棉籽糖对东方蜜蜂存活率的影响

用不同浓度棉籽糖的蔗糖溶液与纯蔗糖溶液分别饲喂东方蜜蜂（Apiscerana）,比较棉籽糖及其不同浓度对东方蜜蜂存活情况的影响,结果表明：对照组蜜蜂的平均寿命（6．49±0．23d）显著高于试验组;用不同浓度的棉籽糖饲喂蜜蜂,其中在5％棉籽糖条件下,蜜蜂的平均寿命最短（2．63±0．21d）,而在1％棉籽糖条件下最长（5．01±0．19d）,二者差异显著。用5％棉籽糖饲喂蜜蜂时,其存活率下降最快,在5d内全部死亡。     

中蜂饲喂要点

<正>一些初养蜂者,蜂群越喂越少,是不得要领。对蜜蜂长期饲喂的结果,最终使该种蜂种南野生变成家养。下面阐述本人在中蜂饲喂中用糖的一些要点。饲喂主要有补充饲喂和奖励饲喂。补充饲喂是解决巢中贮蜜不足,蜂群饥饿的问题,用收存的封盖蜜或未封盖蜜为最好,不耗蜂,不盗蜜,如果用糖浆则浓度65~70%为好,连续饲喂,直到喂足,以见巢脾有1~3寸宽封盖蜜为度。奖励饲喂以调动蜂群积极性为主,糖水浓度15~25%为好,每日1次或隔日1次,以不压子圈     

春繁饲喂面面观

早春阶段,外界温度低于10℃以下,蜜蜂无法出巢采集,繁殖阶段蜂群缺饲料,就必须饲喂.饲喂是个技术活儿,有许多地方需要特别注意,否则会影响繁殖. 一、饲喂方法 1.糖溶液的配置 饲喂砂糖兑多少水要看是补充饲喂还是奖励饲喂.巢内饲料蜜非常缺乏,或者已经消耗殆尽,必须立刻饲喂,最好先用留存蜜脾饲喂.如果是喂砂糖,配比浓度应高...     

蜜蜂的饲喂与注意事项

正蜜蜂的饲喂是养蜂生产的重要手段之一。对其饲喂的时间、方式以及饲喂量的大小有着严格的要求,科学、规范地进行饲喂,会对养蜂生产带来巨大的影响。在养蜂生产中要遵循一条基本原则,即"该取则取,该喂则喂"。蜜蜂的饲料主要有糖饲料、花粉饲料(蛋白质饲料)、盐和水。一、糖饲料的饲喂糖饲料(蜂蜜和优质蔗糖)是蜜蜂最主要的饲料,为蜂群的发展乃至存活提供最重要的支撑。饲喂方式主要有两种:补充饲喂和奖励饲喂。具体饲喂方式多采     

盒式蜜蜂自控饲喂器的研制报告

研制了一种体积小、使用方便、能够自动控制和调节的蜜蜂饲喂器。分别用清水、1:0.7和1:0.5糖浆对本饲喂器的自控性能进行了试验:a.自控灵敏度(从溶液进入饲喂器到实现自动控制的时间):水为5～15秒钟;1:0.7糖浆30～40秒钟;1:0.5糖浆40～60秒钟。b.流速(20群蜜蜂为一组糖水全部进入饲喂器的时间):水3分钟;1:0.7糖浆10～15分钟;1:0.5糖浆10～20分钟。c.饲喂效果(20群蜜蜂为一组、平均群势8框蜂):1:0.7糖浆饲喂总量10小时可达40～50公斤;平均每群进糖量为2～2.5公斤。结果表明:本饲喂器自控灵敏度高,饲喂效果好,使用本饲喂器比传统饲喂方法提高工效20～30倍,能够满足蜜蜂在各种情况下饲喂的需要,具备喂糖、喂水两种功能。     

蜂用饲料土糖室内生的的毒性检测

取少量不同类别的蜂用饲料土糖为被检物，以正常无毒蜂用饲料为对照。经处理，分别饲喂笼养供试蜜蜂，在密蜂适宜的湿度条件下，观察记录组蜜蜂的死亡，存活数及蜜蜂的死亡，存活率，判定土糖对蜜蜂有无毒性及毒性的大小，可否充当蜂用饲料。蜂用饲较土糖，，通过室内蜜蜂的毒性检测，可避免蜂场盲目饲喂有毒土糖造成经济损失；也为土糖的再利用提供毒性依据。     

探究中华蜜蜂对食盐浓度的偏好

盐是我们日常生活中不可缺少的物质,主要成分是氯化钠。有些养蜂师傅通常会在给蜜蜂饲喂糖浆或喂水时加入少量食盐,可是关于蜜蜂采盐的研究却很少。通过往糖水中添加氯化钠配制成不同浓度的盐糖水,用未添加氯化钠的糖水作为对照,对中华蜜蜂进行奖励饲喂,记录中华蜜蜂对不同盐浓度糖水的选择情况。结果显示,中华蜜蜂对低浓度的盐有采集偏好,当盐浓度超过一定值就表现为趋避反应。     

中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂对糖浓度的反应

为了研究蜜蜂嗅觉反应,选取葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖,将浓度为1%,3%,5%,7%的糖对饿过2 h的蜜蜂进行不接触刺激,观察蜜蜂吻伸展的情况.结果表明:当糖浓度在1%～5%时,随着糖浓度增加,中蜂和意蜂吻伸展率都显著性增大;糖浓度为1%和3%时,中蜂显著偏好于蔗糖,但当浓度等于或高于5%时,中蜂吻伸展率在各类糖之间差异不显著.意蜂在糖浓度为1%时,蜜蜂偏好于蔗糖和果糖,但当浓度等于或高于3%时,则蜜蜂吻伸展率在各类糖之间差异不显著.     

挂瓶饲喂法

<正>挂瓶饲喂法是为了给蜂群补钙治疗白垩病而设想的一种饲喂方法,主要用于给蜂群喂水,能有效控制采水蜂不到外界采水,它优于其他喂水方法。在采蜜期用此法通过喂水给蜂群补钙,在早春繁殖期给蜂群喂水,还可将瓶倒挂在箱内给蜂群喂糖,也可用于对越冬缺蜜蜂群急救。一、挂瓶饲喂器的制作方法有两种第一种,取普通玻璃酒瓶1个,再用1根长60 cm的22或24号铁丝,将其一端在离瓶口4 cm的瓶颈上     

蜜蜂拉稀的防患

蜜蜂拉稀也叫腹泻、拉肚子,属于肠道疾病,一年四季均有发生。越冬期,遇到适宜天气,蜜蜂大量出巢,满天飞翔,到处拉撒;春夏秋繁蜂时期,幼蜂大量出巢试飞,到处拉撒,凡是拉撒黄色稀便的都叫拉稀。病从口入,蜜蜂食了劣质糖液,或者吸吮了渗入巢内的雨水或是巢内蒸腾的水汽,均会导致蜜蜂拉肚子。关于拉稀的防患应做好以下几项工作。(1)不论饲喂或奖饲,均要选购优质白砂糖,不能为了节省开支,买劣质糖喂蜂,造成得不偿失的后患。糖水配比:饲喂越冬蜂的糖液糖水比例要达到1∶0.7的浓度;春繁、夏繁、秋繁奖励饲喂,均用1∶1的糖液较为适宜。(2)开有后窗的…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.