Measuring suitability of soybean products for early-weaned pigs with immunological criteria

Two trials were conducted to determine the suitability of soybean products for baby pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 40 and 48 in Trials 1 and 2, respectively) were infused orally (6 g/d) with dried skim milk, soybean meal (SBM, 48% CP); soy protein concentrate, moist extruded soy protein concentrate, or soy protein isolate from d 7 to 12 of age. Pigs were then fed a diet containing the same protein source for 1 (Trial 1) or 2 (Trial 2) wk after weaning (d 21 of age). To avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins, the dams of pigs were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan from d 109 of gestation. All pigs in Trial 1 were killed at 28 d of age, and samples of ileal digesta and small intestine were obtained. In Trial 2, the soy protein isolate was not included, and all pigs were fed a diet containing 4% soybean oil and 1.25% lysine for the last 3 wk of the trial. Growth performance, skin-fold thickness, after intradermal injection of extracts of the corresponding proteins, and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured. Results indicated that pigs fed diets containing SBM had lower (P less than .05) villus height and xylose absorption but higher (P less than .05) serum anti-soy IgG titers and increased skin-fold thickness compared with the mean of pigs given milk and all other soy treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig

An experiment was conducted to determine whether baby pigs develop hypersensitivity to dietary soybean proteins. Thirty-two pigs were orally infused with either dried skim milk (5 g/d; control) or soybean meal (48% CP; 5 g/d) from d 7 to 14 after birth. Sows were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan to avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed diets containing either soybean meal or milk proteins until d 56. One half of the pigs were killed at 28 d of age and the rest at 56 d of age. Segments of small intestine were collected, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated. At 28 d of age, pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had lower (P less than .05) villus height (221 vs 298 microns) and rate of gain (86 vs 204 g/d) than control pigs did. Pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal had higher (P less than .05) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to soybean protein than did pigs fed a milk protein-based diet. Blood and intestinal lymphocytes collected on d 28 and 56 did not exhibit any proliferative response when cultured with purified soy proteins (2.5 or 5 microns/ml). Phytohemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferations were higher (P less than .05) at d 56 than at d 28, but there were no differences attributable to protein source. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in skin-fold thickness measurements following intradermal injection with soy or milk proteins. Decreased villus height and increased serum IgG titers to soybean proteins coinciding with inferior performance of early weaned pigs fed diets containing soybean meal indicate that conventionally processed, commercial soybean meal may retain some antigens that can cause transient hypersensitivity in piglets.     

Effect of protein source and fumaric acid supplementation on apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients by young pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of DM and N by young pigs fed diets supplemented with different protein sources or organic acids. Pigs were surgically fitted with silicone cannulas at 2 wk of age. Following surgery, pigs were allowed to recuperate with their dams while suckling normally. After weaning at 24 d, pigs were assigned to treatment diets at 28 d of age. A 3-d adjustment and 4-d collection sequence was followed for the duration of the 4-wk experiment. Four treatment diets were fed in each experiment in a weekly rotation until each diet had been fed to each pig. Diet samples and digesta collected through the ileal cannulas were analyzed for chromic oxide (used as an indigestible marker), DM, and N. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed isolysinic (1.0%) corn-based diets supplemented with casein, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, or isolated soy protein. Casein addition resulted in improved DM (P less than .001) and N (P less than .05) digestibility but reduced gain (P less than .05) compared with the average of the soy protein sources. Nitrogen from diets formulated with soybean meal was digested more completely (P less than .05) than N from diets based on soy protein concentrate and isolated soy protein. Experiment 2 was an evaluation of the effect of dried skim milk (25%) and fumaric acid (2%) addition on apparent ileal digestibility of N and DM in corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of dried skim milk improved DM (P less than .01) and N (P less than .05) digestibility and daily gain (P less than .001). Fumaric acid supplementation did not affect nutrient digestibility or gain (P greater than .10).     

Effects of blood meal pH and irradiation on nursery pig performance

A total of 720 nursery pigs in three experiments were used to evaluate the effects of blood meal with different pH (a result of predrying storage time) and irradiation of spray-dried blood meal in nursery pig diets. In Exp. 1, 240 barrows and gilts (17 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of blood meal pH (7.4 to 5.9) in diets fed from d 10 to 31 postweaning (7.0 to 16.3 kg of BW). Different lots of dried blood meal were sampled to provide a range in pH. Overall (d 0 to 21), pigs fed diets containing blood meal had greater ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05) than pigs fed diets without blood meal. Ammonia concentrations in blood meal rose as pH decreased. However, blood meal pH did not influence (P > 0.16) ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed (G:F). In Exp. 2, 180 barrows (17 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of post drying pH (7.6 to 5.9) and irradiation (gamma ray, 9.5 kGy) of blood meal on growth performance of nursery pigs from d 5 to 19 postweaning (6.8 to 10.1 kg of BW). One lot of whole blood was isolated with 25% of the total lot dried on d 0, 3, 8, and 12 after collection to create a range in pH. Overall, pigs fed blood meal had improved G:F (P < 0.01) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Similar to Exp. 1, the ammonia concentration of blood meal increased with decreasing pH. Blood meal pH did not influence ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.21), but pigs fed irradiated blood meal (pH 5.9) had greater ADG and G:F (P < 0.05) than pigs fed nonirradiated blood meal (pH 5.9). In Exp. 3, 300 barrows (17 +/- 6 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of blood meal irradiation source (gamma ray vs. electron beam) and dosage (2.5 to 20.0 kGy) on growth performance of nursery pigs from d 4 to 18 postweaning (8.7 to 13.2 kg of BW). Overall, the mean of all pigs fed blood meal did not differ in ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.26) compared to pigs fed the control diet without blood meal. Pigs fed irradiated blood meal had a tendency (P < 0.10) for increased G:F compared with pigs fed nonirradiated blood meal. No differences in growth performance were detected between pigs fed blood meal irradiated by either gamma ray or electron beam sources (P > 0.26) or dosage levels (P > 0.11). These studies suggest that pH alone as an indicator of blood meal quality is not effective and irradiation of blood meal improved growth performance in nursery pigs.     

不同加工处理的大豆蛋白日粮对仔猪断奶后腹泻影响的研究

将36头35日龄断奶仔猪随机分为4组,分别喂给4种不同加工处理的大豆蛋白日粮(炒大豆曰粮、嘭化全脂大豆日粮、豆粕日粮和膨化豆粕日粮),每个处理3个重复,检测对仔猪皮褶厚度、木糖吸收能力、腹泻和粪中大肠肝菌的影响。结果表明,大豆蛋白都有一定程度的致敏性。膨化豆粕处理组仔猪皮褶厚度低于膨化全脂大豆和豆粕处理组仔猪(P<0.01),对木糖的吸收能力前者高于后二者(P<0.01);(?)以膨化豆粕日粮的仔猪的粪中大肠杆菌数比采食含有膨化全脂大豆和豆粕日粮(?)仔猪低(P<0.05),腹泻情况也明显好于其余各处理组仔猪,但无显著差异。     

饲粮蛋白源对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验选用64头25日龄杜×(大×长)三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4组:A、B、C为试验组,分别用猪肠膜蛋白粉(DPS)、大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)、喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)部分取代基础饲粮的鱼粉;D为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮(玉米-豆粕-鱼粉)。试验从仔猪25日龄断奶开始,70日龄结束。结果显示:试验组日增重均显著高于对照组,其中B组比对照组高13.18%(P<0.05);A组、C组分别比对照组高11.53%(P<0.05)、4.43%(P<0.05);B组和A组日增重差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著高于C组,分别高8.38%(P<0.05)、6.80%(P<0.05)。B组日采食量比对照组高4.82%(P<0.05),A组、C组与对照组相比,日采食量有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。A组、B组与对照组相比,料肉比有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,大豆浓缩蛋白、猪肠膜蛋白粉、猪血浆蛋白粉对早期(25日龄)断奶仔猪的饲喂效果均优于鱼粉,且大豆浓缩蛋白、猪肠膜蛋白粉对仔猪日增重的改善幅度大于喷雾干燥猪血浆蛋白粉(P<0.05)。     

Evaluation of soy protein concentrates in nursery pig diets

Four experiments were conducted with 730 weanling pigs to determine the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in diets for weanling pigs. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 14 postweaning and a common diet was fed from d 15 to 28 for Exp. 1, 2, and 3; experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 7 postweaning in Exp. 4. In Exp. 1, the 4 experimental diets included 1) a 0% soybean meal (SBM) diet containing animal protein sources; 2) a 40% SBM diet; or a 28.55% SPC (replacing the 40% SBM on a total Lys basis) diet from 3) source 1, or 4) source 2. Pigs fed diets containing either animal protein or 40% SBM had greater ADG and ADFI (P <0.05) than pigs fed either SPC source. In Exp. 2, the 5 experimental treatments included diets 2, 3, and 4 from Exp. 1, along with 14.28% SPC from each SPC source used in Exp. 1 (replacing half of the total Lys from the 40% SBM diet). From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 28, the SPC source x level interaction was significant for ADG (P <0.01) and was a tendency for ADFI (P <0.07). Replacing SBM with SPC from source 1 did not affect pig performance. However, replacing SBM with SPC from source 2 resulted in an improvement (quadratic, P <0.05) in ADG for pigs fed the diet containing 14.3% SPC, but resulted in no benefit from replacing all the SBM with SPC. Replacing SBM with SPC from either source improved G:F (quadratic, P <0.01), with the greatest G:F observed for pigs fed the diets with 14.3% SPC. Experiment 3 evaluated increasing levels of source 2 SPC, with treatments consisting of 1) 0% (40% SBM); 2) 7.14%; 3) 14.28%; 4) 21.42%; and 5) 28.55% SPC. There was a tendency for increased ADG (quadratic, P <0.06) and increased ADFI (quadratic, P <0.04) as inclusion of SPC in the diet increased. The gain-to-feed ratio improved (linear, P <0.01) as the SPC level in the diet increased. Inclusion of approximately 14 to 21% SPC from source 2 maximized pig performance. In Exp. 4, pigs were offered a choice of consuming the diets containing 40% SBM or 28.6% SPC from source 2. Daily feed intake was greater (P <0.0001) for the SBM diet (186 g/d) than for the SPC diet (5 g/d). Our results suggest that replacing a portion, but not all, of the high-SBM diet with SPC from source 2, but not from source 1, improves pig performance. The poor intake of pigs fed high levels of SPC may indicate a palatability problem, thus limiting its inclusion in nursery pig diets.     

Efficacy of initial postweaning diet and supplemental coconut oil or soybean oil for weanling swine

Two experiments involving a total of 581 crossbred pigs weaned at 23 +/- 2 d of age evaluated 1) the efficacy of two diets that contained milk products during the initial 14 d postweaning and 2) the effect of coconut oil or soybean oil additions to swine starter diets. In Exp. 1, postweaning performance responses of pigs fed a control corn-soybean meal-dried whey (C-SBM-DW) diet without added fat were compared with those of pigs consuming diets that contained 3, 6, or 9% levels of coconut oil or degummed soybean oil. The results demonstrated no beneficial weight gain, feed intake, or gain-to-feed ratio response during the initial 14 d postweaning to either dietary oil source. From 15 to 35 d, gains increased to the 6% added fat level, but there was no effect on feed intake when the gain-to-feed ratio was improved to the 9% fat level. In Exp. 2, two diets containing milk products were fed during the initial 14-d postweaning period. The first diet contained corn, soybean meal, dried whey, dried skim milk, and fishmeal (high nutrient dense diet, HNDD), and the second was a C-SBM diet with 25% dried whey. During the period from 15 to 35 d, diets contained no added fat or a 6% level of coconut oil, soybean oil, or the 1:1 combination of each at 3%. The results demonstrated that for the postweaning period from 0 to 14 d pigs fed the HNDD had higher gains (P less than .01), feed intakes (P less than .01), and gain-to-feed ratios (P less than .01) than pigs fed the C-SBM-DW diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal in postweaning diets on villus height (VH), villus shape and lamina propria depth (LPD) in the small intestine. Intestinal samples were taken at 25, 50 and 75% of the small intestine's length. The first experiment determined the normal effects of age on these structures in nursing pigs from 9 to 36 d of age. Villus height decreased (P less than .01 at the 50 and 75% locations) and LPD increased (P less than .01 at the 25% location) in a quadratic fashion with increasing age. In the second experiment, pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed one of three 20% protein diets: 1) protein from hydrolyzed casein (CAS), 2) soybean meal (SBM) or 3) a conventional corn-soybean meal diet (CSBM). Intestinal samples were taken 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 d post-weaning. Villus height decreased dramatically the first 3 d postweaning, with a continuing decline until 12 d post-weaning. Averaged over the d 3 to 15 interval, VH were generally greater for pigs fed CAS than for pigs fed CSBM or SBM. Pigs fed SBM or CSBM had deformed villi, and pigs fed SBM had greater (P less than .05) LPD at all intestinal locations, suggesting less mature enterocytes on the villi. These data suggest that feeding high concentrations of soybean meal to the pig post-weaning has a detrimental effect on the small intestine, but this effect was minimized when soybean meal was fed as part of a corn-based diet.     

Effect of irradiation of individual feed ingredients and the complete diet on nursery pig performance

A total of 1,210 nursery pigs was used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of irradiation of typical nursery diet ingredients, specialty protein products, and the whole diet on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, 880 barrows and gilts (15 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used in two growth trials (14 d and 12 d for Trials 1 and 2, respectively) to determine the effects of individual ingredient and whole-diet irradiation on nursery pig performance. Overall (d 0 to 14 of Trial 1 and d 0 to 12 of Trial 2), ADG was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed irradiated animal plasma compared with pigs fed the control, the diet containing irradiated microingredients, and the diet that was manufactured and irradiated. Also, pigs fed irradiated soybean meal had greater (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with pigs fed the manufactured diet that was irradiated. Pigs fed the diet containing irradiated animal plasma had improved feed efficiency (G:F; P < 0.05) compared with those fed the diet with irradiated microingredients and when all ingredients were irradiated before manufacturing of complete feed. Finally, pigs fed irradiated corn, whey, fishmeal, soybean oil, microingredients, or if all ingredients or the whole diet were irradiated, had similar ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P > 0.12) to control pigs. In Exp. 2, 330 nursery pigs (20 +/- 2 d of age at weaning) were used to determine the effects of irradiation of commercially available specialty protein products in diets for nursery pigs. Overall, ADG was greater (P < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets containing nonirradiated spray-dried animal plasma and egg combination (SDAPE) and dried porcine digest (DPD) compared with pigs fed the control diet containing no specialty protein products. In addition, G:F was improved (P < 0.05) when pigs were fed diets containing nonirradiated SDAPE, DPD, spray-dried beef muscle (SDBM), and spray-dried whole egg (SDWE) compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed irradiated SDAPE and SDBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the nonirradiated forms. Pigs fed irradiated SDBM had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed the nonirradiated form. In Exp. 1 and 2, an irradiation treatment level of 8.5 kGy was effective in reducing the total bacterial concentration of all ingredients evaluated, as well as the whole diet in Exp.1. Irradiation of certain ingredients, but not the complete diet, increased growth performance of nursery pigs.     

补料及开食料中不同种类蛋白质对仔猪过敏反应及腹泻程度的影响

用３周龄断奶仔猪研究了补料和开食料中不同蛋白料对断奶后的过敏反应和腹泻程度的影响、补饲和开食料中分别以玉米－豆饼、豆饼、醇处理豆饼或乳蛋白为唯一蛋白来源的补料。仔猪７日龄开始补饲，试验至３５日龄结束。结果表明，断奶后保持蛋白来源不变时仔猪的过敏和腹泻程度比改用复合开食料时低，木糖吸收和养分消化率高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但补豆饼组例外；乳蛋白引起的过敏反应最弱，腹泻程度最低，木糖吸收率和养分消化率最高，豆饼引起的腹泻最严重，腹泻开始最早，持续时间最长，木糖吸收率和养分消化率最低，玉米－豆饼和醇处理豆饼引起的腹泻程度居中（Ｐ＜０．０５）；断奶各组３５日龄木糖吸收率极显著高于２８ｍ日龄吸收率（Ｐ＜０．０１），但低于不断奶的对照组相应值（Ｐ＜０．０１）。粪中大肠杆菌计数表明，腹泻程度与微生物增殖无关。由此认为，肠道对日粮抗原过敏是仔猪断奶后腹泻的主要原因；过敏和耐受程度及补饲约影响取决于日粮蛋白质种类。     

Evaluation of the effect of fumaric acid and sodium bicarbonate addition on performance of starter pigs fed diets of different types.

Three growth experiments were conducted to assess the effect of fumaric acid (FA) supplementation on the performance of pigs fed different types of diets. These 4-wk experiments involved 550 crossbred pigs weaned at 30 +/- 3 d of age. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed either a simple corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or a 75% corn-SBM, 25% dried skim milk (DSM) diet. Zero, 2, or 3% FA were added to the diets to create a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Supplementing diets with DSM improved gain (P less than .05) and gain/feed (P less than .001). Fumaric acid addition improved efficiency of feed utilization (P less than .01). Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of protein source (casein or soy protein concentrate [SPC]) on the response to 3% FA. Sodium bicarbonate (BCB; 2.75%) was added to one diet containing casein and FA to negate the effect of FA on growth performance. Addition of FA improved gain and feed efficiency (P less than .05) during the first 2 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in weaned pigs

A total of 180 weanling pigs (21 ± 3 d of age; 5.98 ± 0.04 kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora. Based on initial BW, gender and litter, the pigs were given 5 treatments during a 14-d feeding experiment, including a basal diet (control), 3 diets with COS supplementation (200, 400, or 600 mg/kg), and a diet with colistin sulfate (CSE) supplementation (20 mg/kg). Six randomly selected pigs from each treatment were used to collect serum, duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and cecal samples on d 7 and 14 postweaning. From d 1 to 7 postweaning, pigs fed COS or CSE had greater ADG and ADFI compared with the control pigs. From d 1 to 14, diets with either 400 or 600 mg/kg COS, or 20 mg/kg CSE increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with the control diet. No significant differences were observed in ADG, ADFI, and G:F between the pigs fed COS and CSE. Pigs fed either 400 or 600 mg/kg COS, or 20 mg/kg CSE had less (P < 0.05) diamine oxidase (DAO) in the serum, but greater concentration of (P < 0.05) DAO in jejunal mucosa, than the control pigs on d 7 postweaning. Treatments did not affect villous height and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum. Pigs fed COS at 400 mg/kg had greater (P < 0.05) concentration of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the cecum than pigs fed the control diet and CSE diet on d 7 postweaning. Supplementation of COS or CSE decreased (P < 0.05) the population of cecal Staphylococcus aureus compared with the control diet on d 7 postweaning. The number of cecal Bifidobacteria in pigs fed 600 mg/kg COS was greater (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed the control diet or CSE diet on d 14 postweaning. No significant differences were observed in Escherichia coli counts in the cecum among treatments. The present results indicate that dietary supplementation of COS at 400 or 600 mg/kg promotes growth performance and improves gut barrier function, increases the population of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, and decreases S. aureus in the cecum of weanling pigs.     

Effect of select menhaden fish meal in starter diets for pigs

Two trials were conducted to evaluate a select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) as a protein source in starter diets for 390, 3-wk-old weaned pigs. Initial weights averaged 4.8 and 5.5 kg in Trials 1 and 2, and trials were conducted for 5 and 4 wk, respectively. Diets in Trial 1 were formulated by substituting levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20% SMFM for soybean meal plus corn on a protein basis. The 20% fish meal diet contained no soybean meal; all diets contained between 19.8 and 20.2% CP, between 1.34 and 1.40% lysine and 25% dried whey. Replacement of soy protein with fish meal elicited a quadratic improvement (P = .01) in cumulative ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by the end of wk 5. The diet containing 8% SMFM resulted in the maximum observed ADG; however, the maximum ADFI occurred in pigs fed the diet containing 12% SMFM. Breakpoint analysis indicated that 4.5 and 9.3% SMFM maximized ADG and ADFI, respectively. Addition of SMFM did not affect efficiency of feed utilization (F/G). In Trial 2, a 2 X 3 factorial with two levels of dried whey (10 or 20%) and three levels of SMFM (0, 4 or 8%), a SMFM X dried whey interaction (P less than .05) was observed for cumulative ADG and F/G by the of wk 4 with greater benefit from SMFM with 10% than with 20% dried whey.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of different protein sources on growth and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs

Crossbred gilts (n = 180) and barrows (n = 180) from the Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Center and the University of Illinois (UI) were used to compare the effect of soybean meal in swine diets, relative to other protein sources, on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. Four replications with five pigs each at each location were allotted to nine dietary treatments: soybean meal control (SBM), crystalline AA (corn-AA), extruded soybeans (ESB), canola meal (CAN), peanut meal (PNT), sunflower meal (SFLR), ground peas, meat and bone meal (MBM), and poultry by-product meal (PLTY). The diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient requirements and to have equal Lys:ME according to dietary phase and sex. Corn was the grain source in all diets and the protein sources were the sole source of supplemental protein in all diets except when AA were added to meet the requirement. Pigs (three per pen at each location) were killed at an average final BW of 114 kg in the LSU or UI Meat Science Laboratories. Pigs fed SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the corn-AA, CAN, SFLR, MBM, or PLTY and greater (P < 0.05) ADFI relative to pigs fed the corn-AA, ESB, MBM, or PLTY. Gain:feed was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn-AA or SFLR but increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ESB compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Loin muscle area was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the corn-AA or MBM diets compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Tenth-rib backfat thickness was greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM than in those fed SBM. The NPPC percentage acceptable quality lean and kilograms of lean were decreased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM compared with those fed SBM. Results from this experiment suggest that pigs fed SBM have equal or better growth performance and carcass traits than pigs fed other protein sources.     

The effects of poultry meal source and ash level on nursery pig performance

Weanling pigs (total of 560) were used in two experiments to determine the effects of poultry meal in nursery diets on pig performance. In Exp. 1,210 barrows and gilts (initially 7.4 kg and 21 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of five diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products or (as-fed basis) the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, or 2.9 or 5.9% poultry meal (11.8% ash). Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets containing fish meal had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than pigs fed poultry meal. Increasing fish meal tended to have increased (quadratic, P < 0.07) ADG, with the greatest improvement observed in pigs fed the diet containing 2.5% fish meal. Pigs fed diets containing fish meal had improved (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing poultry meal. In Exp. 2, a total of 350 barrows and gilts (initially 8.9 kg and 22 +/- 2 d of age) were fed one of seven experimental diets, which included a control diet with no specialty protein products, or the control with 2.5 or 5.0% fish meal, 2.9 or 5.8% low-ash (10.9%) poultry meal, and 3.1 or 6.2% high-ash (13.5%) poultry meal. Poultry meal replaced fish meal on an equal lysine basis. Overall (d 0 to 15), there were no differences in ADG and ADFI (P = 0.14); however, pigs fed diets containing fish meal or poultry meal had improved (linear, P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets containing low-ash poultry meal had greater (P < 0.01) G:F compared with pigs fed diets containing high-ash poultry meal. Based on these data, quality control specifications, such as ash content, need to be considered when using poultry meal as an animal protein replacement in diets for nursery pigs.     

Effect of weaning, week postweaning and diet composition on pancreatic and small intestinal luminal lipase response in young swine

The effects of weaning, week postweaning and diet composition on concentration of lipase in the pancreas and small intestinal lumen were investigated in weanling swine. In Exp. 1, lipase levels were evaluated in suckling pigs from 2 to 35 d of age and in pigs weaned at 21 or 35 d of age. Pigs weaned at 21 d of age were fed a corn-soybean meal diet with lipase levels measured from 3 to 28 d postweaning. Pancreas weights increased during the suckling period; they were lowered at 3 d postweaning and were lower at 7 d postweaning than in suckling pigs but increased linearly from 3 to 28 d postweaning. Lipase level per unit wet tissue and total pancreatic levels increased from 2 to 35 d of age in suckling pigs (P less than .01). Weaning at 21 d of age resulted in a decline (P less than .05) in lipase levels in the pancreas at 3 and 7 d postweaning, but the levels subsequently tended to increase between 7 and 28 d postweaning. Whereas relative lipase levels in the intestinal lumen increased from 2 to 35 d of age in suckling pigs, total luminal enzyme did not decline upon weaning when pigs were weaned at either 21 or 35 d of age. Total luminal lipase per unit empty body increased linearly (P less than .01) each week postweaning. In Exp. 2, a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of corn oil (0 or 6%) and dried whey (0 or 25%) was used to evaluate digestive lipase levels in pigs weaned at 21 d of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evaluating processing temperature and feeding value of extruded-expelled soybean meal on nursery and finishing pig growth performance

We conducted two experiments comparing the use of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESoy) to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the optimal processing temperature of EESoy for nursery pig growth performance. Pigs (n = 330, 13.2 +/- 2.3 kg of BW) were fed a control diet containing SBM with added fat or one of five diets containing EESoy extruded at 143.3, 148.9, 154.4, 160.0, or 165.6 degrees C. All diets were formulated on an equal apparent digestible lysine:ME ratio. From d 0 to 20, no differences were observed (P > 0.32) in ADG or ADFI (average of 544 and 924 g/d, respectively). However, gain:feed ratio (G/F) improved (quadratic, P < 0.01, range of 0.56 to 0.60) with increasing processing temperature, with the greatest improvement at 148.9 degrees C. In Exp. 2, the objective was to determine the feeding value of EESoy relative to SBM with or without added fat for growing-finishing pigs in a commercial production facility. A total of 1,200 gilts (initially 24.5 +/- 5.1 kg of BW) was used, with 25 pigs per pen and eight replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two sources of soybean meal (SBM or EESoy) and three levels of added fat. Pigs were phase-fed four diets over the experimental period and added fat (choice white grease) levels were 0, 3.4, and 7% initially, with the added fat levels decreasing in the next three dietary phases. Energy levels were based such that the higher energy in EESoy (with or without added fat) was calculated to be equal to that provided by SBM with added fat. From 24.5 to 61.2 kg, pigs fed EESoy had greater (P < 0.07) G/F than those fed SBM. Increasing added fat in either EESoy- or SBM-based diets increased G/F (linear, P < 0.0003). From 61.2 to 122.5 kg, ADG and G/F were unaffected in pigs fed EESoy and/or increasing added fat (P > 0.10). For the overall growing-finishing period, ADG was unaffected (P > 0.61) by increasing energy density of the diet; however, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G/F increased (P < 0.02, range of 0.37 to 0.40) as energy density increased with either EESoy or added fat. Carcass leanness was not affected by dietary treatment. These results indicate that EESoy should be extruded at 148.9 to 154.4 degrees C, and that increasing dietary energy density by using EESoy and/or added fat improves feed efficiency in finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment.     

Feed preference in pigs: effect of selected protein, fat, and fiber sources at different inclusion rates

Three double-choice feeding experiments were conducted to study the effect of different feedstuffs on feed preference in pigs. Fifteen protein sources, 6 fat sources, and 3 fiber sources were evaluated in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pigs were offered a series of double choices between a common reference diet and the diet with the ingredient under evaluation. The reference diet contained a soybean meal product with 56% CP (SBM-56), sunflower oil, and wheat bran, which were considered as the feedstuffs of reference for the protein, fat, and fiber sources, respectively. Preference, expressed as percentage of the tested diet to total feed intake, was affected by feedstuff nature and by its inclusion rate. In Exp. 1, feeds with fish meal at 50 and 100 g·kg?1, dried porcine hydrolyzed protein at 50 g·kg?1, and lupine, soybean meal with 44% CP, and dried skim milk at 100 g·kg?1 were preferred (P < 0.05) to the reference feed with SBM-56. On the contrary, relative to SBM-56, an avoidance (preference less than 50%) was observed for potato protein at all inclusion rates tested, rapeseed meal and acid milk whey at 100 and 200 g·kg?1, and dried porcine hydrolyzed protein, soybean protein concentrate, wheat gluten, and sunflower meal at 200 g·kg(-1). The storage of dried skim milk, soybean protein concentrate, and potato protein for 10 mo resulted in a reduction (P < 0.001) of their preference values. In Exp. 2, the feed with palm oil (at 30 g·kg?1) was preferred (P < 0.05), whereas feeds with linseed oil (at 30 and 100 g·kg?1) and soybean oil (at 100 g·kg?1) were avoided (P < 0.05) when contrasted with the reference feed with sunflower oil. Finally, in Exp. 3 diets with dehydrated alfalfa and sugar beet pulp at 130 g·kg?1 had a reduced (P < 0.05) preference compared with the reference diet with wheat bran. It is concluded that feedstuff nature, inclusion rate, and freshness affect feed preference in pigs. Feedstuff preferences should be taken into account during diet formulation, particularly at critical stages such as immediately after weaning.     

Effects of stachyose on performance, diarrhoea incidence and intestinal bacteria in weanling pigs.

A three-week trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the oligosaccharide stachyose on performance, diarrhoea incidence and intestinal bacterial populations in weaned pigs (7.96 +/- 0.2kg). A total of 144 crossbred (Landrace x Large White x Duroc) pigs weaned at 28 days were allotted to one of four treatments with six pens per treatment and six pigs per pen. The experimental diets were based on maize, dried whey and whole-fat milk and were supplemented with 0, 1 or 2% stachyose. A fourth diet contained no milk but instead contained 20% soybean meal to provide 0.78% stachyose and 0.21% raffinose. Inclusion of 1 or 2% stachyose in the diet depressed growth compared with pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the soybean meal diet gained weight at a rate similar to pigs fed the diet containing 1% added stachyose. Diarrhoea incidence was highest for pigs fed the soybean meal diet and lowest for pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed the diets containing stachyose being intermediate. Pigs fed 1% stachyose had more lactobacilli in the ileum as well as more bifidobacteria in the caecum and colon than control pigs. They also had fewer enterobacteria in the colon. In contrast, pigs fed the diet containing 2% stachyose had fewer lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the jejunum, ileum and caecum than did control pigs. Volatile fatty acids in the ileum, caecum and colon were highest for pigs fed 1% stachyose and lowest for pigs fed 2% stachyose. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different between pigs fed the soybean meal diet and those fed the control. The overall results of this experiment indicate that the oligosaccharide stachyose had a negative effect on pig performance and its presence may partially explain the poorer performance observed when soybean meal is used as the sole source of supplemental protein in cereal-based diets fed to weaned pigs.