解析有机肥在果树栽培中的施用技术

近年来,我国果蔬市场对于绿色无添加的有机果蔬产品需求量与日俱增,有机肥料是栽培有机果蔬过程中的主要生产资料,有机肥的应用不仅可以提升土壤的肥力,更能促使果树茁壮成长,为果农创造更高的经济效益。     

Foundations of production and consumption of organic food in Norway: Common attitudes among farmers and consumers?

In Norway, the production andconsumption of organic food is still small-scale. Research on attitudes towards organic farming in Norway has shown that most consumers find conventionally produced food to be good enough. The level of industrialization of agriculture and the existence of food scandals in a country will affect consumer demand for organically produced foods. Norway is an interesting case because of its small-scale agriculture, few problems with food-borne diseases, and low market share for organic food. Similarities between groups of consumers and producers of food, organic and conventional, when it comes to attitudes concerning environment, use of gene technology, and animal welfare have implications for understanding market conditions for organically produced food. The results of our study indicate that organic farmers and organic consumers in Norway have common attitudes towards environmental questions and animal welfare in Norwegian agriculture. Conventional farmers have a higher degree of agreement with the way agriculture is carried out today. Unlike organic farmers and consumers, conventional farmers do not see major environmental problems and problems with animal welfare in today's farming system. But like the organic farmers and consumers, and to a stronger degree than conventional consumers, conventional farmers renounce gene technology as a solution to environmental problems in agriculture. These results are discussed in relation to their importance for the market situation for organically produced foods.     

Environmental beliefs and farm practices of New Zealand farmers Contrasting pathways to sustainability

Sustainable farming, and waysto achieve it, are important issues foragricultural policy. New Zealand provides aninteresting case for examining sustainableagriculture options because gene technologieshave not been commercially released and thereis a small but rapidly expanding organicsector. There is no strong governmentsubsidization of agriculture, so while policiesseem to favor both options to some degree,neither has been directly supported. Resultsfrom a survey of 656 farmers are used to revealthe intentions, environmental values, andfarming practices for organic, conventional,and GE intending farmers. The results show thatorganic and conventional farmers are relativelysimilar but contrast to GE intending farmers,especially with respect to perceivedconsequences of each technology. While 75%of farmers have not yet made a commitmentto either technology, one fifth were GEintending and one quarter may become organic.Organic farmers have different attitudes tonature, matched in part by conventionalfarmers. In terms of policy for sustainableagriculture, the results suggest that organicand conventional farmers are incrementallymoving towards agroecological sustainabilitywhile GE intending farmers are committed tointensive production methods of which GEproducts are potentially important. GEintending farmers reject incrementalism infavor of a revolutionary technological fix forsustainability concerns in agriculture.Overall, the results show that there areclearly two different paradigms ofsustainability among farmers. Policies that areseeking to achieve sustainable agriculture needto address the tensions that span the differentparadigms.     

State-centered versus Nonstate-driven Organic Food Standardization: A Comparison of the US and Sweden

Organic food standardization is an increasingly important strategy for dealing with consumer concerns about the environment, animal welfare, health, and the economic structure of food production. But the ways in which this consumer-oriented strategy is introduced, organized, and debated vary considerably across countries. In Sweden, a nongovernmental organization [KRAV (Association for Control of Organic Production)] – consisting of social movement organizations, associations for conventional and organic farmers, and the food industry – has been quite successful in promoting organic food labeling as an eco-label. KRAV has developed a complementary position vis-à-vis the state and EU regulatory framework. In the US, the federal government controls standardization. The government frames the label as a “marketing label,” thus rejecting the idea that organic food production would have any significant advantages for the environment or, indirectly, for human health. This framing is separate from the ones created by organic constituencies, leading to deeper controversies than in Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to examine why standardization has followed different patterns in the two settings. We analyze context factors (i.e., political culture, pre-regulatory arrangements, and organizational structures) and process factors (i.e., framing and organizing). What are the benefits of a state-centric versus a nonstate-driven approach regarding powerful standardization? The paper shows that both settings provide not only “threats of regulatory occupation” from actors not committed to organic principles but also avenues for substantial standardization in the future, albeit through different channels.     

永宁县有机大米产业发展的SWOT分析

银川市"十二五"规划提出了打造"生态文明城市"的目标,力争到"十二五"规划末期,建成有机大米生产基地1.33万hm2,永宁县政府也制定了0.67万hm2有机大米生产基地的发展规划.通过对有机农业的产生和发展谈起,对永宁县概况进行了描述,并利用SWOT分析对永宁县发展有机大米的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行了分析.     

Understanding how farmers choose between organic and conventional production: Results from New Zealand and policy implications

Research on organic farmers is popular but has seldom specifically focused on their motivations and decision making. Results based on detailed interviews with 83 New Zealand farmers (both organic and conventional) are presented by way of a decision tree that highlights elimination factors, motivations, and constraints against action. The results show the reasons that lie behind farmers' choices of farming methods and highlight the diversity of motivations for organic farming, identifying different types of organic and conventional farmers. Policies to encourage organic production should focus on attitudes, technology, and finances.     

毕节金沙县有机烟叶规模化发展策略研究

为了改善烟叶质量和减少部分有害物质,有机烟叶生产方式在国内已经开始规模化种植,但仍处于探索阶段。通过对毕节金沙县有机烟叶规模化种植现状的调查分析,探讨其规模化种植的有效途径,不仅能促进金沙县合理调整农业产业结构,发展具有比较优势的产业,而且对于农民增收和改善生态环境也具有重大意义。     

有机管理对茶园节肢动物群落稳定性的影响

通过对不同管理的有机茶园和常规茶园益、害节肢动物群落的调查,并根据群落指标:丰富度、均匀度、多样性指数、优势度分析群落的稳定性。研究结果表明,有机管理的茶园群落稳定性大于对照茶园。根据最远距离法进行聚类分析,有机管理茶园和常规管理茶园分属不同的类群,说明有机管理方式有利于茶园节肢动物群落的稳定。     

中国棉花产业发展现状及展望

棉花是中国种植业生产中产业链最长的大田经济作物,其商品率高达95%以上,但棉花产业尚存在许多不足之处,需要涉棉企业、棉农、科技人员、学者进一步关注,如自主种业、品牌培育、清洁生产、统防统治、贸易依存度、产业安全、规模经济、产业组织等因素影响中国棉花的产业竞争力和可持续发展。中国棉花种植以新疆、黄河流域、长江流域为主,其中新疆棉花产量占全国产量的67%,已形成规模化和机械化种植,而长江、黄河流域仍以小规模种植为主,没有充分发挥新型经营主体的带动作用,无法形成规模化种植和机械化生产,且缺乏集棉花生产、加工、销售为一体的综合数据平台,在棉花的专业化服务、全程服务和托管式服务方面仅有数家。中国棉花产业未来发展方向和目标应是提升棉田生产规模化、机械化、智能化、信息化、服务社会化水平,研发轻简化生产技术使棉农有尊严快乐植棉,降低生产成本,解决谁来种地的问题,掌控棉花产业链条的主动权。文中从棉花产业链的供求角度出发,阐述了中国棉花种植面积和总产量大幅减少、产业布局上新疆一枝独秀、国内消费有所降低但供求形势有所好转、进口量长期大于出口量和纺织业优势递减的发展现状,分析了中国棉花产业在生产环节、产业布局、组织管理、平台建设等方面存在的问题,借鉴美国和澳大利亚在棉花品种、生产技术、机械化和国家政策的种植经验和发展优势,结合中国供给侧结构改革的政策背景,从培育棉花新品种、研发轻简化和机械化新技术、投入农机设备、优化品种品质和区域布局、科学防治病虫害提高棉花质量、制定棉花目标价格制度、提高棉花生产保险额度、加大对棉农、棉商、农机制造商、纺织企业、出口商等的补贴力度和政策保障力度、发挥产学研优势和棉花协会功能、构建产供销一体化平台、完善棉花供需调控体系、建设现代植棉业服务体系、借助“一带一路”契机带动棉花和纺织业走出国门等多个层面提出相应的对策建议,从而刺激国内有效供给,尽快实现中国棉花产业供需平衡。最后,对中国棉花产业进行展望,将“三去一降一补”应用于棉花产业,并顺应全球棉花去库存的格局,未来两年棉价将有所上涨。     

新疆棉花比较优势分析

20世纪90年代以来,在国家的大力支持下,新疆棉花生产发展迅速。2005年棉花播种面积1743.8万亩,总产达到195.7万吨,建成了全国最大的优质商品棉基地。棉花生产对自治区国民经济的发展起到了极其重要的作用,棉花收入也成为新疆农民收入的重要来源。2000年以后,新疆更是将棉花作为经济的发展的主要物质,新疆棉花在全国棉花行业也是一枝独秀.撑起中国棉花的半壁江山.新疆棉花的生产优势不但在自然条件上具有优势,在规模上,资源利用上等都具有一定的优势.本文用比较优势的方法分别从规模优势,效率优势和综合比较优势上来分析1994-2005年新疆棉花在中国的产业发展规律。     

常规茶与有机茶比较的经济分析

有机茶的生产已成为目前茶叶市场需求的趋势.本文从产量、成本、价格和利润方面对常规茶和有机茶的生产进行了经济比较,并分析生产有机茶的潜在社会效益.提出了有机茶的生产是可持续农业发展的重要组成部分,是未来茶叶发展的方向.     

Comparison of energy consumption and economic performance of organic and conventional soybean production——A case study from Jilin Province,China

Modern agriculture heavily depends on energy consumption, especially fossil energy, but intensive energy input increases the production cost for producers and results in environmental pollution.Organic agricultural production is considered a more sustainable system, but there is lack of scientific research on the energy consumption between organic and conventional systems in China.The analysis and comparison of energy use between the two systems would help decision-makers to establish economic, effective and efficient agricultural production.Thus, the objectives of the present study are to analyze energy inputs, outputs, energy efficiency, and economic benefits between organic and conventional soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merrill) production.A total of 24 organic farmers and 24 conventional farmers in Jilin Province, China, were chosen for investigation in 2010 production year.Total energy input was 71.55 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 96.18 GJ ha–1 in the organic system, resulting in an energy efficiency(output/input) of 1.34.Total energy input was 9.37 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 113.4 GJ ha–1 in the conventional system, resulting in the energy efficiency of 12.1.The huge discrepancy in energy inputs and respective efficiencies lies in the several times higher nutrient inputs in the organic compared to the conventional production system.Finally, the production costs ha–1 were 33% higher, and the net income ha–1 25% lower in the organic compared to the conventional soybean production system.It is recommended to improve fertilizer management in organic production to improve its energetic and economic performance.     

不同有机肥料对有机稻米品质的影响

[目的]研究4种常用有机肥在相同氮素条件下对有机稻米品质的影响,为有机稻生产用肥提供理论依据.[方法]有机稻栽培模式下,设置不同有机肥种类的处理,通过对稻米的加工、食味、蒸煮、营养以及安全品质的测定分析,探讨不同的施肥种类对有机稻米品质的影响.[结果]稻米的加工、食味、蒸煮品质主要取决于稻米种植品种,单一农家肥料能改善稻米的食味、蒸煮特性和营养水平,但存在安全风险,商品有机肥具备单一农家肥的优点,且能有效控制安全品质.[结论]商品有机肥适用于有机稻的生产;单一农家肥应控制重金属的含量,选择符合有机生产要求的原料.     

2013年近期棉花市场形势分析与展望

2013年以来中国棉花市场整体平稳运行。国内籽棉收购价格保持平稳,皮棉价格稳中有涨。国际现货市场价格在期货价格上涨带动下先连续上涨后小幅下跌,内外棉价差缩小,中国棉花进口量大幅减少。受2012年棉价低位运行影响,主产国植棉意向明显下降,预计2013／14年度全球植棉面积、产量双双下降,国内棉花种植面积下降6．55％。     

中棉在山东的传播及其对经济社会的影响

通过对明代中期以前山东农业种植的结构中棉的考证,论述了中棉在山东的传播时间和途径,比较分析中棉传播引起传统种植结构的变化,从根本上改变了衣被面料的变革。对经济社会、农业生产、生活等方面产生了巨大的影响。文章从史学和生物学的观点出发,论证了中棉在山东的传播过程以及中棉所蕴藏的极高的实用价值和商品价值。指出了中棉的传播原因,有官方劝种的因素,有中棉适应性强的因素,还有社会需求量加大的经济社会因素。中棉成功的引种、大面积的传播推广,是中国经济发展史中的里程碑,是中国农业历史中的一次重要革命。     

中国棉花产业百年发展历程

棉花既是人们的衣着之源,又是关系国计民生的重要物资,在整个国民经济中占有非常重要的位置。在中国两千多年的植棉历史长河中,中国棉花经历了从无到有、从小到大、从弱到强的发展历程,其间有坦途,也有曲折;有成功,也有失败;有经验,也有教训。本文重点回顾中国民国时期至今的棉花产业发展历程,总结中国在这一学科或产业领域取得的创新突破、重要成果、重要贡献、 重要人物等情况。     

论常用肥料类型与绿色食品的生产

详细阐述了常用的肥料类型,有机肥料、无机肥料和有机无机复合肥料的特点与绿色食品生产之间的关系。尤其是创新地把有机肥分为传统有机肥和现代有机肥两大类,并加以分类说明,明确尿素是一种合成有机肥。生产绿色食品必须在产地空气、水质和土壤环境达标的基础上,以优质无害的有机肥料、无机肥料相结合才能生产出相应的绿色食品,同时可使土壤的保肥、供肥能力和自净能力等得到相应提高。     

Forces impacting the production of organic foods

Roughly 20 percent of organic cropland wasdevoted to produce compared to only 3 percent forconventional agriculture in 1995. At the otherextreme, only 6 percent of organic cropland was incorn production while 25 percent of all croplandproduced corn. Only 30 percent of all organicfarmland was in pasture and rangeland compared to 66percent of all farmland. Clearly, these differencesreflect the greater importance of meat and dairyproduction in agriculture overall than in the organicsubsector. In recent years, the organic industry hasgrown not only in volume but in products offered,moving well beyond fresh produce into dairy, snacks,and frozen foods. The estimated growth in retail salesof organic foods averaged over 20 percent a year forthe last eight years compared to only two percent inthe food industry overall, reaching an estimated $4.5billion in 1998. The mix of commodities produced atthe farm level have and will continue to change inresponse to several dynamic forces, including consumerdemand, regulation, and consolidations, mergers, andmainstream entrants at the farm, manufacturing, andretail levels. Consumer demand for organic foods hasbeen spurred by a number of factors including concernsover pesticide residues on foods, food produced usinggenetically modified organisms (GMOs), and hormones indairy and meat products. These concerns coupled withthe overall increase in demand for convenience foodsexplain the phenomenal recent growth of over 70 percent in sales of organic snacks, candy, and frozenfoods. The result has been increased demand forGMO-free grains for snacks, cereals, soy products, andfeed for dairy cows. The recent allowance by USDA forthe labeling of meat and poultry as organic willaccelerate already heightened demand for organic grainand feed from the organic dairy industry. Although thefastest growth in organic foods has been in categoriesother than produce, clearly produce plays an importantrole in the consumers decision on where to shop, anddemand should increase with the overall increase inthe number of organic consumers. Market outlets nowinclude sophisticated natural food store chains,gourmet specialty stores, and e-commerce, allowing fora broadened array of products. Mainstream agriculturalproducers, manufacturers, and supermarket chains haveentered the organic marketplace at a time of lowprices for commodities at the farm gate, fiercecompetition for retail shelf space, and increasinglysophisticated targeting of consumers. Inevitably,these changes in food products offered and in retailoutlets will lead to an organic agriculture thatincreasingly resembles the conventional foodindustry.     

Converting or not converting to organic farming in Austria:Farmer types and their rationale

Reasons for converting to organic farming have been studied in a number of instances. However, the underlying rationale that motivates the behavior is not always made clear. This study aims to provide a detailed picture of farmers decision-making and illustrate the choice between organic and conventional farm management. Based on 21 interviews with farmers, a decision-tree highlighting the reasons and constraints involved in the decision of farmers to use, or not to use, organic production techniques was formulated. The accuracy of the decision-tree was tested through a written survey of 65 randomly sampled farmers. The decision-tree permits the identification of decision criteria and examines the decision-making process of farmers in choosing their farming method. It also allows for the characterization of farmer strategies and values, identifying five types of farmers: the committed conventional; the pragmatic conventional; the environment-conscious but not organic; the pragmatic organic; and the committed organic. The importance of taking into account heterogeneity in farmers attitudes, preferences, and goals and their impact on the choice of a farming method is emphasized.Ika Darnhofer is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. She received both her MSc and PhD in Agricultural Economics from the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, working on issues of agricultural development in Africa. Her current research interests include economic and sociological analyses of factors that shape farmers land use decision-making behavior, with a particular focus on organic farming.Walter Schneeberger is a Full Professor of Farm Business Management and Head of the Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. His current research interests include the economics of producing and processing agricultural products and farm business management for both conventional and organic farms.Bernhard Freyer is a Full Professor of Organic Farming and Head of the Institute of Organic Farming of the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. His work on organic farming focuses on its agronomic aspects (plant cultivation, crop rotations, and soil fertility) as well as on the analysis of conversion to organic farming (planning process, farm development) and its potential for regional development.     

拔棉柴机的设计研究

随着棉花种植面积的扩大,拔棉柴已成为农村一项较重的劳动,农民迫切需要性能优良的拔棉柴机。针对目前拔棉柴机工作效率低、漏拔率高、拔断率高、易拥堵、适应性差的问题,我们研究设计了性能优良的拔棉柴机,采用了V型齿盘式拔棉柴器、弹性浮动式的夹持装置和水平拔拉的工作原理。实验表明:该机在茎杆直径为10～25mm,机组以2m/s工作速度工作时,拔净率达到96%,拔断率为2%,作业性能满足农艺要求,完全可以量产和推广。