Features of soil enzyme activities and the number of microorganisms in plantations and their relationships with soil nutrients in the Qinling Mountains, China

We studied the distribution of soil nutrients, the number of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities, and their relationships in pure and mixed plantations. Soil enzyme activities, the number of soil microorganisms, and soil nutrients were measured in plantations of Chinese pine (Pinustabulaeformis), larch (Larix kaempferi), sharp tooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata), Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa fargesii), and mixed plantations in the Qinling Mountains, China. Compared with pure plantations, the conifer-broad-leaved broadleaf mixed plantations increased total N, available N, total P, available K, and organic matter in the forest soil; promoted the activities of invertase and urease by 16.7% and 53.8%; and increased the total amount of soil microorganisms by 95.9% and the number of bacteria by 104.5% (p<0.05). The correlations between soil enzymes, number of microorganisms, and soil nutrients were significant (p<0.05), and the correlations between the number of soil bacteria and basic nutrient prosperities (total N, available N, available K, and organic matter (OM)) were significant or highly significant. The correlations between the number of soil actinomycetes, and soil total N, available N, OM, and pH were also significant or highly significant. A suitable mixture of planted conifers and broad-leaved species improves the quality and amount of soil nutrients, increases the number of soil microorganisms and changes their redistribution. The change of soil enzymes and the number of soil microorganisms are indications of the change tendency of soil nutrients. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2008, 36(10): 88–94 [译自: 西北农林科技大学学报]     

Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial biomass in eroded hilly Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%–144.22%, 34.17%–117.09%, 31.79%–79.94% and 26.78%–87.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%–77.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality. __________ Translated from Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 20–27 [译自: 自然资源学报]     

The effects of vegetation restoration strategies and seasons on soil enzyme activities in the Karst landscapes of Yunnan,southwest China

Soil enzymes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functions. In this study, we examined the response of six soil enzymes to changes in physicochemical properties resulting from changes in season and vegetation and geological conditions. Catalase,urease, acid phosphatase, invertase, amylase, and cellulase not only promote carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling, but also participate in the decomposition of harmful substances. Thirty-six soil samples were collected from karst and non-karst areas in two different seasons and from three different types of vegetation in Yunnanprovince, southwest China. Both vegetation types and season had significant effects on soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities. In the same plot, soil water content, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus increased in the rainy season, indicating enhanced microbial metabolic activity.With the exception of urease activity, the remaining five enzymes showed higher activity in the rainy season.Changes in activities between the two seasons were significant in all samples. In the same season, activity levels of soil enzymes were higher in karst areas than in non-karst areas, and higher in natural forest than in artificial forests.The transformative abilities of soil elements are higher in karst areas than in non-karst areas, and higher in natural forests than in artificial forests. Correlation analysis showed that the activities of the six enzymes correlated significantly; however, soil physical and chemical indices,such as organic matter, p H, and moisture, which are essential for enzyme activity, differed by season. Redundancy analysis also revealed that the main factors influencing enzyme activity differed between the two seasons.The results from this study provide a theoretical basis for further research on the restoration of natural ecological systems in karst landscapes.     

Effects of the vegetation restoration years on soil microbial community composition and biomass in degraded lands in Changting County,China

We evaluated the effects of the number of years of restoration of vegetation on soil microbial community structure and biomass in degraded ecosystems.We investigated the microbial community structure by analyzing their phospholipid fatty acids then examined microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction of restoration soils over several years.The data were compared with those of highly degraded lands and native vegetation sites.The results show that the duration of vegetation on the sites substantially increased microbial biomass and shifted the microbial community structure even after only 4 years.However,microbial communities and biomass did not recover to the status of native vegetation even after 35 years of vegetation cover.A redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium,soil water content,silt content and soil hardness explained 98.4% of total variability in the microbial community composition.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium and soil water content were positively correlated with microbial community structure and biomass,whereas,soil hardness and silt content were negatively related to microbial community structure and biomass.This study provides new insights into microbial community structure and biomass that influence organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,and clay content in soils at different stages of restoration.     

湘中丘陵区4种植被类型土壤全磷、有效磷含量的变异特征

为揭示中亚热带植被恢复对土壤磷(P)有效性的影响机制,在湘中丘陵区选取了地域毗邻、环境(土壤、气候)条件基本一致、处于不同植被恢复阶段的4种植物群落——檵木-南烛-杜鹃灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-柯(又名石栎)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)以及柯-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)为研究对象,设置固定样地,按0～10、10～20,20～30,30～40 cm分层采集土壤样品,测定不同季节土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量,比较研究不同植被类型土壤TP、AP含量的差异及其季节变化特征。结果表明:1)不同植被类型同一土层TP含量在各季节总体上随着植被恢复而增加,且LAG与LCQ、LVR(除夏季外)差异显著;季节变化也基本一致,除LAG 0～10 cm土层外,均表现为"夏高冬低(或秋低)型"。2)不同植被类型同一季节同一土层AP含量夏、冬季差异较大,而春、秋季较小,不同植被类型同一土层AP含量在各季节的变化不完全随着植被恢复而逐渐增加;但同一土层AP的季节平均含量基本上随着植被恢复而增加,同一植被类型不同土层AP含量的季节变化不尽相同。3)土壤TP、AP含量与群落总生物量、地上部分生物量、根系生物量、凋落物层现存量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著的负相关关系。4)不同植被类型群落生物量、土壤粘粒百分含量、有机碳含量、全N含量、pH值的差异显著影响土壤TP、AP的含量。     

Diversity of soil microorganisms in natural Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China

To better understand the distribution of soil microorganisms in Populus euphratica forests in Xinjiang, northwestern China, we studied and compared the populations and numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the soil at four different age stages of natural P. euphratica forests, i.e., juvenile forests, middle-aged forests, over-mature forests and degraded forests. Results showed that there were clear differences in the amount of microorganism biomass and composition rates across the four forest stages. Dominant and special microorganisms were present in each of the four different soil layers. The vertical distribution showed that the microorganism biomass decreased with increasing soil depth. The population of microorganisms was the lowest at 31–40 cm of soil depth. The microorganisms consisted of bacteria, actinomycetes, as well as fungi. Bacteria were the chief component of microorganisms and were widely distributed, but fungi were scarce in some soil layers. Aspergillus was the dominant genus among the 11 genera of fungi isolated from the soil in different age stages of P. euphratica forests. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(5): 127–131 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Conservation and restoration of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China

In “West Development” of China, one of the most important activities is the Natural Forest Protection Program, designed to swiftly convert the focus of management and utilization of the natural forests from a timber orientation towards forest conservation, sustainable management and environmental protection. The project covered almost all the arid and semi-arid regions in Northwest region. Accompanying this great campaign this paper studied the conservation and restoration model of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands in Northwest China. The past practices have resulted in considerably natural forest degradation and loss through land conversion (primarily for agriculture), over-harvesting, inadequate reforestation and lack of protection. The consequences have been the loss of soil and water resources, diminished timber production capacity on a sustainable basis, and environmental losses. This paper applied Aronson’s restoration model and proposed the conservation, restoration, re-allocation and preservation program for the implementation of environmental improvement and natural forest conservation.     

生草对山核桃林地土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]采用人工生草和清耕的方法,对比分析了油菜、绵枣儿、野豌豆3种不同生草处理对山核桃林地土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响,以期为山核桃生态栽培管理中林下生草提供理论依据.[方法]山核桃林下设置3种人工生草及清耕4个处理,4年后对林下各生草处理土壤酶及土壤养分进行方差分析及相关性分析.[结果]山核桃林下不同生草处理后,0～...     

银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

为了揭示银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,对不同种植模式的土壤酶活性与土壤养分进行采样分析。结果表明,与纯茶园相比,银杏茶间作模式土壤养分和酶活性高于单作模式,土壤酶活性均随着土层垂直深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分的相关分析结果显示:土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量具有较高的相关性,因此土壤酶活性可以作为土壤养分评价的一个重要指标。     

喀斯特地区人工林土壤速效养分与酶活性的季节变化

为合理管理退化的喀斯特地区新造人工林,对杜仲林、桤木林、冰脆李林的土壤速效养分和土壤酶活性的季节变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:3种林分土壤速效养分含量和土壤酶活性均表现出明显的季节动态。根据林地速效养分的减少主要由林木吸收所致,可知N肥施用,杜仲、桤木林以9月至次年1月为好,冰脆李林以11月至次年1月为好;P肥施用,杜仲、冰脆李林以7—11月或1—5月为好,桤木林以3—5月或7—9月为好;K肥施用,杜仲、桤木林以9—11月为好,冰脆李林以11月至次年3月为好。3种人工林的脲酶活性表现为春夏季高,冬季低,多酚氧化酶活性表现为春秋季高,冬季低,过氧化氢酶活性表现为秋冬季略高,春夏季略低,而碱性磷酸酶活性的季节变化3种人工林不尽相同。     

湘西北石漠化区不同植被类型土壤C、N、P的化学计量特征

探讨湘西北石漠化区阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林和灌木丛4种典型植被类型各土层土壤有机C、全N和全P及其土壤化学计量特征的变化规律。结果表明:1)4种植被类型土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量均随土层深度的加深而下降,不同植被类型土壤有机C和全P均表现为:阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林>灌木丛。2)阔叶林和针阔混交林0～20 cm土壤有机C比灌木丛分别高出了158.98%和64.87%;土壤全N和全P含量的变异系数较小,仅为0.26和0.21,属弱变异,在4中植被类型和不同土层间,其值比较稳定。3)不同植被类型土壤C/N和C/P均表现为:阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌木丛>针叶林,其中阔叶林和针阔混交林0～20cm土壤C/N显著高于针叶林和灌木丛,分别高出了132.98%和92.72%;土壤C/P和N/P的值较稳定,变异幅度较小,变异系数仅为0.23和0.25,属弱变异。4)相关性分析表明,土壤有机C和全P与土壤化学计量比具有较强的正相关性,土壤C/N与有机C和全P具有显著正相关关系,土壤C/P与土壤有机C具有极显著正相关关系,土壤N/P与土壤有机C和全P具有显著负相关关系。5)主成分分析表明,阔叶林对土壤有机C、全N和全P及其化学计量比的影响最为显著。     

The influence of soil conditions on regeneration establishment for degraded secondary forest restoration, Southern China

To assess the impact of soil conditions on regeneration establishment we chose three diversity indexes as quantitative indicators of the understory of degraded secondary tropical forest, and selected two different function groups of species for subsequent restoration management. By applying redundancy analysis (RDA) the factors affecting understory diversity and species richness and number of different function groups were investigated. RDA showed that soil conditions had a positive effect (all contribution rates exceeded 55%) in explaining regeneration diversity, grouped species richness and number. Soil available P were the main factors affecting understory diversity and species richness, while pH value and available K were the main factors affecting species number and target species. The response of regeneration to pH value, available P and available K were different. This analysis could be used to determine suitable soil conditions for different restoration purposes. The results should be useful for effective and scientific management of regeneration restoration in the future.     

Rhizosphere and bulk soil enzyme activities in a Nothotsuga longibracteata forest in the Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve,Fujian Province,China

The rhizosphere, distinct from bulk soil, is defined as the volume of soil around living roots and influenced by root activities. We investigated protease,invertase, cellulase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities in rhizosphere and bulk soils of six Nothotsuga longibracteata forest communities within Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, including N. longibracteata + either Phyllostachys pubescens, Schima superba, Rhododendron simiarum, Cunninghamia lanceolata, or Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and N. longibracteata pure forest. Rhizosphere soils possessed higher protease, invertase, cellulase, urease,and acid phosphatase activities than bulk soils. The highest invertase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were observed in rhizosphere samples of N. longibracteata+ S.superba. Protease was highest in the N. longibracteata + R. simiarum rhizosphere, while cellulase was highest in the pure N. longibracteata forest rhizosphere.All samples exhibited obvious rhizosphere effects on enzyme activities with a significant linear correlation between acid phosphatase and cellulase activities(p \ 0.05) in rhizosphere soils and between protease and acid phosphatase activities(p \ 0.05) in bulk soils. A principal component analysis, correlating 13 soil chemical properties indices relevant to enzyme activities, showed that protease, invertase, acid phosphatase, total N, and cellulase were the most important variables impacting rhizosphere soil quality.     

沙地植被恢复不同结构湿地松林分土壤养分效应及综合评价

由于历史原因、自然因素和人为干扰，鄱阳湖区土地风沙化问题成为南方生态环境突出问题之一，为揭示湿地松在沙地植被恢复中的土壤养分效应，在江西南昌县岗上镇风沙化综合治理示范区为试验点，以不同结构湿地松林分为研究对象，并以裸沙地为对照，分别在湿地松+灌+草、湿地松+草、湿地松纯林林分及裸沙对照地内各设立3个面积为20 m×20 m的样地，调查测定不同结构湿地松林主要养分含量，并通过灰色关联度分析，对不同结构湿地松林土壤养分进行综合评价。结果表明：湿地松+灌+草能够显著提高土壤的养分含量，灰色关联度为0.923，土壤肥力最高，湿地松+草除了对土壤全钾的含量没有显著影响，对其他养分含量均有显著提高，灰色关联度为0.612，土壤肥力一般。湿地松纯林土壤的有效磷、速效钾含量显著低于裸沙地，灰色关联度为0.485，土壤肥力较差。结果表明，湿地松林+灌+草土壤肥力最高，表明湿地松林+灌+草结构的配置对改善沙地土壤养分效果较其他两种林分结构最佳。     

猕猴桃园套种蕺菜对土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响

为了提高猕猴桃果实产量与品质,在猕猴桃园以套种蕺菜、清耕和对照作为试验处理,测定不同时期猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量、酶活性和果实产量及品质,分析其相关性。结果表明:套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照处理提高13.95%、7.92%和3.94%,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别提高19.01%、28.89%和16.32%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性分别提高17.02%、12.63%、17.57%和7.98%,单果质量和单位面积产量分别提高7.14%和7.68%,维生素C、干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和可滴定酸含量分别提高7.97%、18.29%、2.09%、12.37%和14.18%。相关性分析结果表明,套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤速效钾含量与土壤中细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶活性显著正相关,与磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤真菌数量与蔗糖酶活性极显著正相关。土壤放线菌数量与蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性显著正相关。土壤速效磷含量与维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量极显著负相关,与干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量与维生素C含量极显著负相关。土壤真菌数量与维生素C含量显著负相关。土壤脲酶活性与干物质含量显著正相关,与可滴定酸含量显著负相关。维生素C含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性极显著负相关,与土壤磷酸酶活性显著负相关。套种蕺菜有利于提高猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性,增加猕猴桃果实产量,改善猕猴桃果实品质。     

Review and proposals on vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China

A group of scientists conducted a comprehensive investigation on ecological safety and water and soil erosion in the Northwest Loess Plateau, Northwest China. The data gathered was analyzed in terms of achievement, existing problems, and strategy and measures on vegetation restoration in the area. Since the policies of conversion from cropland to forest (CCF) and forbid grazing and cutting (FGC) were carried out, vegetation quality and coverage rate increased quickly in the Loess Plateau area, strengthening the concept of eco-environment protection. Environment harness measurements were optimized. The multiform investments on eco-environment and urbanization development in China will benefit vegetation restoration. However, there have been some persisting problems, such as the shortage of investment, instability of government policy, expectation of extravagant economic benefit, larger rate of plantation, and scarce technologies supporting vegetation restoration. Many key theories and practice problems require an urgent resolution. In the future, short-, mid-, and long-term goals for vegetation restoration should be clear, achievement should be expanded, and the natural restoration area should be increased. The benefit for the contractor on vegetation restoration should be ensured. Investment on vegetation building research work should be increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(1): 102–106 [译自: 林业科学]     

Diversity and structure of woody vegetation across areas with different soils in Gonarezhou National Park,Zimbabwe

Despite the importance of edaphic factors in influencing woody vegetation diversity and structure in savannas, there is still limited research on the topic across most savanna ecosystems. Here we investigate the differences and/or similarities of woody vegetation diversity and structure across areas with different edaphic factors (i.e. soil group) in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. We stratified our study area into two strata based on soil group, namely siallitic soil in northern Gonarezhou and regosol soil in central Gonarezhou. Data were collected from 96 sample plots between March and April in 2011. Our results showed significantly higher woody species diversity in siallitic soil stratum compared to regosol soil stratum. In contrast, there were no significant differences in woody vegetation structure between the two study strata. Our results suggest that soil variations play an important role in influencing woody vegetation diversity more than woody vegetation structure in Gonarezhou. Future studies should investigate the role of soils on a specific woodland type's composition and structure, and also determine the interactive effects between soils and other environmental determinants in Gonarezhou and similar protected areas in savanna ecosystems.     

灰木莲人工林地土壤微生物及酶活性分析

对广西现代林业科技园优良树种展示区的灰木莲8年生(G1)和灰木莲45年生(G2)的0～20cm土层一年四季的微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明:灰木莲幼林(G1)与成熟林(G2)的林地土壤微生物和土壤酶有明显的差异。微生物总量和细菌数量的季节变化,G1均为夏>冬>秋>春,而G2是秋>冬>夏>春。真菌数量上无论是G1或G2均是秋季最多而冬季最少。放线菌数量的季节变化是,G1:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,G2:冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。对两种林地不同季节的微生物而言,春秋冬季的细菌>放线菌>真菌,夏季则是细菌>真菌>放线菌。土壤蛋白酶活性表现为:G1,春>夏>秋>冬;G2,秋>春>夏>冬,而G1和G2的过氧化氢酶活性均是冬>夏>秋>春。     

湖南衡山萱洲国家湿地公园植被调查研究

为调查湖南衡山萱洲国家湿地公园内植被分布情况,为生物资源的科学保护管理提供参考依据。通过标准地调查与样线调查相结合方法可知,湿地公园内植被类型可划分为57个群系,其中森林植被划分为11个群系,湿地植被46个群系,群系类型多样,物种组成丰富,森林植被表现出中亚热带常绿阔叶林的特点,湿地植被是衡山县、衡东县的典型代表。