Effects of different supplemental soya bean oil levels on the performance of prepubertal Saanen goats: Oestrogen and progesterone release

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of soya bean oil in the total diet on the growth rate, metabolic changes, and oestrogen and progesterone release in Saanen goats. After dietary adaptation, 21 prepubertal goats (weight of 29.12 ± 0.91 kg, 230 days old) were randomly distributed among three diets of D2: inclusion of 2% soya bean oil in the total diet; D3: basal diet – inclusion of 3% soya bean oil in the total diet; and D4: inclusion of 4% soya bean oil in the total diet. The basal diet (D3) was formulated to promote a daily gain of 0.140 kg. The goats were weighed, and their blood samples were collected weekly. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, urea, non‐esterified fatty acids, beta‐hydroxybutyrate, oestrogen and progesterone in the plasma were measured. Prepubertal goats that were fed D4 exhibited a significantly lower dry matter intake, urea and cholesterol levels compared with the goats that were fed D2 and D3. Indeed, goats that were fed D4 displayed a significantly lower final weight than goats that were fed D2 and D3. In contrast, the inclusion of soya bean oil in the diet increased the progesterone and oestrogen concentrations, and goats that were fed D4 released a significantly higher concentration of progesterone than those that were fed D2 and D3. Furthermore, the percentage of goats with a progesterone level greater than 1 ng/ml (functional Corpus luteum) was significantly higher among the goats that were fed D3 and D4 than among those that were fed D2. In this study, although the inclusion of 4% soya bean oil in the diet decreased dry matter intake and growth rate, it increased progesterone concentration and the percentage of goats with a functional Corpus luteum, suggesting that the inclusion of soya bean oil accelerated puberty in prepubertal goats.     

年龄和妊娠状态对欧拉羊血清FSH和LH含量的影响

为研究欧拉羊在繁殖季节血清FSH和LH的含量与年龄、妊娠状态之间的相互关系．试验采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定妊娠期和非妊娠期欧拉羊血清套体促性腺激素的浓度。测定结果为非妊娠欧拉羊血清FSH浓度随年龄增长而增加,且6岁以上组显著高于2—3岁组（P〈0．05）。而LH的浓度在各年龄组间规律性变化;妊娠期欧拉羊2—3岁龄组血清LH含量显著大于其他两组（P〈0．05）。4—5岁年龄组血清FSH高于其他两组（P〈0．05）;就各个年龄阶段总体而言。非妊娠组的FSH和LH含量均显著高于妊娠组（P〈0．05）。得出妊娠状态是决定欧拉羊血清FSH和LH含量的关键因素。     

大豆黄酮对荷斯坦牛围产期某些代谢激素的影响

12头的初胎荷斯坦乳牛,分为对照期(添喂前)和试验期(添喂后)。于预产期前10d一次添喂大豆黄酮(80mg/d·头),在添喂前、添喂后的7d、产后3d、10d和17d采取血样,用放射免疫法测定血浆中TSH、T3、T4和胰岛素的含量。①添喂大豆黄酮后,T3的水平在第7d、产后3d和产后10d显著低于对照期(P<0.05/P<0.01),而产后17dT3含量则高于对照期21.60%(P<0.05);②试验期中T4的水平除分娩后第10d外,均显著低于对照期(P<0.05/P<0.01);③TSH水平仅在添喂大豆黄酮后的第7d显著低于对照期,而分娩后与对照期差异不显著(P>0.05);④胰岛素在大豆黄酮处理后的第7d和分娩后的第17d显著低于对照期,其余与对照无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果提示:大豆黄酮能影响分娩后初胎奶牛的代谢激素水平,促进营养物质的转化,加强机体蛋白质的合成,以适应机体泌乳的生理变化。     

不同超数排卵方法对天祝白牦牛超排效果的影响

为探索天祝白牦牛超数排卵的有效方法,选择54头纯种天祝白牦牛,利用国产促卵泡素(FSH)和进口FSH分别等量法和减量法进行超数排卵处理,比较其超数排卵效果。结果显示,应用等量法注射国产FSH超排的有效率为40%,减量注射法超数排卵的总有效率为50%;等量法和减量法注射进口FSH的超排有效率均为50%;使用大剂量FSH进行超排处理的有效率为50%;而应用FSH重复进行超数排卵处理的有效率为67%。结果表明,国产FSH与进口FSH在处理供体白牦牛进行超数排卵时,其效果差异不显著(P＞0.05),等量注射法和减量注射法对超排效果也无显著影响(P＞0.05)。在同等条件下,使用大剂量的FSH对供体进行超数排卵,其有效率与使用正常剂量FSH处理的有效率没有显著差异(P＞0.05),但重复超数排卵处理的效果显著高于一次处理的效果(P＜0.05),平均每头牛的排卵数也明显高于其他试验组。     

Methylation pattern variation between goats and rats during the onset of puberty

Puberty is initiated by increased pulsatile gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus. Epigenetic repression is thought to play a crucial role in the initiation of puberty, although the existence of analogous changes in methylation patterns across species is unclear. We analysed mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and methyl‐binding proteins (MBPs) in goats and rats by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). DNA methylation profiles of hypothalamic were determined at the pre‐pubertal and pubertal stages by bisulphite sequencing. In this study, expression of DNMTs and MBPs mRNA showed different patterns in goats and rats. Global methylation variation was low in goats and rats, and the profile remained stable during puberty. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed the involvement of 62 pathways in puberty in goats and rats including reproduction, type I diabetes mellitus and GnRH signalling pathways and found that Edn3, PTPRN2 and GRID1 showed different methylation patterns during puberty in goats and rats and similar variation patterns for Edn3 and PTPRN2 were showed. These indicated that Edn3 and PTPRN2 would play a role in the timing of puberty. This study provides evidence of the epigenetic control of puberty.     

麻醉和手术对母山羊垂体内分泌功能的影响

在给母山羊注射８４６麻醉注射液或实施外科手术前后收集颈静脉血样，监测８４６麻醉注射液或外科手术对垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响。结果表明，８４６麻醉注射液对山羊垂体ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ分泌无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；但外科手术对ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ分泌影响显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），在手术期间血浆ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ水平较手术前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而在手术结束后，血浆ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ水平又升高，与手术前差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

促性腺激素(FSH、LH)对牛腔前卵泡体外发育及E_2分泌的影响

利用McCoy's 5a基础无血清培养系统研究了促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)2种促性腺激素对牛腔前卵泡的体外生长、存活及雌二醇(E2)分泌的影响.结果显示,培养液中单独添加LH对牛腔前卵泡生长影响不大,而单独添加50、100μg/L以上FSH对牛腔前卵泡直径增长和培养后期体外存活有明显的促进作用;当培养液中有10 μg/L LH存在时,2种促性腺激素协同刺激卵泡生长的作用更加明显.添加10 μg/L LH 50μg/L FSH对腔前卵泡体外生长、发育、存活及E2分泌均具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05).     

日粮能量对初情期前母猪外周血清FSH、LH释放的影响

选杜长大三元杂交母猪24头(140日龄)分3个组,高能组、中能组、低能组。试验处理20 d,每5 d采血1次,离心,-20℃冰箱储存,然后放射免疫分析(RIA)。结果表明:外周血浆FSH、LH浓度在不同日粮能量水平饲养后,高能组急剧上升,到第10天达到高峰,然后逐渐下降,在处理第20天接近恢复试验前水平。低能组缓慢降低,第10天到最低点,然后逐渐恢复,在处理第20天接近恢复试验前水平。外周血浆FSH、LH浓度在高能组与低能组于处理第5天差异显著(P<0.05),第10天差异极显著(P<0.01),说明能量通过下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴影响初情期前母猪生殖机能。     

Effects of FSH treatment and withdrawal during proestrus on uterine proliferation and steroid hormone receptor expression in beef heifers

To determine the effects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) treatment and subsequent withdrawal on uterine proliferation and estrogen receptor (ESR), Brahman crossbred heifers (n = 12) were twice daily injected with FSH (4, 3, and 2 mg/injection) on Days 17–19 of the estrous cycle (FSH 3 days) and (4 and 3 mg/injection) on Days 17–18 (FSH 2 days) and withdrawal with saline on Day 19 and (4 mg/injection) on Day 17 (FSH 1 day) and withdrawal with saline on Days 18–19. Uterine tissue was subjectively collected on Day 20 and microscopically classified to four regions: endometrial stroma (ES), surface endometrial gland (EG), deep endometrial gland (DG), and myometrium (Myo). The cell proliferation marker, Ki-67, was quantified as labeling index (LI) in uterine regions, and tissues were immunostained to detect ESR2 followed by image analysis. The LI of ES, EG, and DG was greater (P = 0.0018, P = 0.0005, and P = 0.0103; respectively) in heifers received FSH for 3 days. The expression of ESR2 protein on ES and EG was greatest (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0036, respectively) in FSH 3 days-treated group. Thus, FSH administration during proestrus stimulates uterine cell proliferation, and ESR2 expressions are affected by FSH during proestrus and differentially distributed in the uterine regions.     

大豆异黄酮在雏鸡机体中吸收、转运及沉积的观察

9日龄雏鸡128只按初重随机分为4组:饲喂基础日粮对照组(C组)、基础日粮 3 mg/kg大豆黄酮组(3Da组)、基础日粮 6mg/kg大豆黄酮组(6Da组)和基础日粮 染料木素组(Ge组),试验期持续2周。与对照组相比,3Da组、6Da组和Ge组的日增重有增加趋势,料重比有所下降;空肠食糜、肝脏和肌肉中6Da组大豆黄酮含量分别增加288.15%(P<0.01),81.48%(P<0.05),155.97%(P<0.01);Ge组分别增加415.64%,172.48%,164.18%。食糜、肝脏中染料木素含量,6Da组分别增加154.16%和150.51%;Ge组分别增加238.13%和148.48%。肌肉内未检测出染料木素。上述结果提示,大豆黄酮和染料木素在雏鸡体内吸收、转运,并在肝脏和肌肉内代谢。两者可相互转化,仅大豆黄酮在肌肉内沉积。     

Differences in aromatase expression and steroid hormone concentrations in the reproductive tissues of male domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) with white and yellow semen

ABSTRACT

1. To show hormonal differences between male turkeys with yellow semen syndrome (YSS) and white, normal semen (WNS), the expression of aromatase, oestrogen receptor α (ERα), and oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) as well as testosterone and oestradiol concentrations in YSS and WNS testes, epididymis, and ductus deferens were examined.

2. To measure gene expression levels of aromatase and oestrogen receptors (ERs), three complementary techniques (real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry) were used, whereas steroid hormone levels were determined radio-immunologically.

3. Upregulation of aromatase and ERα mRNAs in YSS testes (P < 0.05; P < 0.01), epididymis (P < 0.001; P < 0.001), and ductus deferens (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) compared to those of WNS tissues was detected. Significant increases in the levels of aromatase and ERα proteins were detected in YSS testes (P < 0.001; P < 0.05), epididymis (P < 0.001; P < 0.001), and ductus deferens (P < 0.001; P < 0.05). The expression of ERβ mRNA and protein level was upregulated in the testes (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) and epididymis (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) but not in ductus deferens where it was downregulated (P < 0.01; P < 0.01). Increased intensity of immunoreactive proteins in YSS versus WNS reproductive tissues corroborated gene expression results.

4. Testosterone concentration diminished in YSS epididymis (P < 0.05) and ductus deferens (P < 0.05), but not in the testes, remaining at high level (P < 0.05) compared to WNS values. Concomitantly, increased oestradiol concentration was found in YSS testes (P < 0.05) and epididymis (P < 0.05) but decreased in the ductus deferens (P < 0.05).

5. From the published literature, this study is the first to demonstrate the ability for androgen aromatisation in the turkey reproductive tissues and to show the cellular targets for locally produced oestrogens. The data suggested that the androgen/oestrogen ratio is a mechanistic basis for amplification of differences between turkeys with white and yellow semen and that these results can have a relevance in applied sciences to widen the knowledge on domestic bird reproduction.     

不同日粮能量水平对蛋鸡血液FSH、LH、P4和产蛋率的影响

采用放射免疫分析方法(RIA)测定蛋鸡性成熟过程中和产蛋期血液中FSH、LH和P4的含量,研究不同日粮能量水平对蛋鸡血液FSH、LH、P4和产蛋率的影响,进而研究这些激素与产蛋率的关系。结果表明,高能使见蛋日龄提前,但见蛋后,高能I和低能Ⅱ组产蛋率上升较慢。随着能量的降低,到达产蛋率峰值的时间推迟,峰值以对照组最高,低能组居中,高能组最低。峰值后,高能组产蛋率迅速下降,而其它各组在37周龄前产蛋率维持较高水平的70%左右,到46周龄仍维持在41%以上。在性成熟过程中,血清FSH含量上升,到22周龄时极显著升高,高能组FSH水平显著高于低能组;LH水平也随着周龄的增大而升高;高能I组LH水平显著高于低能组。28周龄高能I组FSH达到峰值,其它各组在33~40周龄达到峰值。高能I、高能Ⅱ和对照组LH水平分别在27、34、30周龄达峰值,低能I和低能Ⅱ组分别在30和42周龄达峰值。在产蛋期,对照组LH水平高于低能组,低于高能组,而对照组产蛋率无一例外地高于其它各组。FSH峰值与平均产蛋率呈显著正相关,产蛋期FSH均值与平均产蛋率呈显著正相关。在性成熟过程中P4含量上升,但18周龄前血清P4含量较低,到22周龄极显著升高;高能组血清中P4水平显著高于低能组。产蛋期,对照和低能组平均P4水平和平均产蛋率均比高能组高。P4峰值和峰后平均值和平均产蛋率呈显著正相关,产蛋期血浆中P4水平与平均产蛋率呈显著正相关。     

抑制素被动免疫对黄体中期山羊生殖激素分泌的影响

为了探讨抑制素在山羊生殖激素分泌调节中的作用 ,本试验用抗抑制素血清对黄体中期雌山羊进行了被动免疫试验。将酪 30 -抑制素 α(1,30 ) NH2 与兔血清白蛋白螯合 ,用去势雄山羊制备抗抑制素血清 (INH- AS) ,最终滴度为 1∶96 0 0 0。对照血清来自牛血清白蛋白免疫的去势雄山羊。 12只黄体期日本 SHIBA山羊 ,肌注 PGF2α(2 mg/只 )进行同期发情处理 ,处理后 3～ 5 d母羊出现发情。在发情后 10 d(发情当天为 0 d) ,将母羊分为 2组 ,每组 6只。试验组颈静脉注射 INH- AS(2 0 m L /只 ) ,并在注射前 (0 h)和注射后 6、12、2 4、4 8、72、96、12 0 h采取外周血样 (肝素抗凝 ) ;对照组注射对照血清 (2 0 m L/只 )。抗凝血样离心 (4℃、170× g、15 min)分离血清 ,- 2 0℃保存待测。血清 FSH和 L H含量用NIDDK放免试剂盒测定 ,其中 FSH标记纯品为 NIDDK- o FSH- I- 1,标准品为 NIDDK- o FSH- RO- 1,一抗为 NIDDK-抗- o FSH- 1;L H标记纯品为 NIDDK- o L H- I- 3,标准品为 NIDDK- o L H- RP- 2 4 ,一抗为抗 - o L H- YM。二抗为山羊抗家兔Ig G。血清 E2 和 P含量用1 2 5I放免盒测定。测 E2 时 ,为除去游离脂肪 ,样品用 0 .5 m L乙腈 +2 m L乙烷处理。试验结果表明 ,注射 INH- AS后 12 h,血清 FSH含量显著提高     

复方中草药添加剂对辽宁绒山羊种公羊生殖激素的影响

将15只年龄(2.60±0.25)岁、体重(43.48±1.46)kg的辽宁绒山羊公羊随机分为3组,试验一组和试验二组分别饲喂10 g/d和15 g/d的复方中草药添加剂,对照组不喂,目的是研究中草药添加剂对种公羊促卵泡素、睾酮和促黄体素的影响。结果表明:试验一组在75 d后,精浆LH、FSH和T均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,试验二组在75 d后,精浆FSH和T显著(P<0.05)高于对照组;在75 d后,两个试验组血浆FSH极显著(P<0.01)高于对照组,血浆LH、T显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。相关分析表明精浆T(y,ng/l)与LH(x,μg/l)存在显著相关关系,并且对照组、试验一组和试验二组拟合的对数曲线相似;对血浆进行同样分析表明,血浆以上两种激素的变化趋势与精浆相似;从曲线的位置分析试验一组T水平最高。这表明对于本复方中草药添加剂而言,辽宁绒山羊种公羊按照10 g/d的剂量应用即达到了提高生殖激素水平和生产性能的效果。     

大豆黄酮对产蛋后期蛋鸡内分泌及骨代谢的影响

1000只455日龄伊莎褐蛋鸡，随机分为2组，即对照组和大豆黄酮组。日粮处理：对照组为基础日粮，大豆黄酮组为基础日粮＋10mg／kg大豆黄酮。试验为期9周。结果显示：与对照组比较，大豆黄酮显著提高蛋鸡的生产性能，其血浆钙和降钙素水平，在试验中期分别增加27．05％（P〈0．05）、29．19％（P〈0．05）；在试验后期分别增加22．69％（P〈0．05）和20．28％（P〈0．05）；整个试验期，大豆黄酮组左胫骨、左肱骨骨密度（BMD）增加18．59％（P〈0．05）、11．41％（P〉0．05）。结论：大豆黄酮可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能并改善骨代谢。     

Preliminary Observations on the Concentrations of Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-stimulating Hormone during Gestation in Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the serum of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) throughout pregnancy were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The samples were withdrawn at intervals of half a month. The serum LH concentrations varied significantly between 2.2±0.9 and 20.3±18.8 ng/ml during the pregnancy, with the highest value on the day of artificial insemination, which indicated that a preovulatory LH peak appeared. Thereafter, the LH concentration tended to fall, reaching a fairly constant low level by the eighth month of pregnancy. The serum FSH concentrations varied between 7.0±0.2 and 28.9±0.4 ng/ml during gestation, with the peak value being reached at 4.5 months, followed by a marked drop to 7.0±0.2 ng/ml at 7.5 months.     

Reproductive disorders in pubertal and adult phase of the male rats exposed to vinclozolin during puberty

Vinclozolin (VCZ) is a systemic dicarboximide fungicide with antiandrogenic activity. Reproductive toxicity of VCZ was investigated in male rats exposed to VCZ during puberty. Sprague-Dawley male rats aged with 35 days were assigned to six different groups; negative control, positive control receiving flutamide (100 mg/kg), VCZ (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), and a combination of VCZ (200 mg/kg) + methyltestosterone (100 mg/kg). The animals were treated with test compounds by oral gavage daily during 35 to 44 days of age. In pubertal rats sacrificed on the next day after final treatment, VCZ or flutamide-treated group showed a decrease in weights of prostate, epididymis, and seminal vesicle, hypertrophy of Leydig cells in the testis, detached debris and sloughed cells in the tubules of the caput epididymis, and an increase in serum testosterone levels. On the other hand, combined treatment of VCZ + methyltestosterone decreased testicular weight, increased seminal vesicle weight, and induced degeneration of spermatocytes. In adult rats sacrificed at five weeks after final treatment, flutamide decreased testicular sperm counts, and VCZ, flutamide and VCZ + methyltestosterone also decreased epididymal sperm counts. In addition, treatment of VCZ (400 mg) or VCZ + methyltestosterone decreased some motion kinematic parameters of sperms including curvilinear velocity, mean angular displacement and lateral head displacement. Flutamide treatment also decreased lateral head displacement. These results indicate that VCZ exposure during pubertal period in male rats causes reproductive disorders in puberty and adulthood.     

不同促性腺激素添加方式对猪卵母细胞生发泡染色质构型和卵母细胞成熟能力的影响

在卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,培养基中添加激素与否及其激素添加的先后顺序是影响猪卵母细胞核成熟和质成熟的一个重要因素.本试验将猪卵母细胞分别在FSH→不含激素、FSH→LH、FSH LH不含激素中培养48 h(培养第20～22 h后换液),并于成熟培养的第24 h(未换液)、48 h将卵母细胞进行荧光染色,观察其生发泡内染色质构型及卵母细胞核成熟情况.实验表明:(1)在IVM的前24 h,添加FSH LH组的GVIV期卵母细胞比例低于只添加FSH组,但差异不显著(8.99%比17.19%,P＞0.05);(2)在FSH存在的情况下,IVM的前期和后期添加LH能促进卵母细胞发生GVBD;(3)FSH LH培养24 h后转入不含激素培养基组,卵母细胞的核成熟比率显著高于添加FSH组和先添加FSH培养24 h后转入添加LH组(P＜0.05).     

Effect of Follicle Size and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Ovulation Induction and Embryo Recovery in the Mare

The timing of ovulation is an important component to many equine breeding strategies. The action of luteinizing hormone on ovulation induction has been recognized; however, potential effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have been less defined. Objectives of this study were to determine whether (1) mares could be induced to ovulate follicles ≤30 mm; (2) equine FSH (eFSH) has a positive effect on ovulation induction, and (3) ovulation of small follicles would affect embryo recovery. Light-horse mares (n = 12) between 4 and 10 years of age were assigned to treatments when they had a dominant growing follicle with a mean diameter of 24, 28, or 35 ± 2 mm and endometrial edema. Treatments were (1) H35, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 35 ± 2 mm; (2) F35, eFSH at 35 ± 2 mm; (3) H28, hCG at 28 ± 2 mm; (4) FH28, eFSH and hCG at 28 ± 2 mm; (5) D28, deslorelin (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] analog) at 28 ± 2 mm; (6) FH24/H24, hCG or eFSH and hCG at 24 ± 2 mm. Mares’ reproductive tracts were scanned at 24 ± 2-hour intervals after treatment to detect ovulation. Mares were inseminated, and embryos were collected. Numbers of mares that ovulated within 48 ± 2 hours after treatment were: H35, 8/8 (100%); F35, 8/14 (57%); H28, 7/12 (58%); FH28, 9/12 (75%); D28, 3/7 (43%) and FH/H24, 4/14 (29%). The number of mares that ovulated in 48 ± 2 hours for H35 was not different from that for FH28 but was higher (P < .05) than all other groups. Embryo recovery rates, diameters, developmental stages, and morphology scores were not different for mares ovulating 48 hours or less versus more than 48 hours after treatment or among treatment groups. Results of this study demonstrate that follicles ≤30 mm can be induced to ovulate with no effect on embryo recovery or quality, as assessed by stereomicroscopy.     

后备母猪初情期启动分子营养调控机制的研究进展

后备母猪种质的好坏直接影响着规模化猪场的非生产天数的多少,其中能量、蛋白质和维生素对后备母猪初情期启动机制影响很大,因此可通过精准营养供给模式合理调控后备母猪初情期启动过程。本文对影响后备母猪初情期启动的因素以及分子营养对初情期启动机制的调控进行综述,旨在为规模化猪场后备母猪营养调控提供技术参考。