浸卵法测定甘肃省梨小食心虫田间种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性

梨小食心虫是为害我国北方地区果树生产的重要害虫,为明确甘肃地区梨小食心虫种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,采用浸卵法测定了甘肃3个地区梨小食心虫田间种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性,并分析了其抗药性状况。结果表明,梨小食心虫田间种群对乙基多杀菌素表现为中等水平抗性[抗性倍数(R_R=10.24～14.27)],对溴氰菊酯表现为低至中等水平抗性(R_R=8.85～11.44),对高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和螺虫乙酯均表现出中等水平抗性(R_R=18.89～86.62),对阿维菌素、甲维盐和茚虫威均基本表现为高水平抗性(R_R=99.82～189.81)。研究结果可为果园科学合理用药防控梨小食心虫提供科学依据。     

Management of resistance in Bemisia in Arizona cotton

A whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) resistance crisis climaxed in 1995 in Arizona cotton and prompted the development of an integrated resistance management strategy adapted from a program implemented in Israel in 1987. The strategy incorporated two new major elements: once-per-year use of the insect growth regulators (IGRs) pyriproxyfen and buprofezin, and measures to delay use of pyrethroids for as long into the growing season as possible. A three-stage chemical use recommendation was formulated comprising IGRs (Stage I), other non-pyrethroid insecticides (Stage II), and synergized pyrethroid insecticides (Stage III). Results from use of the strategy in the 1996 season were very promising. Insecticide use for control of whiteflies was reduced substantially. State-wide monitoring of whitefly susceptibility revealed significant reductions in resistance to synergized pyrethroids as well as increased susceptibility to amitraz. Susceptibility of Lygus bugs to key insecticides changed correspondingly with increases and decreases in whitefly resistance from 1994 through 1996. ©1997 SCI     

华北和新疆棉铃虫对三类农药抗性发展趋势分析

1996－1999年监测了河北冀州,河南西华,山东高密和新疆库尔勒棉铃虫对氯氟氰菊酯,久效磷和灭多威的抗性动态变化,结果表明,新疆棉铃虫抗性水平变化很少,尚处于敏感状态或低抗水平,而华北棉铃虫已处于中到高抗水平,不同年份比较,对氯氟氰菊酯,冀州棉铃虫抗性呈下降趋势,而西华和高密棉铃虫在1996－1998年呈上升趋势,但自1998年起华北地区大量种植Bt棉,使得1999年棉铃虫抗性有所下降,对久效磷和灭多威,华北各地棉铃虫的抗性在1996－1999年均呈上升趋势。棉铃虫抗性个体频率变化趋势与上述结果基本一致。     

Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communities

During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.     

Sex-related differences in the tolerance of Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) to organophosphate insecticides

In vivo toxicity assays have shown that organophosphate insecticides are less toxic to male than to female Oriental fruit moths Grapholita molesta. While male moths have higher levels of acetylcholinesterase and general esterase activities, female moth acetylcholinesterase enzymes are less sensitive to aromatic and aliphatic organophosphates than male enzymes. Elevated esterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in male moths explain their greater tolerance to aromatic and aliphatic organophosphates. Male and female acetylcholinesterase enzymes are equally tolerant to heteroaromatic organophosphates, the most widely used of this class of insecticides in G molesta control. This observation, in contrast to the greater sensitivity of male acetylcholinesterases to aromatic and aliphatic organophosphates, shows the potential for the evolution of insensitive target sites in male moths, which would increase male G molesta tolerance to these insecticides. Significant sex-linked differences in insecticide tolerance have not been reported previously in lepidopterans. The practical implications of the observed differences in tolerance in male and female G molesta question the practice of using pheromone traps to monitor populations of these moths in orchards.     

单植和混植香梨园梨小食心虫的种群动态

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是为害‘库尔勒香梨’的主要害虫。本研究利用性诱剂诱捕器系统调查了不同栽培管理条件、果树种类和用药次数下梨小食心虫各世代的发生动态。结果表明:单植梨园全年成虫有5个高峰期,混植梨园成虫有4个高峰期。单植梨园和混植梨园梨小食心虫种群世代发生量不同,混植梨园中梨小食心虫种群世代重叠严重,发生数量是单植香梨园的4.02倍;单植梨园中管理粗放的河边梨园梨小食心虫发生较重,打药频繁的母本园发生较轻,梨小食心虫成虫第1～第4代峰期延迟8～28 d,属于迁入为害。研究还表明:在混植梨园中梨小食心虫产卵有8个高峰,幼虫孵化期有6个高峰,在世代发展中相邻峰值叠加,形成成虫期4个大峰。因此,研究不同栽培管理条件下梨园梨小食心虫的发生规律有助于对其进行科学的防治。     

Sex-related response to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in adult Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

During the development of a resistance-monitoring bioassay that uses males as the life-stage tested, the relationship of adult female and male susceptibility of Grapholita molesta to different classes of insecticides was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that more males survived diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl than females. Additional research revealed that, although the body mass of adult male G molesta was only 69% of that of female moths (5.67 and 8.20 mg, respectively), their LC50 values were 2.6, 4.1 and 10.3 times higher than those of females for azinphosmethyl, malathion and parathion-methyl, respectively. However, female G molesta moths were more tolerant to methomyl than were male moths. There was no indication that this sex-related response occurred in G molesta larvae. The results presented here raise concerns regarding the use of pheromone traps for determining whether insecticide treatments are required and as part of resistance monitoring programs.     

Management of resistance in horticultural pests and beneficial species in New Zealand

Two related insecticide resistance management programmes are under way in New Zealand horticulture. The first aims to limit the spread and impact of azinphos-methyl resistant lightbrown apple moth (LBAM) in an applegrowing district. In the second, the introduction of pyrethroid (SP) resistance in organophosphate-resistant (OP) Typhlodromus pyri makes it possible to undertake biological control of the European red mite that is compatible with SP and OP control of orchard pests. In the LBAM programme the resistant zone, which includes alternative host-plant reservoirs, has been delineated by detailed resistance monitoring with topical application of males caught using female sex pheromone. In that zone, chlorpyrifos, to which the azinphos-methyl resistant LBAM has low cross-resistance, is used in the short term to control resistant moths, while alternative measures (e. g. other insecticides and mating disruption) are investigated. Recognition of the importance of immigration from alternative host plant reservoirs has led to specific tactics such as the application of pyrethroids to non-crop areas. This resulted in a significant decrease of the resistant population. So far, however, SPs have not been registered in apple orchards because they kill OP-resistant predatory mites which control the European red mite, and also because of the lack of residue tolerances for SPs in some overseas markets. Following the assessment of the potential value of pyrethroids in pipfruit, DSIR started field selection for pyrethroid resistance in predatory mites, which was later expanded to include laboratory selection. The successful development of pyrethroid-resistant predators which retain organophosphate resistance is permitting the introduction of biological control of European red mite compatible with the use of these two classes of insecticides for control of other pests. In future, the lepidopterous pests on New Zealand apples may be controlled by pyrethroids, scales and other minor pests by organophosphates, and European red mite by multi-resistant predatory mites.     

主要农业害虫对茚虫威的抗性现状及其治理策略

茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物（decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW）后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。     

性信息素迷向丝对不同果树梨小食心虫的防控效果

2017年在宁夏果园开展了性信息素迷向丝(北京中捷四方生物科技公司生产的长效迷向丝,有效成分占30%)对为害不同果树的梨小食心虫的防控效果研究。试验地共5.5 hm~2,栽植有成龄苹果树、梨树和李树。试验区按树种设置3个处理区,3个对照区。处理区在边缘区域每株树平均悬挂3条迷向丝,内部区域隔树悬挂,每树悬挂1条迷向丝,悬挂高度为距离地面2 m。调查各树种全年诱蛾量、诱蛾下降率、蛀果率等指标,研究迷向丝对不同果树上梨小食心虫的防控效果,分析苹果、梨和李树分区域集中栽培下梨小食心虫为害特点。研究结果显示:3个处理区的诱蛾下降率均达96%以上,果实膨大期蛀果下降率均达50%以上,成熟期蛀果下降率均达57%以上,说明性信息素迷向丝对3种果树区域的梨小食心虫防控效果明显且稳定;不同果树区域梨小食心虫发生高峰期一致;梨园中诱捕的梨小食心虫成虫最多,说明其具有寄主选择性;李园蛀果率明显高于苹果园和梨园,李果实成熟采摘后成虫诱捕量减少,同时期苹果园与梨园成虫诱捕量增加,说明梨小食心虫具有迁移为害特性。     

Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides in Pakistan

Resistance to three organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides was monitored from 1992 to 2000 in field populations of adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci, from Pakistan using a leaf-dip method. There was generally a very high resistance to dimethoate and deltamethrin, and a moderate resistance to monocrotophos during 1992 to 1996. From 1997 to 2000, resistance to these insecticides dropped to low levels because of less reliance on them for whitefly control, and introduction of new chemistries with novel modes of action that had no cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Concurrently, whitefly resistance to acephate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin mostly remained low. An insecticide resistance management strategy is recommended that particularly emphasizes the rotation of still-effective insecticides from different chemical classes along with the use of novel chemicals and other tactics of integrated pest management.     

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在卫生和农业害虫防治中的广泛应用,昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生抗性的报道越来越多。目前已明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性机制包括表皮穿透率下降、靶标抗性以及代谢抗性,其中代谢抗性机制较为普遍,而且其与昆虫对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性关系密切。目前,随着基因组、转录组以及蛋白质组学等新技术的发展及应用,昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制研究也取得了很多新进展。昆虫体内细胞色素P450酶（P450s）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）等重要解毒酶系的改变均与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性有关,其中这3类解毒酶的活性及相关基因表达量的变化是昆虫对此类杀虫剂产生代谢抗性的主要原因。明确昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对合理使用此类杀虫剂及延缓抗药性的产生均具有重要意义。本文在总结拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂代谢路径及相关生物酶研究概况的基础上,综述了近年来有关昆虫对此类杀虫剂代谢抗性机制研究的主要进展。     

不同用药策略对抗性家蝇抗性演变的影响

据资料表明 ,目前大部分的农业、卫生害虫都已对一种或多种农药产生不同程度的抗性 ,而且几乎涉及所有类型农药 [1 ] 。如何通过科学用药来抑制或延缓抗性种群的抗性发展 ,成为我们今后抗性治理的重点和难点。针对敏感和抗性初始频率较低的种群所采用的轮用、混用以及使用增效剂等用药策略对有一定抗性水平的抗性种群是否仍然奏效 ?针对这一问题 ,作者以对溴氰菊酯已产生中等抗性 ( R/ S=2 8.2 4)和高等抗性 ( R/ S=5 4.1 2 )的家蝇为试虫 ,采用轮用 (换用辛硫磷 )、混用 (辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯的混剂 )、使用增效剂(溴氰菊酯与增效磷混剂 )三…     

Resistance of Pakistani field populations of spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pyrethroid,organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides

BACKGROUND: The spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Fab.) is a serious pest of cotton and okra in Pakistan. Owing to persistent use of insecticides, this pest has developed resistance, especially to pyrethroids. The present studies aimed at determining the extent of resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides in Pakistani populations of E. vittella. RESULTS: Field populations of E. vittella were monitored at Multan, Pakistan, from 1999 to 2007 for their resistance against six pyrethroid, four organophosphorus and six new chemical insecticides using a leaf‐dip bioassay. Of the pyrethroids, resistance was generally low to zeta‐cypermethrin and moderate to high or very high to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin and lambda‐cyhalothrin. Resistance to organophosphates chlorpyrifos, profenofos, triazophos and phoxim was recorded at very low to low levels. Among new chemicals, E. vittella had no or a very low resistance to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide, a very low to low resistance to abamectin, a very low to moderate resistance to indoxacarb and a moderate resistance to chlorfenapyr. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a lack of cross‐resistance between pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in E. vittella. Rotation of insecticides showing no, very low or low resistance, but belonging to different insecticide classes with unrelated modes of action, may prevent or mitigate insecticide resistance in E. vittella. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

3类功能助剂对酥梨的安全性及其对 重要害虫防效的影响

为明确3类不同功能助剂在酥梨园的安全使用技术及其对梨园重要害虫防效的影响, 在田间梨树不同发育期, 调查3类?共6种功能助剂对果实和叶片的药害率; 调查3种安全助剂与4种农药混配后对梨小食心虫和梨木虱的防效?结果表明, 6种功能助剂对梨果药害率从高到低依次为15 d幼果?45 d小果和75 d膨大期果实; 6种助剂对叶片均安全?在较低温度下施药可显著降低功能助剂对梨果的药害率?6种助剂对果实药害率从高到低依次为NF100?Silwet 408?GY-Tmax?GY-T1602? GY-T12和迈道?迈道?GY-T12显著提高22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂?20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂和5%阿维菌素微乳剂对梨木虱的防效, GY-T1602显著提高了22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂的对梨木虱的防效; 迈道?GY-T12和GY-T1602显著提高了5%阿维菌素微乳剂?20%呋虫胺可溶粒剂和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯微乳剂对梨小食心虫的防效?该结果为功能助剂在酥梨园的安全使用提供了科学依据?     

Insecticide resistance in Heliothis armigera in Australia

A voluntary insecticide resistance management strategy for the control of H. armigera was implemented in Australia in 1983 after an outbreak of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. This strategy restricts the use of pyrethroids to three sprays within a 42-day period in summer. The use of endosulfan is also restricted and rotation of other pesticides is encouraged. The effectiveness of the strategy is monitored by tests on larvae collected from two major cotton areas and from unsprayed crops in northern New South Wales. Research is under way to determine the genetic basis of two of the three mechanisms involved in resistance. One genetic component is associated with the mixed-function oxidases. Selection in the field for this semi-dominant gene (or genes) occurs in larvae 4 days or more old. It is not possible to evaluate directly the success of this strategy because there is no control area where it has not been implemented. While the long-term outcome of the strategy is uncertain, it is likely that resistance will increase in frequency.     

Mechanisms for multiple resistances in field populations of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in China

The mechanisms for multiple resistances had been studied with two field resistant strains and the selected susceptible and resistant strains of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Bioassay revealed that the two field strains were both with high resistance to pyrethroids (RR: 63-530), low to medium resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, AChE targeted insecticides (RR: 5.7-26), and no resistance to fipronil (RR: 2.0-2.2). Selection with deltamethrin in laboratory could obviously enhance the resistance of this pest to both pyrethroids and AChE targeted insecticides. Synergism test, enzyme analysis and target comparison proved that the pyrethroid resistance in this pest associated only with the enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MFO) and esterase. However the resistance to the AChE targeted insecticides depended on the target insensitivity and also the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase. Thus, the cross-resistance between pyrethroids and the AChE targeted insecticides was thought to be resulted from the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase.     

Development of resistance to pyrethroids in insects resistant to other insecticides

Resistance to pyrethroids in insects is rare, but its recent rapid development in the field suggests that this resistance may be facilitated by previous exposure to or by resistance to insecticides of unrelated groups. To test this houseflies of strain 49_r2b, originally resistant to dimethoate in the field, were selected eight times during ten generations with either pyrethrum extract or bioresmethrin with or without piperonyl butoxide or with dimethoate. Selecting with any of the pyrethroids led to resistance to these insecticides and in particular to pyrethrum/piperonyl butoxide. Selecting with pyrethrum/piperonyl butoxide resulted in strongest resistance to the pyrethroids tested, whereas selecting with bioresmethrin/piperonyl butoxide resulted in least resistance. These results show that dimethoate-resistant flies selected with pyrethroids can readily develop resistance to these insecticides, but development of resistance can be minimised by using bioresmethrin/piperonyl butoxide. The implications of these findings on the sequential use of insecticides are discussed.     

辽宁海城梨小食心虫成虫发生规律调查

通过监测辽宁海城地区不同梨园和不同立地条件下梨小食心虫成虫的发生数量,调查了该地区梨小食心虫发生消长规律以及发生高峰期,确定了7月中下旬是喷施农药的关键时间点.在梨小食心虫蛀梨果时期,化学药剂处理园梨小食心虫数量(45.5头)比空白园内数量(59头)明显降低,并且发生高峰推迟,高峰持续时间短.对不同品种梨园的调查结果表明,南果梨园中的梨小食心虫数量明显高于尖把梨园中的数量.不同树龄对梨小食心虫发生动态也有影响,老果园第1个和第3个发生高峰均较盛果园提前.不同光照条件对梨小食心虫数量有一定影响,阳坡的梨小食心虫数量大部分时间段明显多于阴坡的数量.诱虫盆对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果好于诱虫屋效果.上述结果可为科学掌握梨园内梨小食心虫的发生规律,提出综合防治策略提供依据.     

Target site insensitivity mutations in the AChE and LdVssc1 confer resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region

A survey of resistance to five conventional insecticides was conducted in 2009 and 2010 for the first generation 4th-instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata from Urumqi, Changji, Qitai and Qapqal. Compared with the Tekes population, a reference susceptible population, the Changji and Qapqal populations exhibited very high to moderate levels of resistance to cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, moderate to high levels of resistance to carbosulfan and carbofuran, and low levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl. Moreover, the Urumqi and the Qitai populations reached a high and a moderate level of resistance to carbosulfan, respectively. Synergistic effects of triphenyl phosphate, diethylmeleate, and piperonyl butoxide on cyhalothrin and carbosulfan in Changji population revealed that cytochrome P450s were involved in the resistance to cyhalothrin but not carbosulfan. A modified bi-PASA was developed to simultaneously detect point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVssc1 genes. The former mutation resulted in the resistance to carbamates and the latter in the resistance to pyrethroids. The rates of homozygous and heterozygous resistant individuals to carbamates (S291G mutation) were 17.6% and 14.7%, 50.6% and 42.2%, 49.9% and 41.7%, 51.3% and 41.4%, and 44.8% and 47.4%; to pyrethroids (L1014F mutation) were 5.8% and 8.7%, 36.1% and 27.0%, 41.8% and 24.8%, 12.2% and 9.7%, and 7.9% and 10.6%, respectively, in samples from Tekes, Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. I392T point mutation in the AChE was detected by RT-PCR among 18 individuals from Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. These results demonstrated that point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVscc1 are responsible for, at least partially, the resistance to carbamates and pyrethroids in L. decemlineata in some field populations in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.