Isoflavone transformation during soybean koji preparation and subsequent miso fermentation supplemented with ethanol and NaCl

Soybeans were soaked with water for 4 h, steam-cooked, inoculated with the conidia of Aspergillus oryzae, and incubated for 3 days for koji preparation. The koji was then mixed with water-soaked and steam-cooked soybeans (1:2, w/w), ground into paste, and supplemented with 15% ethanol and 12.5% NaCl or 3% ethanol and 6% NaCl for miso fermentation at 30 degrees C. Daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein contents were extracted from the lyophilized and pulverized soybean powder or from the miso homogenate by a developed one-tube procedure and analyzed with an HPLC. After water soaking, daidzein and genistein contents increased markedly, whereas daidzin and genistin contents decreased. Further increases of daidzein and genistein contents and decreases of daidzin and genistin contents were observed after koji mold growth. During fermentation, fungal and lactic acid bacterial (LAB) growth in the miso products was inhibited, whereas soluble protein contents increased much more rapidly in the low-salt miso products supplemented with 3% ethanol and 6% NaCl than the other products. When the 4- and 8-week-fermented miso products were cooked with tofu for sensory evaluation, flavor ratings of the low-salt products were higher than that of a popular commercial product. In both products, the most daidzins and genistins were hydrolyzed after 4 weeks of fermentation. The hydrolytic enzymes contributing to isoflavone transformation originated from soybeans after water soaking and from koji with mold growth. It was of merit that the low-salt fermented products were fairly acceptable in flavor rating and rich in daidzein and genistein contents after 4 weeks of fermentation.     

施有机肥及套袋对鸭梨果实风味品质的影响

为探讨施有机肥和套袋对鸭梨果实风味品质的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）及高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）,研究了生长期施有机肥和套袋对鸭梨果实挥发性成分、 糖类和有机酸组分等风味物质的组成和含量的影响。结果表明, 供试鸭梨共检测到挥发性物质3类30种,其中酯类26种、 烯类3种、 醇类1种。施有机肥和套袋改变了鸭梨果实的特征香气成分的种类和含量。施用有机肥使套袋和不套袋鸭梨香气物质种类分别增加8种和6种,香气物质总量分别增加182.89%和127.16%。套袋使施有机肥和复合肥鸭梨的香气物质种类分别减少了8种和10种,香气物质总量分别减少66.32%和72.98%。不同处理鸭梨共检测到4种糖、 7种有机酸组分,其中糖组分主要为果糖,其次为蔗糖、 山梨醇、 葡萄糖; 有机酸组分主要为苹果酸,其次为乙酸、 柠檬酸、 莽草酸、 奎宁酸、 酒石酸、 琥珀酸。施用有机肥使鸭梨糖总量和酸总量升高,套袋使鸭梨糖总量和有机酸总量降低。施有机肥使鸭梨果实香气物质种类和含量增加,糖类和有机酸含量升高,而套袋使鸭梨果实香气物质种类和含量减少,糖类和有机酸含量降低。     

Enhancement of tofu isoflavone recovery by pretreatment of soy milk with koji enzyme extract

Isoflavones are novel nutraceutical constituents of soybeans, but considerable amounts are lost in the whey during conventional tofu manufacturing. In this study, in a small-scale process, 2 mL of koji enzyme extract (soybean koji/deionized water, 1/3, w/v) was combined with 600 mL of soy milk, and 30 mL aliquots were incubated at 35 degrees C for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 300 min, for enzyme pretreatment. After each treatment time, soy milk was heated to 85 degrees C, CaSO4 was added to aggregate protein, and the mixture was centrifuged to separate the solids (tofu) from the whey. The tofu yield and moisture contents from soy milk treated for 30 or 60 min were higher than those from soy milk treated for 0 (control), 120, or 300 min. The protein content of freeze-dried tofu varied in a limited range, and native PAGE and SDS-PAGE patterns revealed slight quantitative and qualitative variations among products. Soy milk daidzein and genistein contents increased while daidzin and genistin contents decreased as the time of enzyme pretreatment of the soy milk increased. After 30 min of pretreatment, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein contents recovered in tofu products were higher than those of the control. In a pilot-scale process, aliquots (3 L) of soy milk were enzyme-treated for 30 min, aggregated with CaSO4, and hydraulically pressed to remove the whey. As in pretreatments, soy milk daidzein and genistein contents increased while daidzin and genistin contents decreased. In a comparison of the control and enzyme-treated tofu products, the total recoveries of daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein in the tofu products increased from 54.9% to 64.2%. When the tofu products were subjected to a sensory panel test, both products were judged acceptable.     

红曲中非酿酒酵母的分离鉴定及其对黄酒风味成分的影响

为探究红曲中非酿酒酵母对黄酒风味成分的影响,首先对红曲中的酵母菌株进行分离纯化,并采用分子生物学方法进行鉴定,然后将分离的非酿酒酵母菌株分别与红曲霉相结合,以纯种发酵的方式酿造红曲黄酒,分析各酒样中有机酸、氨基酸、挥发性物质等风味成分的组成及含量。结果表明,分离获得的4株非酿酒酵母CKS-2为威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces sp.)、CKS-3为季也蒙毕赤酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii)、CKS-4为胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、CKS-7为德尔布有孢酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii),其中,CKS-7具有较好的产乙醇和苹果酸能力,发酵酒样中丝氨酸、组氨酸、色氨酸和亮氨酸的含量也较高,并且具有良好的合成2-苯乙醇、异戊醇、棕榈酸乙酯等挥发性风味成分的能力。本研究对红曲黄酒品质提升,以及筛选潜在可应用于红曲黄酒酿造的优良非酿酒酵母菌株具有一定作用。     

设施油桃果实发育过程中有机酸代谢的研究

以设施栽培"超红珠"油桃为试材,测定了果实发育过程有机酸含量及相关代谢酶——柠檬酸合酶(CS)、苹果酸酶(ME)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性,并对果实中有机酸积累及酶活性的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明:随油桃果实发育,其有机酸含量呈先升高后降低趋势,于盛花后49d达到最高值;苹果酸含量与总有机酸含量变化趋势相似;柠檬酸含量呈逐渐升高趋势,至果实成熟有所降低;果实成熟期苹果酸与柠檬酸含量相近。有机酸相关代谢酶CS活性变化与柠檬酸含量相关性不大;果实发育后期ME活性逐渐升高,促进了苹果酸的降解和转化;MDH活性变化与苹果酸含量显著相关。因此抑制果实发育前期MDH的活性、促进果实发育后期ME的活性可以降低果实酸含量,提高糖酸比。     

自动化机械发酵食醋过程中品质变化规律

为全面了解转鼓式反应器固态发酵食醋过程中主要成分和风味物质的动态变化规律,该文对反应器发酵食醋过程进行跟踪取样,利用高效液相色谱、固相微萃取技术、气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对酒精、总酸、还原糖、氨基态氮、有机酸、挥发性风味物质含量变化进行实时监测,结合主成分分析方法,探究食醋不同发酵阶段的风味物质差异。结果表明,酒精含量在发酵0～4 d内迅速增加,随后逐渐下降至零;总酸含量呈现先快速上升后缓慢上升的趋势;还原糖含量呈先快速下降后逐渐上升,最后逐渐下降的趋势;氨基态氮呈现先快速上升后缓慢上升的趋势;乙酸和乳酸是主要的有机酸,整个发酵过程中,乙酸含量持续增加,乳酸含量呈先上升后下降趋势,其他有机酸含量较少,发酵期间变化波动相对较小;共检测出64种挥发性风味物质,包括酯类25种,醇类12种,酸类6种,酚类5种,醛类5种,酮类6种,杂环类5种;发酵前、中、后期的重要挥发性物质分别是醇类化合物、酯类和醛类化合物、酸类化合物。该结果为推进转鼓式固态发酵食醋反应器的实际生产应用提供了理论基础和数据参考。     

喷施不同叶面肥对冬枣品质的影响

[目的]利用"沾化冬枣",在陕西省科学院大荔现代农业科技示范基地露地栽培条件下,研究叶面喷施SOD,富硒肥和噻苯隆对冬枣品质的影响。[方法]利用钼蓝比色法、氢氧化钠滴定法和紫外分光光度法等方法测定不同处理之下果实品质指标。[结果](1)叶面喷SOD肥可显著提高冬枣可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量,降低Vc和有机酸含量,降低采摘后15和30d的果实密度;显著提高了采摘期和采后24d的果实红色度,提早果实转色,促使冬枣提前上市,降低烂果率。(2)喷富硒叶面肥可显著提高果实中硒含量,提高果实可溶性糖含量,降低Vc和有机酸含量。(3)叶面喷施噻苯隆混合叶面肥,可提高冬枣可溶性糖、可溶性固形物和有机酸含量,降低采摘后15d的果实密度,但采摘后30d果实密度大于对照;推迟果实转色,促使冬枣延后上市,延长了冬枣市场供应期,降低烂果率,提高经济效益。[结论]叶面喷施SOD,富硒肥和噻苯隆对冬枣品质产生了重要影响,它们在一定程度上提高了果实品质,其中喷施富硒肥可以提高果实的营养品质和保健功能,喷施SOD和噻苯隆则分别利于果实的提前和延后上市,延长冬枣货架期,提高经济效益。     

外源腐殖酸对棕壤有机磷组分的影响

采用Bowman和Cole提出的有机磷分组方法,对施入外源腐殖酸条件下,不同时期棕壤有机磷的组成变化进行测定。结果表明,施入外源腐殖酸,在培养的各个时期,有机磷各组分所占比例的基本格局没有改变,依然是中等活性有机磷>中等稳定性有机磷>高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷。施入外源腐殖酸后,在培养的30 d,活性有机磷均下降;在培养的60 d和90 d,施入高量腐殖酸的土壤,活性有机磷升高。施入外源腐殖酸,在培养的各个时期均可明显增加中等活性有机磷的含量,特别是在施入高量腐殖酸时增加的最多;同时还可降低中等稳定性有机磷的含量,在施入高量腐殖酸时降低的最多。     

硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株解钾机理初探

摇瓶条件下 ,对硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株发酵液及其代谢产物分解钾长石的作用进行了研究。结果表明 ,培养 48h的NBT菌株发酵液能活化钾长石中的钾、硅、铝。 2 8℃振荡 1 0天后的滤液中K ,SiO2 ,Al2 O3含量分别达 1 84.1、39.8和 1 2 .6mgL- 1 ,分别比灭菌发酵液中的K ,SiO2 ,Al2 O3含量增加 1 0 6 .1 %、63 .1 %和 1 33 .3%。NBT菌株发酵液中含有大量的有机酸、氨基酸、荚膜多糖。摇瓶试验表明 ,三者都有较强的分解钾长石的能力 ,2 8℃振荡 1 0天后的滤液中的K含量分别达 1 1 0 .8、84.9和 1 9.7mgL- 1 。另外 ,三者间有明显的协同作用 ,三者的混合液可使解钾能力提高 62 .2 %。三者分解钾长石的能力是通过酸溶和络合作用来实现的。     

Proteomic analysis of up-accumulated proteins associated with fruit quality during autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) fruit ripening

Fruit ripening is a complex phenomenon that makes berries attractive and also determines their nutritional value. Autumn olive ( Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) fruit is a rich source of many human health-related nutrients. The changes in pericarp color are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Fruit quality traits with special emphasis on soluble sugars, organic acids, lycopene, and total protein contents were assayed during the fruit ripening. In the fully ripe fruit, glucose and fructose were the principal sugars, malic acid was the most abundant organic acid, and lycopene concentration was extremely high. A proteomic analysis was used to identify up-accumulated proteins induced by the ripening. Among 63 up-accumulated protein spots, 43 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. All 43 proteins were novel for autumn olive, and 8 were first reported in the fruit. Twenty-one proteins of known function were involved in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, isoprenoid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein hydrolysis. The possible roles of these 21 accumulated proteins in autumn olive fruit quality are discussed.     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中有机态氮形态的动态变化

利用接种不同外源微生物进行城市生活垃圾的堆肥试验,研究在堆肥过程中不同形态有机态氮组分的变化规律。结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,全氮与酸水解性氮含量均呈下降的趋势,其中外源微生物处理能加速全氮与酸水解性氮含量的降低,但至堆肥结束时,与不加外源微生物处理相比,并没有引起氮素的损失。氨基酸态氮含量则呈现先降低后增加的趋势,堆肥结束时,外源微生物处理氨基酸态氮含量明显高于不加微生物处理,表明外源微生物处理可促进氨基酸态的形成;酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有相同的变化趋势,各处理都是在堆肥的升温期、高温期增加,随着堆肥温度的下降而降低,在堆肥的腐熟阶段,则呈现较为平稳的走势。但相对于堆肥的不同时期,由于处理不同,酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有明显的差异,其中外源微生物处理酰胺态氮含量明显低于不加微生物处理,而氨基糖态氮则相反。     

电子束辐照对素鸡杀菌效果及品质特性影响的研究

以素鸡为试验对象,研究电子束辐照对素鸡杀菌效果及其营养品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照对素鸡的杀菌效果显著,D10=0．48kGy;8．8kGy以下电子束辐照对素鸡蛋白质、脂肪、脂肪酸、氨基酸的影响在5％水平上差异不显著,在水分含量方面差异显著;经8．8kGy电子束辐照处理的素鸡与对照素鸡相比,其感官品质未呈现显著差异。综合考虑,2．4kGy电子束辐照处理可以有效控制素鸡中的细菌而不影响其营养和感官品质,其货架期可达8d;电子束辐照素鸡的最高耐受剂量至少为8．8kGy。     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

瘤胃液对全株甜高粱青贮质量的影响

甜高粱是一种重要的能源作物,为实现长时间贮存并提升糖化效率,该研究分析了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮品质和酶解糖化效果的影响。设置R1、R3、R5和R7共4个瘤胃液处理组(添加量依序分别为1、3、5和7 mL/100 g原料)和1个对照组(CK,等量蒸馏水),考察了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮过程中有机组分、发酵品质和酶解性能等质量指标的动态影响,并跟踪解析青贮期间微生物菌群的动态演绎。结果表明,添加瘤胃液能明显减少青贮甜高粱中的干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白以及木质纤维组分含量,使青贮pH和氨氮含量显著下降(P0.05),并与瘤胃液添加量呈负相关。青贮中的乳酸、乙酸含量随瘤胃液添加量和青贮发酵时间延长而明显增加(P0.05),瘤胃液强化了青贮发酵并有助于减少干物质损失,尤其在较高添加量时,青贮60d时的甜高粱综纤维素含量反而有所增加。4种瘤胃液处理组的门水平优势细菌主要为厚壁菌和变形菌,厚壁菌相对丰度随时间延长和瘤胃液添加量的增加而逐渐增加,变形菌门丰度则逐渐下降;属水平主要以乳酸杆菌、泛菌和醋酸杆菌为主,乳酸杆菌丰度与时间、瘤胃液添加量呈正相关,而泛菌则呈减少趋势。瘤胃液强化青贮后的甜高粱还原糖得率显著提升,尤其瘤胃液添加量为7 mL/100 g的R7处理组的糖得率较原料分别提高了11.06%(30 d)和19.28%(60 d)。添加瘤胃液能有效改善青贮甜高粱的发酵质量和生物降解性能,起到生物强化的预处理作用,为甜高粱的乙醇化利用奠定了基础。     

Heating affects the content and distribution profile of isoflavones in steamed black soybeans and black soybean koji

Steamed black soybeans and black soybean koji, a potentially functional food additive, were subjected to heating at 40-100 degrees C for 30 min. It was found that steamed black soybeans and black soybean koji after heating at 80 degrees C or higher generally showed reduced contents of malonylglucoside, acetylglucoside, and aglycone isoflavone and an increased content of beta-glucoside. A lower reduction in malonylglucoside and acetylglucoside isoflavone but greater reduction in aglycone content was noted in steamed black soybeans compared to black soybean koji after a similar heat treatment. After 30 min of heating at 100 degrees C, steamed black soybean retained ca. 90.3 and 83.8%, respectively, of its original malonylglucoside and acetylglucoside isoflavone, compared to lower residuals of 80.9 and 78.8%, respectively, for black soybean koji. In contrast, the heated black soybeans showed an aglycone residual of 68.0%, which is less than the 80.0% noted with the heated black soybean koji.     

Distribution profiles of isoflavone isomers in black bean kojis prepared with various filamentous fungi

This study was conducted to compare the transformation of both isoflavone derivatives (aglycones, beta-glucosides, and acetyl and malonyl gluclucosides) and beta-glucosidase activity in kojis fermented with various generally recognized as safe filamentous fungi including Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus sojae, Rhizopus azygosporus, and Rhizopus sp. no. 2. Solid fermentation was performed to prepare the kojis by inoculating the steamed black beans with starter organism and culturing at 30 degrees C for 3 days. Results revealed that fermentation caused a marked increase in the content of aglycone (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein), the bioactive isoflavone, and a significant reduction in the content of beta-glucoside isoflavone (daidzin, glycitin, and genistin), compared with the unfermented steamed black bean. The extent of increased aglycone and reduced beta-glucoside isoflavone content varied with the starter organism used. Among the various black bean kojis prepared, the Rhizopus sp. no. 2 koji showed the highest level of enhancement in aglycone content. In the Rhizopus sp. no. 2 koji, the percentage of aglycone to total isoflavone increased from an initial approximately 2.9 to approximately 58.9% after fermentation. In comparison, the percentages found in kojis prepared with other starter organisms ranged from 18.9 to 38.9% after fermentation. Further preparations of black bean kojis with A. awamori at different cultivation temperatures (25, 30, and 35 degrees C) and various fermentation periods (1-5 days) revealed that koji prepared at 30 degrees C for 4 days showed the highest content of aglycones, with 7.7-, 5.7-, and 4.8-fold increases in the content of daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, respectively. In addition, the increase of aglycone content and the increase of beta-glucosidase activity during the fermentation of this koji showed a similar trend.     

主成分分析法优选枸杞乳酸菌发酵饮品发酵剂

乳酸菌发酵作为果蔬汁的一种绿色加工技术,不仅可以赋予产品独特的风味,还可以转化其中的活性物质,提高产品的营养价值和保健功效。该研究以湖北杂交枸杞为原料,使用6种乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌及发酵乳杆菌)进行发酵,研究发酵前后枸杞果汁理化特性、主要活性成分及体外抗氧化变化,并利用主成分分析进行综合评价优选出理想的发酵菌株。结果表明,6种乳酸菌在枸杞果汁中生长良好,活菌数均能达到10.0 lg CFU/mL以上。发酵后的枸杞果汁中总糖和还原糖含量显著降低(P0.05),且植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌产酸能力更强,发酵后总酸含量达6.74、6.07g/kg。与未发酵枸杞果汁相比,经植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁中总酚含量增加了13.76%～28.07%,而嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌发酵后无显著性差异(P0.05)。6种乳酸菌发酵后枸杞果汁中总黄酮含量增加了55.80%～161.97%。发酵枸杞果汁的抗氧化活性与发酵前相比均有显著提高(P0.05)。基于主成分分析的综合评价函数显示经植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁品质更优,适宜作为开发枸杞高值化绿色加工饮品的发酵剂。     

Relationship between varietal amino acid profile of grapes and wine aromatic composition. Experiments with model solutions and chemometric study

Synthetic solutions containing amino acids, sugar, water, and yeast nutrients have been fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the volatile composition of the fermented media has been analyzed by GC. Eleven amino acid compositions imitating the characteristic amino acid profile of 11 different grape varieties were tested. Significant differences in the levels of some important volatile compounds (ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, higher alcohols and some of their acetates, methionol, isobutyric acid, ethyl butyrate, and hexanoic and octanoic acids) were found. The levels of some of the volatile compounds are well correlated with the aromatic composition of wines made with grapes of the same varieties. A multiple linear regression study produced good models for most of the odorants for which the level was related to the must amino acid composition. Partial least-squares regression models confirm that amino acid composition explains a high proportion of the variance in the volatile composition and show that the relationship between both sets of variables is highly multivariate. According to the different models, the levels of some byproducts of fatty acid synthesis are related to threonine and serine, the level of beta-phenyletanol is closely related to the level of phenylalanine, and methionol is strongly correlated to the must methionine contents. The addition of selected amino acids to different musts confirms the previous observations.     

补料发酵法生产玫瑰醋工艺优化及风味分析

为了提高传统玫瑰醋的生产效率,以装料量为500 kg的陶缸作发酵容器,在自然发酵条件下,分别在1.5、2.5、3.5 g/100 mL的初始酸度进行补料,补料体积比(原醋液:黄酒醪)设置为2:1和1:1两种情况,完成玫瑰醋补料发酵工艺的研究。结果表明:在初始酸度2.5 g/100 mL时补加等体积酒醪,发酵过程酸度最高上升到(5.59±0.27)g/100 mL(对照组为(5.19±0.23)g/100 mL),醋酸发酵周期从90 d缩短至78 d;非挥发性有机酸积累量达(27.15±1.11)mg/mL(对照组为(24.57±0.69)mg/mL),样品酸甜适口,酸味柔和;补料成品色率达到1.8×105(对照组色率为1.9×105),色泽接近传统玫瑰醋。该工艺的完成对玫瑰醋生产企业扩大产量、提高效率有积极意义。     

硼钙营养对不同品种柑桔糖代谢的影响

连续 2年对胡柚和柑桔进行叶面喷施硼 (B)、钙 (Ca)及硼加钙 (B +Ca)溶液试验 ,以探讨B、Ca及其互作对柑桔果实糖酸代谢的影响。结果表明 ,硼 (B)、硼加钙 (B +Ca)处理能提高柑桔果实成熟前的还原糖、滴定酸含量 ,降低果实收获期的还原糖和滴定酸含量 ,并提高了果实成熟期总糖含量 ;增强柑桔果实发育初期酸性转化酶活性和果实发育后期中性转化酶活性 ;钙 (Ca)处理对柑桔糖代谢的影响效果不明显