马齿苋粉对肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响

文章旨在研究饲粮中添加马齿苋粉对肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响。试验选取平均体重接近的1日龄AA肉鸡160只,称重后随机分为4组,试验1、2、3组在对照组饲粮的基础上分别添加0.30%、0.60%、0.90%的马齿苋粉,共处理42 d。结果发现,与对照组相比,肉鸡21日龄时,试验1、2、3组ADG分别增加5.5%、10.0%、6.8%(P <0.05),试验1、2组F/C分别降低8.2%、6.4%(P <0.05);42日龄时,试验1、2、3组ADG分别增加8.9%、9.6%、8.7%(P <0.05),F/C分别降低8.6%、9.6%、10.1%(P <0.05)。此外,21日龄时,试验1、2、3组肉鸡血清中T-AOC比对照组分别增加12.0%、14.4%、10.1%(P <0.05),T-SOD活性分别增加6.6%、10.5%、9.1%(P <0.05),MDA浓度分别降低6.3%、8.0%、5.6%(P <0.05);42日龄时,试验1、2、3组肉鸡血清中T-AOC比对照组分别提高13.9%、20.3%、13.6%(P <0.05),T-SOD活性分别提高10.5%、14.8%、9.5%(P <0.05),MDA浓度分别降低11.1%、14.9%、9.7%(P <0.05),试验1、2组血清中GSH-Px活性较对照组分别提高10.2%、11.8%(P <0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加马齿苋粉显著促进肉鸡生长及增强抗氧化能力。     

Effects of different dietary sources and levels of selenium supplements on growth performance,antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens

1. Although different impacts of various sources of selenium (Se) on chicken performance have been largely studied, there is a lack of comparative experiments studying the effects of these sources on the immune system and antioxidant indices of broiler tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various sources and levels of dietary Se supplements on performance, antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens.

2. A total of 1200 1-d-old male broilers (Ross × Ross 308) were divided into 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens and 25 birds per pen. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomised design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Main factors included Se sources as sodium selenite (SS), Se-enriched yeast (SY), DL-selenomethionine (SM) and nano-selenium (NS) and levels at 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg Se.

3. Dietary supplementation of organic Se sources significantly improved average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio and European production efficiency factor (P < 0.05) compared to birds fed on diets supplemented with inorganic source. In addition, ADG was increased in response to increased level of supplemental Se. Based on contrast comparison, there were significant differences in these parameters between organic versus inorganic sources of Se. However, there was no difference between contrast comparisons of NS versus SM and SY.

4. Total anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titres and hypersensitivity were enhanced by increasing supplemental concentration of Se and using organic sources of Se rather than SS (P < 0.05).

5. Oxidation resistance assessment of tissues demonstrated that supplementation of organic sources of Se and increase in supplemental concentration of Se ameliorated glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde formation (P < 0.05). Mostly, there were significant differences between organic versus inorganic sources of Se in oxidation resistance.

6. Overall, dietary supplementation of 0.4 mg/kg Se from an organic source resulted in better production performance and immune system response. Moreover, minimum formation of malondialdehyde in broiler tissue was observed in birds fed on diets supplemented with SM at 0.4 mg/kg.

7. It can be concluded that SM is more effective than other sources of Se in reducing lipid oxidation.     

不同抗氧化剂和添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和抗氧化性影响的研究

为了研究不同抗氧化剂产品和添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和抗氧化性能的影响,本研究选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡96只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组(CTR)饲喂不添加任何抗氧化剂的基础日粮;SQM6组饲喂基础日粮+48mg/kgSQM6;SQMax组饲喂基础日粮+80mg/kgSQMax。记录肉仔鸡的日均采食量和平均日增重,并于28日龄时,随机在每个重复中选取1只鸡进行翅静脉采血,测定血清抗氧化指标。研究结果表明:与CTR相比,肉仔鸡日粮中添加抗氧化剂有改善饲料转化率的趋势(P>0.05);添加SQM6显著提高了血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性(P<0.05),并显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05);日粮中添加SQMax显著提高了肉仔鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,肉仔鸡日粮中添加抗氧化剂SQM6和SQMax能够提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,改善肉仔鸡机体抗氧化功能。     

The effect of dietary lysozyme with EDTA on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens in each period of the growth cycle

Lysozyme is a potential replacement for antibiotics in the poultry industry. Two trials were conducted using new or used litter to determine the effect of 100 ppm lysozyme in feed on growth performance and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens in each period of the growth cycle. The new litter trial and used litter trial were each analyzed as a one-way analysis of variance with length of time in which 100 ppm lysozyme was fed to the birds as the main factor (no lysozyme d zero to 35; positive lysozyme d zero to 4; positive lysozyme d 5 to 14; positive lysozyme d 15 to 24; positive lysozyme d 25 to 35; positive lysozyme d zero to 35; positive virginiamycin d zero to 35). Effects of lysozyme were not detected under clean conditions (P > 0.05). When used litter was provided, growth performance was not improved by lysozyme (P > 0.05). However, feeding lysozyme to birds from d 5 to 14 and throughout the trial reduced the number of E. coli in the ileum compared with feeding virginiamycin (positive lysozyme d 5 to 14 and zero to 35, and virginiamycin d zero to 35: 1.7 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹, 1.9 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ and 9.3 × 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹, respectively) to birds (P < 0.05). Dietary lysozyme at 100 ppm can change intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens.     

Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance,ileal microbiota and antioxidative status of broiler chickens

In this study, we investigated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) supplements on the performance, ileal microbiota carcass traits and biochemical and antioxidant parameters of broiler chickens. MOL was added to starter, grower and finisher diets at four levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 5.0%). A total of 320 one-day-old mixed-sex Cobb-500 broiler chicks were divided equally into four treatment groups, with 5 replicates of 16 chicks each until 42 days of age. Compared to the control group, chicks fed 0.5% and 1% MOL exhibited a higher final body weight (FBW), greater weight gain (BWG), and better average daily gain (ADG). Feed intake (FI) gradually decreased as the inclusion rate of MOL in the broilers' diet increased to 5%. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and performance index (PI) were observed in broilers that were fed the MOL diet. The percentage of abdominal fat in broilers decreased significantly in response to dietary supplementation with MOL. The haematological profile in the MOL group revealed a lower WBC count and lymphocyte percentage but higher heterophil and H/L ratio without affecting haemoglobin and RBC count. The inclusion of MOL increased total serum protein, Ca and P levels but decreased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST and ALT concentrations. Moreover, dietary MOL increased the activities of GSH, CAT and SOD, GPx and GST while decreasing the TBARS level. The pH value decreased in the ileum of broilers fed the 1% and 5% MOL diet compared to the other treatments. Decreased ileal counts of E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp. were observed whereas the total ileal Lactobacillus spp. count increased in broilers fed the MOL diet. In conclusion, the MOL supplement can enhance growth performance and antioxidant status, alter ileal microbiota and protect against enteropathogens with no deleterious effects on the broiler chickens.     

Effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal on performance,nutrient digestibility,and ileal bacterial population in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal (PKE) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal bacteria population in broiler chickens. Part of the PKE sample was sieved (3 mm) to remove the shell (lower shell PKE) and part was used as is. The primary mannan-oligosaccharides in the experimental diets were determined using HPLC analysis. During the finisher phase, one hundred male broiler chickens (Cobb-500) were fed a control diet or the diets containing 200 g/kg of normal PKE (70 g/kg shell), low shell PKE (30 g/kg shell), enzymatically (cellulase and mannanase) treated PKE, or low shell, enzymatically treated PKE. The DM, CP, and ether extract digestibility coefficients were measured using acid insoluble ash as an insoluble marker. The quantitative rea-time PCR was used to determine the ileal bacteria populations. The enzymatic treatment significantly increased the mannose and also mannan-oligosaccharides content of PKE. Feed intake was not affected by dietary inclusion of PKE. In the birds fed the low shell PKE diet the average daily weight gain was lower and the feed conversion ratio was higher than those in the control and other PKE fed groups. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and ash were lower in PKE containing diets than the control diet. However, there were no differences in the crude protein and ether extracts digestibility coefficients between the diets containing the enzymatic treated PKE (normal or low shell) and the control diet. The lowest ileal Lactobacilli population was found in the chickens fed the low shell PKE diet. Dietary normal PKE or low shell-enzymatic treated PKE decreased the Escherichia coli population compared to the control diet. The results suggested that PKE could be included up to 200 g/kg in the finisher diet without any apparent adverse effect on performance in broilers; however, any screening practice to reduce the shell content of PKE without enzymatic degradation of β-mannan, decreased its nutritive value.     

谷氨酸锌对肉仔鸡生长性能、血清含锌酶活性及免疫器官指数的影响

本试验旨在研究谷氨酸螯合锌(zinc glutamine,Glu-Zn)对肉仔鸡生长性能、血清含锌酶活性、免疫器官指数的影响。选用240只7日龄商品代AA肉用仔鸡,随机分成6个处理。1组为对照组饲喂含80mgZnSO4·H2O形式的Zn的基础日粮,其余5组分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60、80mg/kg和100mg/kg谷氨酸螯合锌形式的Zn。饲养期为35d。结果表明:试验各周及全期,随着日粮中谷氨酸螯合锌水平的增加,肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化效率均得到改善,同时,40mg/kg谷氨酸螯合锌组显著提高了试验全期的平均日增重(P0.05);血清碱性磷酸酶活性随着日粮锌水平的增加先上升,而后又下降,在锌添加水平为60mg/kg时取得最大值;谷氨酸螯合锌组在胸腺指数、脾脏指数上,明显优于对照组,且存在显著差异(P0.05),而法氏囊指数并不敏感。从本试验各项指标和经济效益综合分析,建议肉仔鸡饲料中添加60mg/kg的谷氨酸螯合锌。     

Effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.), essential oil,and leavings on growth performance,serum, and liver antioxidant status of broiler chickens

An experiment using 384 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers that were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design was conducted to assess the effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.), essential oil, and leavings on growth performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. The treatments were corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 5 g/kg star anise, 0.2 g/kg essential oil, and 5 g/kg leavings of the diets for 42 days. All broilers had similar feed conversions over the entire experimental period. However, broilers supplemented with star anise and its essential oil had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those of the control and leavings. Supplementation of star anise and its essential oil increased (P < 0.05) activities of super dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase but decreased (P < 0.05) content of malondialdehyde in the serum of broilers at 21 d and 42 d of age. And it also increased (P < 0.05) activities of super dismutase and catalase but decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of malondialdehyde in the liver of broilers at the same periods. Dietary supplementation of star anise and its essential oil improved growth performance and serum and liver antioxidant status. The efficacy is best at 5 g/kg star anise or 0.2 g/kg essential oil in the diet.     

Thermostable xylanase derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride increases growth performance and non-starch polysaccharide degradation in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of this trial was to determine the optimal supplementation level of a xylanase enzyme from Trichoderma citrinoviride on growth performance, apparent ileal and total tract nutrient retention, intestinal morphology, and intestinal concentration of volatile fatty acids in broiler chickens.

2. A total of 600 broiler chickens (Ross 308) of mixed sex were randomly allotted to four treatments, on the basis of similar body weight. The dietary treatments were made from a corn-wheat-soy based diet supplemented with either 0, 3750, 7500, or 11 250 XU/kg xylanase and were fed to 32 d of age.

3. A linear response to increasing dietary xylanase was demonstrated for overall weight gain (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and gross energy, and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CIAD) of N and soluble non-starch polysaccharides were linearly improved when xylanase was added to the diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, a linear increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the CIAD of Arg, Lys, and Try with increasing dietary levels of xylanase.

4. The viscosity of digesta in ileum was linearly decreased when dietary xylanase level increased (P < 0.05).

5. An increase in villus height of the duodenum and jejunum were observed with increasing dietary levels of xylanase (linear, P < 0.05).

6. Overall, the results showed that the effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on broiler performance was determined through effects on nutrient availability and intestinal morphology.     

Effects of dietary distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance,oxidative stress,and immune function in broiler chickens

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from corn contain relatively large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and some yeast components, which may increase oxidative stress and alter immune function, respectively, when fed to broilers. Therefore, the study was undertaken to assess the effects of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) on broilers under immunosuppressive challenge. One-day-old male broiler chickens (300) were assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates pretreatment. Birds were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 15% corn-based DDGS, respectively. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks in 2 phases. On day 21, serum IgA, IgG content and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) capacity were analyzed. Chickens were then randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups: negative control (NC) corn-soybean meal diet without dexamethasone (DEX) challenge, positive control (PC) corn-soybean meal diet with (DEX) challenge, 15% DDGS without DEX challenge (D), 15% DDGS with DEX (D+DEX). Based on these results, dietary DDGS did not influence ADG, ADFI and F:G of 21 d, 28 d and 42 d chicks (P > 0.05), however, DEX affected ADG and F:G of 28 d chicks remarkably (P < 0.05). Relative weights of liver, abdominal fat, spleen, thymus, and bursa were influenced by DEX challenge on d 28 (P < 0.05). DDGS reduced serum T-AOC, T-SOD, whereas increased IgA, IgG and MDA of 21-day-old broilers significantly (P < 0.05). Dietary DDGS also reduced liver T-SOD of 21-day-old broilers significantly (P < 0.05). Based on real-time PCR, 28 d chicks fed DDGS had a greater relative abundance of mRNA encoding IL-4 and IL-6 (P < 0.05), whereas DEX decreased the expression of GPX, IL-6, IL-10 (P < 0.05). Thus, 15% dietary DDGS inclusion has the beneficial effects on immune functions for broilers to some degree.     

Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity, and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens

Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition.     

蛋氨酸形式和饲粮蛋白质水平对黄羽肉鸡生产性能的影响

选用1日龄快长型岭南黄羽肉鸡公雏1500只,随机分为5个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复50只鸡,分别饲喂以下5种饲粮:正常蛋白质加Alimet饲粮(处理1)、正常蛋白质加DLM饲粮(处理2)、低蛋白质(比正常水平降低约1.5个百分点)加Alimet饲粮(处理3)、低蛋白质加DLM组饲粮(处理4)、正常蛋白质未加蛋氨酸饲粮(处理5)。结果表明,在等摩尔量有效成分添加基础上,Alimet比DLM更有利于提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能,降低饲料成本和死亡率;饲粮蛋白质水平和蛋氨酸形式对43～63日龄和0～63日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响存在互作效应,表现为在正常蛋白质水平时添加Alimet对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的改善效果优于DLM,且更有利于降低饲料成本,而在低蛋白质水平时添加Alimet和DLM则无显著差异;在本试验条件下,降低饲粮蛋白质水平会对黄羽肉鸡的生长性能、饲料成本和成活率产生不利影响。     

The effect of dietary supplementation with globin and spray-dried porcine plasma on performance,digestibility and histomorphological traits in broiler chickens

This study evaluated the effects of globin and spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on growth performance, digestibility, nitrogen retention, energy retention efficiency (ERE) and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 336-day-old male broiler chickens were reared from 1 to 40 days of age and fed 3 diets (8 replicates/diet, 14 birds/replicate) during 3 feeding phases: starter (1–12 days), grower (12–25 days) and finisher (25–40 days). Isonitrogenous diets were formulated by replacing gluten protein isolate contained in the control diet (C diet) with 2% (starter) or 1% (grower and finisher) spray-dried porcine plasma in the plasma diet (SDPP diet). The globin diet (G diet) was obtained by adding globin on the top of C diet at a dose of 0.08% for the whole rearing period. Total tract apparent digestibility (aD), nitrogen retention and ERE were assessed during the three growing phases. At 12  and 40 days of age, one bird per pen was slaughtered to sample gut, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius for histomorphological investigations. The SDPP diet increased body weights of chickens at 12 (+60 g; p < .001), 25 (+101 g; p < .001) and 40 days (+130 g; p = .018) of age compared to C and G diets. Also SDPP improved crude protein aD (+9.7%) and ERE (+12.3%) during the starter phase (p < .001). Dietary globin and SDPP inclusion did not affect either the gut morphology or the histopathological findings in birds at 12 and 40 days of age, despite a numerical (+6.90% and +7.40% respectively) villus height improvement in the SDPP group. Overall, these results confirm that dietary supplementation with SDPP and, to a lesser extent, with globin can improve growth performance and dietary protein and energy utilization in broiler chickens without effect on gut functionality.     

饲粮不同微量元素添加量对于黄羽肉鸡生长性能及组织微量元素沉积的影响

旨在研究饲粮中不同微量元素添加量对黄羽肉鸡生长性能及组织微量元素沉积的影响。选用1 800只黄羽肉鸡随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复75只。其中:第1组为大生产使用微量元素添加量,第2组为目前研究推荐的微量元素添加量,第3组为科宝公司推荐微量元素添加量,第4组为哈伯德公司推荐的微量元素添加量。结果:在第1组(大生产)的基础上下调铜、铁、锰、锌的添加量(第2、3、4组)对肉鸡生长性能和组织微量元素沉积无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示黄羽肉鸡饲料中铁、锌的适宜添加量低于《鸡饲养标准》的推荐量。     

Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance,carcass characteristics,and antioxidant status of broiler chickens

Abstract

An experiment was conducted using 720 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus root powder (AMP), Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antioxidant enzymes, and metabolites of blood and liver in broiler chickens. The six dietary treatments included a control that was a corn–soybean meal basal diet; basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg antibiotic; 350 mg/kg APS; or 5000, 10,000, or 15,000 mg/kg diet of AMP. Supplementation of 10,000 mg/kg AMP increased average daily gain and feed conversion rate of broilers in grower period (22–42 d) and over the entire experiment compared to basic diet. Responses of antioxidant status to dietary APS and AMP varied depending on the age of the broilers. Beneficial effects of AMP on growth and feed utilization of broilers could be obtained by inclusion of AMP at the rate of 10,000 mg/kg diet.     

理想氨基酸水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和屠体性状的影响

试验选用1日龄爱拔益加商品代肉仔鸡600只(公母各半),随机分为3个组,每组8个重复,每个重复25只鸡。分别饲喂高、中、低理想氨基酸水平的日粮,研究理想氨基酸水平对肉仔鸡生产性能和屠体性状的影响。结果表明,0~44日龄中氨基酸水平组和高氨酸水平组的出栏重显著高于低氨酸水平组(P<0.05)。高氨基酸水平组腹脂率显著低于低氨基酸水平组41.63%(P<0.05);高氨基酸水平组大腿肉率和净腿肉率均显著高于中和低氨基酸水平组(P<0.05)。