUFA、n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA含量和PUFA/SFA值均高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）,但MUFA含量低于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）。结果表明,辽宁绒山羊有更高的产肉力,但子午岭黑山羊肌肉品质和营养成分更佳,脂肪酸组成和含量更符合人类健康膳食标准。     

日粮硫水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及绒品质的影响

选用4只装有瘤胃和十二指肠近端瘘管的辽宁绒山羊羯羊(2周岁左右),按4×4拉丁方设计,系统研究了4种不同日粮硫水平(0.11%、0.17%、0.23%、0.29%)对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能的影响。研究结果表明:日粮硫水平对辽宁绒山羊的产绒性能及羊绒品质影响显著(P0.05);日粮添加硫可显著提高辽宁绒山羊绒生长速度、产绒量、绒长度(P0.05),但对绒的细度没有显著影响(P0.05);综合分析认为,日粮硫水平为0.23%(N:S为7.39:1)对提高辽宁绒山产绒性能较为适宜。     

Effect of fortifying concentrate supplement with fibrolytic enzymes on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in lactating goats

Thirty lactating Beetle‐sannen crossbred goats were randomly divided into 3 groups based on first fortnight milk yield, and then adjusted to body weights to study the effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on digestibility and milk production. Goats in the control group (C) were fed 500 g of concentrate supplement (CS) without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (control; CG) or CS fortified with cellulase and xylanases @ of 4000 and 12500 (EG₁) or 8000 and 18 750 IU/kg (EG₂), respectively. CS was offered in two equal proportions just after milking at 7 and 17 h. After feeding CS, goats were fed 1200 g of wheat straw as roughage in two equal parts at 08.00 and 18.00 hours. Milk yield was studied for 3½ months. Milking was done by hand. Changes in body weight were also recorded. After a preliminary period of 60 days of feeding, a 7‐day digestibility trial was conducted in two intervals with 5 animals from each group at a time. The increase in either wheat straw or NDF intake due to the enzyme mixture was only 3%. There was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the diet digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and total carbohydrates (TC) between the control and EG₁ and EG₂ goats. Improvements were greater (P < 0.05) in the latter group. Microbial protein (MBP) was estimated based on purine derivatives and creatinine excreted in spot urine samples. MBP increased about 10 and 15% in EG₁ and EG₂, but these values were statistically invalid. Phenomenally milk yield, fat and SNF were significantly (P < 0.001) changed with progression of lactation. On a temporal basis, fortnightly changes in FCM yield of this study could be grouped as 1 month each of first and last and 1½ of middle phase of lactation. Repeated measure analysis showed 180 to 260 mL/day of higher FCM and 16 to 20 g/day of higher SNF yield (P < 0.001) in EG₂ than control or even EG₁ during 5 to 7^th fortnight. However, no significant impact (P > 0.05) was noticed on TF. Feed intake, g/kg FCM yield was also 7% less in EG₂ than either CG or EG₁. The study concluded that apart from increased digestibility, fortification of CS with cellulase and xylanases enzymes improved FCM yield in the last quarter of lactation in goats, and improved body weights by 5% (P > 0.05). While the digestibility of the diet was higher in EG₁ and EG₂, the impact on FCM and SNF yield was noticed only on EG₂. Our study indicated that CS of lactating goats may be fortified with 8000 and 18 500 IU/kg CS in the last quarter of lactation.     

种植密度和品种对青饲玉米生物量与营养品质的影响

通过研究种植密度和品种对青饲玉米(Zea mays)生物量与营养品质的影响,筛选出适宜环县地区的较优青饲玉米品种及种植密度,以期为该区优质青饲玉米的推广种植及牛羊青粗饲草料资源的开发提供理论依据.试验于2019年选用'东单13'(H1)、'正大12'(H2)、'科玉188'(H3)、'衡远4038'(H4)及'濮单6号'(H5)5个青饲玉米品种为试验材料,每个品种分别设4.50×104(D1)、5.25×104(D2)、6.00×104(D3)、6.75×104(D4)及7.50×104(D5)株·hm?25个种植密度,结果表明,种植密度对鲜草产量和干草产量的影响极显著(P<0.01),对粗灰分(Ash)含量的影响显著(P<0.05).品种对粗脂肪(EE)、Ash、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、淀粉(ST)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)和总可消化养分(TDN)含量及48 h干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)的影响极显著(P<0.01),对干物质(DM)、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量的影响显著(P<0.05).用灰色关联度对各处理生物量和营养品质指标综合评价后,结果排名前三的品种及密度依次为H1D5>H2D4>H3D5.综上,在环县地区表现较优、排名前三的青饲玉米品种及其密度分别为7.50万株·hm?2的'东单13'、6.75万株·hm?2的'正大12'及7.50万株·hm?2的'科玉188',可在该地区推广种植.     

不同稻秸添加比例对紫花苜蓿和麦麸混合青贮的影响

为探讨不同稻秸添加比例对紫花苜蓿和麦麸混合青贮发酵品质的影响,以紫花苜蓿、麦麸及5个不同比例(0、5%、10%、15%和20%)的稻秸分别进行混合裹包青贮,30 d后测定混合青贮饲料的发酵品质、营养品质和有氧稳定性。结果表明:1)稻秸添加组与不添加的对照组pH、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和NH_3-N/TN有显著差异(P<0.05);随着稻秸添加量的增加,pH值、ADF、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和有氧稳定性递增,粗蛋白(CP)、WSC、相对饲料值(RFV)和V-Score值降低。2)根据V-Score评分可知,0和5%的稻秸添加组发酵品质为优,10%和15%稻秸添加组的发酵品质为良,20%稻秸添加组发酵品质中等。3)青贮30 d开包后,0和5%的稻秸添加组的有氧稳定性分别为64和72 h,10%、15%和20%稻秸添加组的有氧稳定性均大于168 h;有氧暴露4 d后,0、5%、10%和20%稻秸添加组pH值迅速变化,15%稻秸添加组变化相对较小。综上所述,优质混合青贮的推荐稻秸添加比例应小于5%。     

刈割茬次对杂交构树青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

旨在探究刈割茬次对杂交构树青贮发酵品质和常规养分价值的影响.选取品种、播种期、生境和管理相同,年刈割3茬的杂交构树作为研究对象,于播种后14个月收获第1茬,此后每间隔35 d左右收获第2、3茬,收获后即进行窖贮.发酵完成后,对第1、2、3茬杂交构树青贮的发酵品质和营养价值进行评价.结果:在青贮发酵品质上,随着杂交构树收...     

化肥减量配施菌草固氮菌肥对巨菌草生长、营养品质及土壤养分的影响

生物肥料替代部分化肥在植物种植中发挥了重要作用.利用从巨菌草根部筛选的优良内生固氮菌株制作菌草固氮菌肥,并进行田间随机完全区组试验,设不施肥(空白对照,CK0),灭菌的菌草固氮菌肥(基质对照,CK1),全量化肥(FHF),菌草固氮菌肥(T1),菌草固氮菌肥+75％化肥(T2)共5个处理,研究其对巨菌草生长、产量、营养品...     

不同硬度品种黑莓花及果实品质性状评价分析

为了直观有效地评价黑莓果实硬度性状,本研究对17份黑莓品种开展了果实硬度、花性状和果实外观品质性状的调查,继而选用高、低硬度品种进行不同着色期果实形态性状、营养品质性状、抗氧化物质含量变化评价比较,将各性状与成熟果实硬度进行相关性分析。结果发现,黑莓品种以“10-5n-2”果实硬度值最高,“早黑”品种果实硬度值最低。低硬度黑莓品种花瓣以白色为主且均为单瓣型,高硬度品种包含多种花色且有重瓣类型,花瓣数目和每花序花数量与果实硬度呈极显著正相关。外型较小的果实较硬,较大的果实较软,果实中种子百粒重与硬度呈极显著正相关。高硬度品种可溶性糖含量从转色期到成熟期的上升幅度及成熟期时可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均高于低硬度品种,可滴定酸含量在不同硬度品种中均以红果期含量较高。除可滴定酸外,各营养物质含量均与成熟果实硬度呈正相关。此外,高硬度黑莓品种在转色期总多酚含量、各时期总黄酮含量、成熟期花色苷含量整体高于低硬度黑莓品种,而低硬度品种成熟期抗坏血酸含量整体上高于高硬度品种,整体上花色苷含量与果实硬度呈显著正相关。不同黑莓花和果实性状与果实硬度的相关性分析结果可为果实硬度评价和高硬度品种筛选培育提供参考依据。     

不同居群白羊草生产性能和营养品质的比较

以不同居群的4份野生白羊草为试验材料,对播种当年且2茬刈割后的草产量和营养成分进行测定,探究其生产性能和营养品质,进行地方品种的选育驯化。结果表明:不同居群白羊草当年鲜草、干草产量及粗蛋白质产量均不同,均以太谷居群最高,分别达32.17t/hm2,10.53t/hm2和1 041.00kg/hm2,其中,干草产量和粗蛋白质产量均显著高于其他居群(P0.05);不同茬次间,第1茬的鲜草、干草产量及粗蛋白质产量均高于第2茬,且均占到年产量的80%,试验表明第1茬是白羊草利用的关键,且第1茬中,太谷居群的产量均高于其他居群;太谷居群第1茬的CP,Ca和P含量均为最高,Ash含量较高,而NDF和ADF含量均为最低,表明太谷居群的营养品质要优于其他居群。综合评价,白羊草第1茬的生产性能较好,太谷居群的产量高、品质好,具有极大的选育驯化潜力。     

不同苹果渣水平对关中奶山羊泌乳性能、养分表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃液pH值的影响

为研究饲粮中添加不同苹果渣水平对关中奶山羊泌乳性能、养分表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃液pH值的影响,选取体重[(50.81±1.53)kg]、胎次(第3胎)、产奶量[(2.15±0.05)kg·d-1]、泌乳日期[(125.00±2.51)d]相近或一致的健康关中奶山羊50只,随机分成5组,每组10只羊,每只羊为1个...     

不同青贮处理对苦荞麦品质及营养成分的影响

目的：研究不同青贮处理对荞麦秸秆的感官性状及营养品质的影响。方法：将不同比例的玉米面、米糠、糖蜜和玉米秸秆加入荞麦秸秆中混合青贮,从感官、pH值、氨态氮和营养成分等方面进行分析评价。结果：与对照组相比,各处理组均不同程度地改善了青贮品质。从pH值和氨态氮含量来看,30%混合玉米青贮组效果最好;4%米糠组的粗蛋白（5.74%）含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);5%糖蜜组和30%混合玉米青贮组的粗脂肪含量显著低于其他三个处理组(P<0.05)。结论：综合比较感官性状和营养品质,5%糖蜜和4%米糠处理条件下,青贮品质总体效果较好,是荞麦秸秆饲用前处理的可行途径之一。     

Effect of adding different levels of rumen protected choline to the diet on productive and reproductive performance of female goats and growth of their kids from birthing to weaning

Forty female goats in the third parity were randomly divided into four similar groups. The experiment was started 20 days before mating and lasted until the end of the suckling period for 60 days and weaning their kids. The first group were fed diet without supplementation and kept as control while in the second, third and fourth groups, each doe was fed diets with rumen protected choline (RPC) at the rate of 10, 20 and 40 g/day, respectively. Results showed that number of doe kidding twins and triplets and litter weight of kids born per group increased with increasing the level of RPC in the diet of goats and viability rate of born kids during the suckling period improved due to RPC supplementation in the diets of their mothers. Duration of estrous, days from weaning to estrous, days from kidding to estrous and kidding interval decreased significantly, while conception rate increased due to adding RPC. Milk choline concentrations and total choline secretion though milk were progressively increased significantly with increasing the level of RPC supplementation. Live body weight and daily body gain of their suckling male and female kids at weaning increased significantly with increasing RPC levels in the diets of their mothers.     

不同添加剂对笋壳青贮品质和营养价值的影响

本试验通过添加不同种类的青贮剂研究其对笋壳青贮品质和营养价值的影响。试验共5组,即对照组(CK),原料直接青贮;A组:加玉米粉10%;试验B组:玉米粉和乳酸菌(10+0.001)%;C:添加3种酸(甲酸∶乙酸∶丙酸=80∶11∶9),混合液0.3%;D组:甲酸和甲醛混合液3%(85%～90%甲酸和37%～40%甲醛混合比为1∶1),塑料袋抽真空密封青贮45 d。并于青贮第3,5,8,15,23,30和45天分别取样。结果表明,笋壳单独青贮时pH值均达4.50以上,氨态氮占总氮比例高达22.83%,营养物质损失大,青贮效果不理想。添加玉米粉,玉米粉+乳酸菌,有机酸,甲酸+甲醛后笋壳青贮的pH值、氨态氮占总氮比例均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),4种添加剂处理均能显著提高粗蛋白、干物质及乳酸含量(P<0.05),可使笋壳青贮的发酵品质和营养价值得到改善。各处理中乳酸含量均高于乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,各添加剂均可显著提高乳酸含量并降低乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量(P<0.05),青贮品质和营养价值各处理组优劣顺序为B>A>D>C>CK;青贮前8 d是影响青贮品质和营养价值的重要时期。     

乙酸钾对紫花苜蓿干燥速度和营养品质的影响

对刈割后初花期紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa分别喷洒不同质量分数乙酸钾(CK:0、C1:0.5%、C2:1%、C3:1.5%、C4:2%、C5:2.5%、C6:3%),测定其水分含量变化和干燥后粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及能量(GE)含量的变化。结果表明:喷洒不同质量分数的乙酸钾可以提高紫花苜蓿的干燥速度,并改善其干草营养品质。除C6外,其余各处理组间紫花苜蓿的CP含量差异不显著(P0.05),其中C2组CP含量最高(19.24%);C2组NDF含量(36.2%)显著低于其他各处理组(P0.05);除C6外,其他各处理组的ADF含量显著的低于CK(P0.05);CK处理GE含量显著的低于其余各处理(P0.05),其中C2组GE含量最高(17 801.67 J/g)。综合考虑,7个处理组中以C2处理组的干燥效果最好,能有效地改善紫花苜蓿干草品质。     

不同浓度Hoagland营养液对蓝莓生长结果及果实品质的影响

【目的】研究不同营养液施用量对两年生蓝莓结果树生理生化及果实品质的影响,筛选蓝莓结果期最佳营养液施用浓度,为蓝莓无土栽培中营养液的合理使用提供理论依据。【方法】以两年生蓝莓‘夏普蓝’（‘Sharpblue’）基质盆栽结果树为试验材料,设置50% Hoagland营养液、100% Hoagland营养液（对照）、150% Hoagland三个处理,测定植株生长量、叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量及果实品质等指标,进行综合分析与评价。【结果】150% Hoagland营养液处理下蓝莓株高和冠幅增加最快,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量较高,丙二醛（MDA）、H2O2含量以及O2˙ˉ产生速率较低,叶片光合性能和抗氧化能力较强;150% Hoagland处理下果实较大,单果重、产量和果实花色苷、多酚、可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物、有机酸含量较高。【结论】150% Hoagland营养液有利于蓝莓果树生长、结果和果实品质形成。     

不同添加物和密度对杂交狼尾草青贮效果的影响

本研究采用四因素三水平正交设计试验,探讨了玉米粉(A) (0、3%、6%)、尿素(B) (0、0.3%、0.6%)、乳酸菌(C) (0、5、10 g·t?1)、密度(D) (700、800、900 kg·m?3)对高水分杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum × P. purpureum)青贮品质及营养价值的影响,筛选出最佳的青贮密度以及玉米粉、乳酸菌和尿素添加量,以提高杂交狼尾草的青贮品质。结果显示：1) 6个处理组感官评定综合评分9～15分,等级为二级以上。2)随着玉米粉剂量的增加,极显著地提高了青贮料粗蛋白(crude protein, CP)含量和相对饲用价值(relative feeding value, RFV) (P < 0.01),极显著地降低了中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber, NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber, ADF)、粗灰分(crude ash, Ash)含量、pH以及氨态氮的水平(P < 0.01)。3)尿素极显著地提高了青贮料中CP含量与RFV (P < 0.01),显著地降低了NDF和ADF含量(P < 0.05),当尿素的添加量为0.6%时,CP含量提高了7.05%,NDF和ADF含量分别降低了1.38%和1.45%。4)当乳酸菌剂添加量和青贮密度分别为5 g·t?1和700 kg·m?3时,RFV最高,NDF含量最低,干物质(dry matter, DM)含量介于其他处理之间。上述结果表明,3种添加物均能显著改善杂交狼尾草青贮发酵效果,其主次影响顺序分别为玉米粉 > 尿素 > 乳酸菌剂,且密度为700 kg·m?3时效果最好。最优配比为6%的玉米粉、0.6%的尿素、5 g·t?1的乳酸菌、700 kg·m?3的密度。     

葛藤草粉替代苜蓿草粉对波杂山羊血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和生产性能的影响

为了解葛藤草粉在山羊全混合日粮中等量替代紫花苜蓿草粉的效果,探索葛藤草粉在当地山羊生产中的应用价值,首先对葛藤草粉的常规营养成分进行测定,然后选择体重[(18.20±1.65)kg]相近的5月龄波尔山羊×马头山羊阉公羔75只,随机分为5组,每组15只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余4个处理组分别以葛藤草粉等量替代紫花苜蓿草粉...     

Effect of energy and protein levels on performance,egg quality,and nutrient digestibility of laying pigeons

A total of 3,240 female Taisheng pigeons at 40 wk age were fed 9 diets containing 3 ME levels (2,630, 2,770, and 2,940 kcal/kg) and 3 CP levels (14.0, 15.0, and 16.0%) in a factorial arrangement. These diets were fed to investigate the effects of ME and CP on performance, egg quality, and nutrient digestibility. Female pigeons were housed under the same managerial conditions and randomly assigned into 9 treatments (6 replicates of 60 birds each). Two female–female paired pigeons housed in one cage were under a 16L:8D lighting cycle. Feed in pellet form and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. The study lasted 12 wk. As dietary ME level increased from 2,630 to 2,940 kcal/kg, BW, egg production, and apparent DM, crude fat (CF), and phosphorus (i.e., P) digestibilities increased (P < 0.05), feed intake decreased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion efficiency increased (P < 0.05). Increasing the level of dietary protein from 14 to 16% resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) BW, shell percentage, length of the major axis, and DM digestibility. Therefore, dietary ME had a greater influence on the performance of Taisheng laying pigeons than did dietary protein.     

Effects of supplementation of Panicum maximum with four herbaceous forage legumes on performance,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in West African dwarf goats

The effects of supplementing a basal diet of guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv Ntchisi) (diet 5) with Stylosanthes guianensis (diet 1), Lablab purpureus (diet 2), Aeschynomene histrix (diet 3) and Centrosema pubescens (diet 5) on West African dwarf goats were evaluated. Parameters measured were feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Voluntary intake (g/kg W0^.75/day) of dry matter (DM) 138.73, crude protein (CP) 25.86, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (96.29) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (65.73) of diet 1 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the other diets with legume supplements. The feed intake of goats on diet 5 was lower (P < 0.05), having corresponding values of DM (108.21), CP (17.33), NDF (77.68), and ADF (53.55). Weight gain (g/day) differed (P < 0.05) in goats placed on the diets. The lowest weight gain was obtained in diet 5. The digestibilities of DM, CP, ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (P < 0.05) in diet 1–5 except for NDF digestibility. Nitrogen balance (g/kg W ^0.75/day) ranged from 0.29 in diet 5 to 0.83 in diet 2 (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrogen retention percentage was highest in diet 2 (35.17), with the lowest value in diet 5 (20.71). It could be concluded that a diet consisting of Panicum maximum with Lablab purpureus supplementation gave the highest performance in weight gain, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen utilization. However, any of the herbaceous legumes in this study would lead to increased productivity of ruminant livestock.