Studies on immunoglobulins and trypsin inhibitor in colostrum and milk from sows and in serum of their piglets.

The concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA and the specific sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor (SCTI) were measured by radial immunodiffusion in colostrum and milk samples from sows and in serum samples from their offspring during the suckling period. A clear time dependence was found for all the measured variates in both whey and serum. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between, on the one hand, concentrations of IgG and IgA, but not IgM, in sera from 39 suckling piglets 1 and 3 days old, and, on the other hand, concentrations of the same immunoglobulins and of the trypsin inhibitor in maternal colostrum (n = 7). Multiple regression analyses showed that at day 1 and day 3 the levels of both IgG and IgA in serum samples from the suckling piglets were positively influenced by both the SCTI and the IgG or IgA contents in maternal colostrum.     

The effect of colostrum ingestion during the first 24 hours of life on early postnatal development of piglet immune systems

It has been suggested that colostrum is important not only for direct protection from pathogens but also for proper development of immune systems in piglets. In this study, we focused on the effect of colostrum ingestion during the first 24 h of life on early postnatal development of piglet immune systems. Thirty‐six piglets from five litters were divided into colostrum‐fed (CoF) and colostrum‐deprived (CoD) groups. The former group was allowed to suckle normally while formula milk was fed to the latter group during the first 24 h of life. At the weaning period, the concentrations of fecal immunoglobulin (Ig) A and plasma IgG as well as the number of blood leukocyte subsets were analyzed. Fecal IgA and plasma IgG concentrations in the CoF group were more than twice as high as those in the CoD group (P < 0.01). In addition, the number of blood B cells was significantly higher in the CoF group than that in the CoD group (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that colostrum ingestion during the first 24 h plays a significant role in early postnatal development of both mucosal and systemic immunity of piglets.     

The Influence of Sow Colostrum Trypsin Inhibitor on the Immunoglobulin Absorption in Newborn Piglets

The influence of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor (SCTI) on the immunoglobulin absorption from the gut of 16 newborn colostrum-deprived piglets was investigated in a paired feeding experiment.Three times at 1 h intervals the piglets were fed an experimental diet consisting of sow milk, purified swine serum immunoglobulins containing agglutinins against Bordetella bronchiseptica, and purified SGTI (diet I) or saline (diet II). The serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA, and antibodies for B. bronchiseptica were measured by single radial immunodiffusion and by a tube agglutination procedure and used to evaluate the immunoglobulin absorption. Four and 6 h after the first experimental meal, blood samples from the piglets given SGTI in their diet had a generally higher level of IgG, IgA and aggutinins against B. bronchiseptica than blood samples from the piglets d no SGTI. No real differences were found in the IgM levels. Although the piglets fed no SGTI all showed a considerable immunoglobulin absorption, the SCTI was found to have a statistically significant positive influence on the IgG and IgA absorption.     

The development of skin,claw and teat lesions in sows and piglets in farrowing crates with two concrete flooring materials

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate lesions in sows and their piglets kept on two flooring materials – bare concrete and concrete coated with polyurethane containing sand. In total, 13 lactations on concrete and 11 on polyurethane were evaluated. The severity of skin lesions was scored and teat and claw lesions were recorded. The sand-filled coating was rougher compared to the concrete floor. Larger litter sizes were associated with a higher proportion of wounded teats in sows. Only seven of the 230 piglets had no skin lesions. The piglet skin lesions generally healed, since the number of more severe lesions decreased (p<0.001) and the number of less severe lesions (p<0.001) increased over time. Piglet lesions were associated with daily weight gain and litter size. The number of skin lesions on sows and piglets did not differ between animals kept on concrete and polyurethane-covered flooring. However, piglets kept on the latter flooring had more frequent claw lesions. On both types of flooring the majority of the piglets had skin lesions. Piglets had more claw lesions on polyurethane coating due to its roughness. In addition to the possibility of lower weight gains in piglets due to severe lesions, pig skin lesions are themselves a severe welfare problem in this type of housing system.     

Fosfomycin residues in colostrum: Impact on morpho‐physiology and microbiology of suckling piglets

Fosfomycin is a broad‐spectrum bactericidal antibiotic widely used in pig farms for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. In this study, the elimination of disodium fosfomycin in colostrum/milk of the sow and the impact of this antibiotic on the microbiota and intestinal morpho‐physiology of suckling piglets were analyzed. The average amount of fosfomycin eliminated in colostrum (after administration of 15 mg/kg IM) during the first 10 hr postpartum was 0.85 μg/ml, and the mean residual amount ingested by the piglets was 0.26 mg/kg. The elimination profile of fosfomycin concentrations in colostrum occurs at a time of profound changes in the morpho‐physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. However, the studied concentrations did not produce imbalances on the microbiota or on the morpho‐physiology of the gastrointestinal tract of the piglet. Concentrations of fosfomycin were maintained in the mammary gland above the MIC for more than 8 hr for pathogenic bacteria of productive importance. This would indicate that fosfomycin may be considered safe for the specific treatment of bacterial infectious processes in sows during the peri‐ and postpartum period. This first study with disodium fosfomycin stimulates awareness in the proper use of antimicrobials at farrowing.     

Effects of dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation on growth performance,hepatic inflammation,and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on growth performance, hepatic inflammation, and lipid metabolism in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)‐affected weaned piglets. Eight piglets with normal birth weight (NBW) and 16 IUGR‐affected piglets were selected and fed either a basal diet (NBW and IUGR groups) or the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg DHA (IUGR‐DHA group) from 21 to 49 day of age. Blood and liver samples were collected on day 49. DHA supplementation significantly alleviated the compromised growth performance and liver damage in IUGR‐affected piglets. Additionally, DHA supplementation decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the serum levels of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), very‐low‐density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. In the liver, the concentrations of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, triglycerides, and NEFA were decreased. Fatty acid synthesis was decreased by DHA supplementation, whereas the activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase were increased. Dietary DHA supplementation led to upregulation of the expression of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway‐related genes, whereas that of inflammatory factor‐related genes were downregulated. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 80 mg/kg DHA can alleviate IUGR‐induced impairments in piglets.     

Folic acid supplementation prevents the changes in hepatic promoter methylation status and gene expression in intrauterine growth‐retarded piglets during early weaning period

During intrauterine life, genome interacts with maternal signals to influence the mRNA expression levels of specific genes persistently by regulating DNA methylation status. The objective of this study was to examine the responses of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ) promoter methylation, mRNA expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and metabolite concentrations of intrauterine growth‐retarded (IUGR) piglets to dietary folic acid supplementation. According to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 IUGR and 16 normal birth weight (NBW) piglets were fed a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 5 mg/kg of folic acid from weaning (day 14) to day 35 of age. Triglycerides in hepatic tissue and plasma were significantly elevated in control diets‐fed IUGR piglets compared with NBW piglets but were decreased by dietary folic acid supplementation. Hepatic mRNA expression levels of GR, PPARα, PPARγ, fatty acid synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in IUGR piglets fed a control diet were significantly higher than that in NBW piglets, and promoter methylation status of GR, PPARα and PPARγ in IUGR piglets was reduced significantly compared with NBW piglets. However, the changes in gene expression and DNA methylation status of IUGR piglets were reversed by dietary folic acid supplementation. Hepatic DNA methyltransferase activity was greater with dietary folic acid supplementation regardless of birth weight. Taken together, these results demonstrated that folic acid supplementation during early period of life could prevent the changes of promoter methylation status and gene expressions in the liver of IUGR piglets.     

饲喂母猪不同类型和水平的有机铁对仔猪生长和贫血状态的影响

本研究旨在评估母猪饲料中添加两种不同水平螯合态的有机铁对仔猪生长性能和改善仔猪贫血效果的研究。选取体重相近、胎次相近、遗传结构一致、健康的二元杂母猪30头,随机分为5组。对照组1组,在基础饲料中添加硫酸亚铁100 g/kg;处理组2、3、4、5分别在基础饲料中添加甘氨酸亚铁80 g/kg和100 g/kg、复合氨基酸螯合铁80 g/kg和100 g/kg。结果表明,母猪饲料中添加有机铁甘氨酸亚铁100 g/kg和复合氨基酸螯合铁80 g/kg可提高21日龄断奶仔猪体重,分别提高12.26%和10.3%;母猪饲料中添加有机微量甘氨酸亚铁和复合氨基酸螯合铁可改善母猪生产时和产后21日龄以及仔猪初生和断奶后体内血液红细胞数量(RBC)、血液平均红细胞的体积(MCV)和血液中红细胞压积(HCT),其中母猪日粮中添加甘氨酸亚铁80 g/kg和复合氨基酸螯合铁100 g/kg组仔猪血液红细胞数量(RBC)在初生和21日龄断奶分别提高6.06%和9.29%;母猪饲料中添加有机微量甘氨酸亚铁和复合氨基酸铁都可提高母猪初乳和常乳中乳铁的含量,其中添加甘氨酸亚铁100 g/kg和复合氨基酸螯合铁100 g/kg组初乳中铁浓度分别提高276%和346%。综上,通过提高母猪乳中有机铁含量可提高初生仔猪体内的铁储存与代谢以达到仔猪抵抗贫血风险的作用。     

宫内发育迟缓对哺乳仔猪生长性能和肝脏氧化及抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)对哺乳仔猪生长性能和肝脏氧化及抗氧化指标的影响.试验选择10头胎次和体况接近的妊娠母猪,分娩后,分别从每头母猪所产仔猪中挑选1头正常初生重(NBW)新生仔猪和1头IUGR新生仔猪,即10头NBW新生仔猪和10头IUGR新生仔猪,分别为NBW组与IUGR组.记录各阶段仔猪的体重,分别测定7、23日龄时仔猪肝脏氧化及抗氧化指标.结果表明:7、14和23日龄时,IUGR组仔猪体重均显著低于NBW组(P＜0.05);1～7日龄时,IUGR组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)较NBW组有降低趋势(P=0.075),8～14日龄与15～23日龄时,IUGR组仔猪ADG较NBW组显著降低(P＜0.05);7日龄时,与NBW组相比,IUGR组仔猪肝脏过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P=0.099)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P=0.076)有降低的趋势;23日龄时,与NBW组相比,IUGR组仔猪肝脏中T-AOC、SOD的活性显著降低(P＜0.05),清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的能力有降低趋势(P=0.098),肝脏丙二醛含量显著升高(P＜0.05).综上,与NBW猪相比,IUGR会导致仔猪哺乳期生长速度缓慢,7、23日龄时肝脏的抗氧化能力降低.     

Effects of Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Hepatic Apoptosis-Related Gene Expressions between Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Normal Body Weight Piglets

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) causes significantly negative effects on the methylation status of genes related to cell apoptosis compared with normal body weight (NBW) piglets. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal dietary folic acid supplementation on genes expression profile for hepatic apoptosis in IUGR and NBW piglets. Twenty four Yorkshire gilts were allocated randomly to one of the two diets: control (C, folic acid 1.3 mg/kg) or folic acid supplementation (FS, folic acid 30 mg/kg) after mating. Gene expressions in liver samples were determined and revealed that the mRNA expressions of p53, BCL-2 associated X protein (Bax), and Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) were upregulated in IUGR piglets compared with NBW piglets fed C diets, but could be reversed by maternal folic acid supplementation. The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Serine-protein Kinase–Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), and Cadherin-associated protein–beta-catenin 1 (CTNNB1) were influenced by maternal folic acid supplementation significantly, but were not influenced by birth weight. Expression of p53 binding protein–MDM-2 (MDM-2) remained unchanged. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that maternal folic acid supplementation could exert positive effects on genes related to apoptosis in IUGR and NBW piglets, which might facilitate their postnatal health and growth performance.     

发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪浓缩料中的应用研究

试验选择（35±2）日龄断奶仔猪120头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复8头猪,进行为期21 d的饲养试验,研究两种发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪浓缩料中应用效果。结果表明,在断奶仔猪浓缩料中添加发酵豆粕能改善仔猪的生长性能,且不同的发酵豆粕应用效果不同。从试验全期来看,发酵豆粕试验组的日增重、日采食量、料重比均好于43豆粕对照组,但均差异不显著（P〉0.05）。试验Ⅱ组仔猪的生长性能表现最好。从试验结果来看,试验Ⅱ组效果最好,试验Ⅰ组次之,试验Ⅱ组仔猪日增重较试验Ⅰ组、对照组分别高8.26%、8.92%;试验Ⅱ组日采食量较试验Ⅰ组、对照组分别高4.32%、5.16%;试验Ⅱ组料重比较试验Ⅰ组、对照组低3.92%、4.32%。     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓对新生仔猪小肠消化酶发育的影响

利用自然选择法从14窝初生仔猪选择14头正常仔猪和14头宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）仔猪，随机分成3组：初生组（DO）、母乳饲喂3d组（D3）和母乳饲喂7d组（D7），分别在0、3、7d屠宰以研究胎儿宫内发育迟缓对新生仔猪小肠消化酶发育的影响。初生时，正常仔猪小肠乳糖酶的总活性和比活性都显著高于IUGR仔猪。IUGR仔猪小肠氨基肽酶的总活性和比活性都低于正常仔猪，其中总活性的差异极显著。IUGR仔猪小肠的麦芽糖酶总活性显著低于正常仔猪，但比活性在2组间没有显著差异。2组间碱性磷酸酶的比活性和总活性都没有显著差异。生长至3日龄时，正常仔猪和IUGR仔猪间麦芽糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著差异，而2组间乳糖酶总活性和氨基肽酶总活性的差异显著。7日龄时，正常仔猪和IUGR仔猪乳糖酶、麦芽糖酶、氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均没有显著差异。试验结果表明宫内发育迟缓抑制了小肠乳糖酶和氨基肽酶的成熟，而麦芽糖酶和碱性磷酸酶表现出早熟。同时又表明，胎儿宫内发育迟缓仔猪的肠道功能发育在生后1周内能部分实现补偿生长，而且补偿生长的实现是随着日龄增加逐步完全的。     

子宫内发育迟缓对新生仔猪胰腺和胃发育的影响

本试验研究了子宫内发育迟缓对新生仔猪胰腺和胃发育的影响。从14窝新生仔猪(长白×大约克×米猪)中选出28头仔猪,每窝选正常(NW)和IUGR仔猪各1头。14对仔猪分成新生(5对)、3日龄(5对)和7日龄(4对)三组。试验结果表明,IUGR与NW仔猪胰腺重和胃重随日龄增长而增加(P<0.01)。各日龄IUGR仔猪胰腺重量和胃重低于NW仔猪(P<0.05或P<0.01)。各日龄IUGR仔猪胰腺和胃的蛋白质、DNA和RNA含量,胰腺腺泡大小和腺泡细胞大小,胃底腺区胃壁厚度均小于NW仔猪(P<0.01或P<0.05)。各日龄IUGR仔猪胰蛋白酶总活性和胰凝乳酶总活性显著低于NW仔猪(P<0.05)。新生和3日龄IUGR仔猪胰脂肪酶的总活性,7日龄IUGR仔猪胰淀粉酶总活性低于NW仔猪(P<0.05)。结果提示IUGR显著影响仔猪胃和胰腺的重量、生化组成和酶的活性。     

日粮中添加双氢青蒿素对宫内发育迟缓断奶仔猪胰岛素水平和肝发育的影响

旨在研究宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）对断奶仔猪胰岛素水平和肝发育的影响,以及日粮添加80 mg·kg^-1双氢青蒿素（DHA）对其修复作用。本试验选取10头正常出生重（NBW）仔猪和20头IUGR仔猪,分为NBW组、IUGR组和IUGR-DHA组,每组10头仔猪。NBW组和IUGR组饲喂基础日粮,IUGR-DHA组饲喂基础日粮+80 mg·kg^-1 DHA。所有仔猪21日龄断奶后饲喂相应日粮至49日龄,试验期为29天。结果显示,与NBW组相比,IUGR组显著降低了血清空腹葡萄糖（FBG）和胰岛素生长因子1（IGF-1）含量以及肝重量（P<0.05）,显著提高了空腹胰岛素（FINS）含量和胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）指数以及肝脏指数（P<0.05）。同时,IUGR组断奶仔猪肝组织形态结构受损,出现明显的空泡化,细胞器结构受损,线粒体和内质网明显肿胀,细胞核严重变形。与IUGR组相比,IUGR-DHA组显著升高了肝重量和IGF-1含量（P<0.05）,显著降低了血清FINS含量和HOMA-IR指数,且肝组织形态结构得到明显改善。与NBW组相比,IUGR断奶仔猪显著下调了肝中IGF1、胰岛素受体底物1（IRS1）、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（PI3K）和蛋白激酶B（AKT2）的mRNA相对表达量（P<0.05）。与IUGR组相比,IUGR-DHA组显著上调了断奶仔猪肝中IRS1和AKT2的mRNA相对表达量（P<0.05）。结果表明：DHA对IUGR导致的断奶仔猪胰岛素抵抗以及肝发育受损具有一定的修复作用。本研究为畜牧生产中对IUGR的早期治疗以及DHA的推广应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

母猪产程影响因素的研究进展

产程是母猪重要的繁殖性状之一,对于产仔性状等经济指标有很大影响,产程过长可能会导致死胎率增多、新生仔猪活力降低、母猪易感染疾病等不良后果。在现代规模化生猪养殖中母猪产程过长的问题普遍存在。因此,本文就关于母猪产程的国内外相关研究进行综述,提出7个对于产程有较大影响的因素,同时探讨缩短产程的可行方法,以期减少因母猪分娩时间过长为养猪生产者带来的损失。     

精氨酸对左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯诱导猪宫内生长受限的缓解作用

本研究旨在探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)诱导的猪宫内生长受限的缓解作用.试验选取40头预产期相近、2～4胎次的长白×大约克夏妊娠母猪,随机分为4个处理:处理Ⅰ(正对照)、处理Ⅱ(负对照,注射L-NAME)、处理Ⅲ(L-NAME+1.0%L-Arg)和处理Ⅳ(1.0%L-Arg),每个处理10个重复,每个重复1头母猪.孕85～105 d,处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ世猪连续21 d于颈背部皮下多点注射2.5 mL的L-NAME溶液以诱导宫内生长受限(IUGR),剂量为15.0 mg/kg BW.处理Ⅰ和Ⅳ母猪则以相同方式注射等体积的生理盐水.于妊娠第85天、第105天耳静脉采血,分娩时取胎盘血液以测定一氧化氮(NO)、总一氧化氮合酶(TNOS)含量.记录窝产仔数、窝活仔数、窝仔重、窝活仔重、仔猪初生重及活仔初生重,计算IUGR发生率.结果表明:1)在妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加1.0%精氨酸,窝产活仔数由11.20头显著提高到12.60头(P<0.05),窝活仔重由16.21 kg提高至18.26 kg(P<0.05),仔猪IUGR发生率由17.49%降低至6.35%(P<0.05);2)注射L-NAME的母猪窝产活仔数降低了19.64%(P<0.05),窝活仔重降低了27.14%(P<0.01),而仔猪IUGR发生率则显著提高至34.49%(P<0.01).但在注射L-NAME的同时给母猪补充1.0%精氨酸后,窝产活仔数、窝活仔重达正常水平,仔猪IU-GR发生率与正对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);3)给妊娠母猪注射L-NAME,胎盘血清NO、TNOS合成量显著降低(P<0.01),但饲粮中补充1.0%精氨酸后,胎盘血清NO、TNOS合成量恢复至正常水平.由此可知,给妊娠期母猪饲粮中添加1.0%精氨酸后抵消或逆转了由L-NAME诱导的胎盘血清TNOS、NO合成最降低及胎猪生长受限作用,促进了胎猪在宫内的生长发育,并有效地预防了IUGR的发生.     

Effect of Moringa oleifera supplementation on productive performance,colostrum composition and serum biochemical indexes of sow

Moringa oleifera has been considered as a potential functional feed or food, since it contains multiple components beneficial to animal and human. However, little is known about the effects of Moringa oleifera supplementation on productive performances in sows. In the current study, the results showed that dietary Moringa oleifera significantly decreased the farrowing length and the number of stillborn (p < .05), while had an increasing trend in the number of live-born (0.05 < p < .10). Furthermore, 8% Moringa oleifera supplementation significantly elevated protein levels in the colostrum (p < .05); 4% Moringa oleifera lowed serum urea nitrogen of sows after 90 days of gestation (p < .05) and significantly decreased serum glucose on 10 days of lactation (p < .05). Both groups showed significant elevation in serum T-AOC activity (p < .05). The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) of sows declined significantly in 4% Moringa oleifera addition group (p < .05). 8% Moringa oleifera meal significantly elevated serum CAT activity after 60 days of gestation (p < .05), while decreased the serum MDA level and increased the serum GSH-Px activity of sows at 10 days of lactation (p < .05). Of piglets, both two dosages of Moringa oleifera supplementation essentially reduced the serum urea nitrogen (p < .05), and 4% Moringa oleifera meal increased serum total protein (p < .05). In addition, piglets that received 8% Moringa oleifera had the highest serum CAT and SOD activities among all groups (p < .05). The present study indicated that Moringa oleifera supplementation could enhance the reproduction performances, elevate protein levels in the colostrum and improve the serum antioxidant indices in both sows and piglets.     

精氨酸对孕鼠子宫 NO 和微血管的影响

研究精氨酸（Arg）对胎鼠子宫微血管的影响，阐明其缓解宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）的部分机理。将120只雌性小鼠随机分为6组，即对照组，A 组（基础日粮添加2．5 g／kg Arg，下同），B 组（5 g／kg Arg），C组（7．5 g／kg Arg），D 组（10 g／kg Arg），E 组（15 g／kg Arg）。试验期间各组自由采食和饮水。每组随机抽取10只孕鼠进行眼球摘除采血，颈椎脱臼处死孕鼠，分别检测 IUGR、子宫胎盘的微血管密度、NOS 活力和NO 含量。结果与对照组相比，D 组可显著降低 IUGR 发生率达64．99％（P ＜0．05）。B、C、D、E 组可极显著（P ＜0．01）提高小鼠胎盘 NOS 活力及 NO 含量，各组子宫胎盘均未见病变。B 组比对照组子宫微血管密度和胎盘微血管密度分别增加了16．30％和10．58％，但未达到显著水平（P ＞0．05）。说明 Arg 可能通过改善子宫和胎盘血液循环和母胎营养物质供应，达到缓解 IUGR 的作用。     

分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程和死胎的影响

本试验旨在研究分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程和死胎的影响。选取913头妊娠109 d丹系长×大和大×长二元杂交母猪,根据体况和胎次接近的原则分成3组。对照组于妊娠109 d至分娩当天每天饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组在基础饲粮的基础上分别额外饲喂25和50 g/d包被氯化钙。饲养试验从妊娠109 d到分娩当天。试验过程中每天进行粪便评分,于分娩当天记录试验母猪产程、产仔数和死胎数,并采集尿液和血液分别用于测定尿液pH和血清钙离子浓度。结果表明:1)总产仔数和分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪死胎数无显著交互作用(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎数分别为0.31和0.28头,显著低于对照组的0.44头(P<0.05),但试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组母猪产程相较于对照组显著缩短(P<0.05),而试验Ⅱ组产程相较于对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);3组母猪胎盘排出时间之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)3组母猪妊娠109 d和分娩当天尿液pH之间无显著差异(P>0.05);妊娠110 d到妊娠113 d,对照组和试验Ⅰ组尿液pH无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组尿液pH显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组母猪血清钙离子浓度显著提高(P<0.05),妊娠112 d和分娩当天粪便评分显著降低(P<0.05);3组母猪便秘率之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,母猪妊娠109 d至分娩前饲喂25 g/d包被氯化钙可显著缩短产程,减少死胎,而且该效果不受母猪总产仔数的影响,该调控效果与其提高血液钙离子浓度有关。     

肠道微生物区系对断奶仔猪肠道黏膜免疫功能的调节作用研究进展

断奶仔猪肠道中定植了大量微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物可参与断奶仔猪的肠道黏膜免疫过程。肠道微生物对断奶仔猪肠道黏膜免疫的调节机制主要是通过TLRs和NLRs通路分子分别发生作用。本文对肠道黏膜免疫的特点及断奶仔猪肠道微生物区系的组成进行了综述,并深入探讨了肠道微生物对断奶仔猪肠道黏膜免疫功能的调节作用,以及肠道微生物对肠道黏膜免疫系统调控的潜在机制,旨在为进一步利用断奶仔猪肠道黏膜免疫维持机体健康的相关研究提供参考。