Genetic analysis of growth and wood variations in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

We selected 28 populations of Leucaena leucocephala from different geographical locations in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa of India on the basis of height and girth at breast height (GBH). We evaluated fiber length, optical density, wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel element diameter, specific gravity and lignin of these populations of L. leucocephala in different sites. Populations had significant variations for all growth, wood and paper parameters. Girth at breast height (GBH) and specific gravity were the most important parameters for heritability and genetic gain, respectively. The minimum heritability was reported for vessel element length and genetic gain for fiber length. The populations were grouped into six clusters, cluster II had maximum number of populations (14) and clusters IV and VI had one population each. GBH contributed maximum of 34.39 % towards total divergence followed by specific gravity (14.02%). An economic technique to produce quality seed by establishing seed orchards with genetically divergent parents was suggested. The hybridization among the populations selected from diverse clusters could produce greater heterosis needed for higher growth and suitable wood and paper manufacturing parameters.     

Variations in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity of half sib progenies of Populus deltoides

We studied radial and inter-progeny variations in the dimensions of the wood elements and specific gravity of 21 half sib progenies of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. The female parents of half sibprogenies were G48 and S7C13 clones. Variance ratio (F) test indicated that inter-progeny variations in the dimensions of wood elements andspecific gravity were significant for all wood traits while variations were significant for radial location for specific gravity only. Hierarchical cluster analysis was done by Squared Euclidean Distance for all of 21 progenies considering six wood traits. 21 progenies were grouped into 4 clusters. Cluster 1 was the largest cluster with 11 progenies, whereas cluster 3 had only one progeny. Selected progenies in clusters 3 (progeny 155,male) and 4 (progeny 108, 196, both female) were highly divergent from the other progenies so they were used in combinations as parents of hybrids to develop new clones with desired characters. Progeny 155 showed higher growth, fiber dimensions, and specific gravity, thus,should be used for the development of new clones.     

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal, and single tree variations of wood anatomical properties and specific gravity of clonal ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Inter-clonal, intra-clonal and within tree variations in specific gravity and wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old grown ramets of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. have been investigated. Radial and location-wise intra-clonal variations were non-significant for anatomical properties and specific gravity for all six clones at all three sites. However, inter-clonal variations in wood anatomical properties and specific gravity were significantly different. Inter-clonal variations in anatomical properties and specific gravity were also significant due to sites, which indicated that site-characteristics overshadowed the genetic priority of different clones for wood anatomical properties. Average fiber-characteristics of all clones showed the best performance at Lalkuan, Haldwani (site III), while average specific gravity performed well at Brandis Road, Dehradun (site I) followed by site III (Lalkuan, Haldwani) and site II (Lachchiwala, Dehradun). Within tree variations in anatomical properties like fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter due to vertical or radial direction and location (pith to periphery) are non-significant. Radial direction, location and height showed no impact on wood element variation. It indicated that there is no impact of juvenile wood, sapwood and heartwood ratio, and reaction wood on wood anatomical properties of 8-year-old ramet of D. sissoo. It further indicated that clone raised ramet of 8-year-old D. sissoo showed the characteristics of mature wood. Within tree variations in specific gravity were significant due to height, which may be related to differential sapwood and heartwood ratio in the vertical direction. Different wood elements viz. fiber length, fiber diameter, wall thickness, vessel member length and vessel member diameter showed significant correlations with each other and with specific gravity.     

滇楸无性系早期木材性状变异与评价

目的 为解析滇楸无性系材性遗传变异规律,提高滇楸材性的遗传改良效率。 方法 以生长于贵州的20个滇楸无性系为试验材料,测定了其树高、胸径、木材基本密度、胞壁率、双壁厚、胞腔直径和纤维长度等生长和材性指标;通过最大似然法估计了性状的遗传参数,分析了性状间的遗传相关和表型相关;以聚类和隶属函数法相结合的方法评价了无性系材性优良程度。 结果 结果表明：滇楸无性系间具有显著的材性差异;各性状的表型变异系数为6.21%~21.29%;木材基本密度、胞壁率和双壁厚受较强的遗传控制,重复力分别达0.88、0.87和0.73;遗传和表型相关分析结果发现,基本密度与管孔率、胞壁率和双壁厚均呈显著或极显著正相关,遗传相关系数分别为0.542、0.908和0.747。木材密度与胞腔直径各项性状的遗传相关均呈负相关。木材密度与其余材性性状的遗传相关系数绝对值均大于表型相关系数绝对值,材性性状的相关主要取决于遗传因素。回归分析进一步表明,木材基本密度与胞壁率和双壁厚有明显的正向线性关系,而与弦向胞腔直径和弦向中央直径有明显的负线性关系。 结论 滇楸无性系间材性差异显著,存在较大的变异程度;聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价得出,滇楸无性系可分为：A高木材密度型,B短纤维型;C低木材密度型,D长纤维型,四大类型。     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨 5 0号为母本和青杨 5个种源 (各 10个单株 )为父本杂交 ,获得杂种F1代无性系 ,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明 ,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异 ,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著 ,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著 ,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响 ,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异 ,具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性     

美洲黑杨与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源(各10个单株)为父本杂交,获得杂种F1代无性系,对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究.结果表明,父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异,F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异.杂种F1代无性系扦插苗父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著,1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著,表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响,F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异,具有选择潜力.杂种F1代叶片形态与苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性.     

Possibility of improvement in fundamental properties of wood of acacia hybrids by artificial hybridization

Growth, specific gravity, and wood fiber length of Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, artificial acacia hybrid clones, and combinations, which were planted in a trial forest in Bavi, Vietnam, in July 2001, were examined. The radial variations from pith to bark were investigated to clarify the effect of genetic factors on these traits. Superiority of hybrids over their parents ranged from 36.3% to 41.6% for diameter, from 20.0% to 25.3% for height, from 6.9% to 20.7% for specific gravity, and from 6.1% to 12.8% for wood fiber length. The hybrid possessed heterosis in diameter, height, specific gravity, and wood fiber length regardless of whether the female parent was A. mangium or A. auriculiformis. The profiles of wood fiber length and specific gravity in the radial direction were similar for all the trees investigated. Wood fiber length was initially 0.5–0.6 mm near the pith and then increased slowly, finally reaching 1.0–1.2 mm near the bark. The specific gravity of acacia increased from 0.49–0.58 near the pith to 0.63–0.74 near the bark. From a relative distance of 30% from the pith, the specific gravity increased slightly and seemed to be stable. The relations among tree diameter, specific gravity, and wood fiber length were fair and could be represented by positive linear regression formulas. Hybrids for which A. auriculiformis was the female parent and A. mangium was the male parent had a faster growth rate and longer wood fibers than the inverse hybrids. Part of this report was presented at the 6th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference, Kyoto, Japan, December 2005     

Effect of growing site on the fundamental wood properties of natural hybrid clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> in Vietnam

We investigated clonal and site variations in wood fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity of seven natural hybrid clones of Acacia (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) grown in northern and southern Vietnam. Fiber length did not differ between clones or between sites. The microfibril angle of the S₂ layer did not significantly differ between clones but significantly differed between sites. Clone and site significantly affected specific gravity. The significant effects of genetic × environmental interactions on wood properties indicated the difference in the response of clones to different growing conditions. The trends of changes in fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity from the vicinity of the pith to near the bark were similar for all clones at each site; however, variations in fiber length, microfibril angle, and specific gravity were more visible in northern Vietnam than in southern Vietnam, with a significant effect of genetic factors. This difference may be attributable to winter, which is experienced in northern Vietnam but not in southern Vietnam. For clone selection for plantation in the northern region, combining growth rate with wood properties was recommended. On the other hand, for plantation in the southern region, clone selection depends mainly on the growth rate, taking into consideration the specific gravity.     

36个美洲黑杨无性系基本材性遗传变异的研究*

山东省长清县３６个８年生美洲黑杨无性的木材基本密度、纤维长度，树高和胸径在无性系间的变异达极显著水平，用选优法选出５个密度较高，纤维较生，生长较快的优良无性系，它们的引种号分别是１３号，３号，３４号，２２号和８号，除２２号起源于加拿大外，其余均起源于美国，木材基本密度，纤维长度，树高和胸径的广义遗传力分别为０．３２、０．４０、０．４３和０．７１，材性和生长性受中等或较强遗传控制。树木生长速度分别与     

Within tree variation in anatomical properties of some clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.

 Within tree variation in anatomical properties of four and half year old grown Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. clones have been investigated and correlated with specific gravity. Vessel frequency, vessel diameter and fiber length were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the clones of different parameters. Fiber length was positively correlated with fiber diameter and double wall thickness. Tissue proportions did not show any significant variation from bottom to top. However, highly significant differences have been found between clones among four cell types except fibers. Specific gravity is positively correlated with ray percentage, fiber percentage – vessel percentage ratio and negatively correlated with vessel percentage, while all other anatomical parameters including height and girth have no effect. Received 25 August 1998     

Xylem vulnerability to cavitation varies among poplar and willow clones and correlates with yield

Xylem vulnerability to cavitation is a promising criterion for identifying trees with high drought tolerance, but traditional techniques for measuring cavitation resistance are unsuitable for screening large numbers of genotypes. We tested the potential of the new Cavitron technique for high throughput screening of cavitation resistance in five poplar (Populus spp.) and four willow (Salix spp.) clones. The Cavitron technique enabled the screening of three to four clones per day with sufficient accuracy to reveal significant differences between clones. Because intraspecific screening may be better carried out through the identification of correlated and more easily measured traits, we attempted to identify accessible parameters that correlate to cavitation resistance. Variability in vulnerability to cavitation across clones was poorly correlated with anatomical traits such as vessel diameter, vessel wall strength, wood density and fiber wall thickness; however, a striking correlation was established between cavitation resistance and aboveground biomass production, indicating a possible trade-off between xylem safety and growth potential.     

Wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pericopsis mooniana</Emphasis> grown in a plantation in Indonesia

The relationships between growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated for a threatened species, Pericopsis mooniana, to promote the establishment of plantations of this species in the tropics. Growth characteristics (diameter and height) and stress-wave velocity (SWV) of trees were measured for 22-year-old P. mooniana trees planted in Indonesia. The trees were categorized into three groups, fast-growing, middle-growing, and slow-growing trees, to investigate the effect of growth rate on the wood properties. In addition, radial variation of anatomical characteristics and wood properties were determined. No significant correlation was found between growth characteristics and SWV. The values for the vessel diameter, cell wall thickness of wood fibers, wood fiber length, basic density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture from wood at the bark side were higher than those at the pith side. On the other hand, vessel frequency gradually decreased from pith to bark. These results suggested that low-quality wood, such as juvenile wood, existed near the pith area.     

Early selection for resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterobasidion parviporum</Emphasis> in Norway spruce is not likely to adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance

Infections with Heterobasidion parviporum devalue the Norway spruce timber as the decayed wood does not meet the necessary quality requirements for sawing. To evaluate the incorporation of disease resistance in the Norway spruce breeding strategy, an inoculation experiment with H. parviporum on 2-year-old progenies of 466 open-pollinated families was conducted under greenhouse (nursery) conditions. Lesion length in the phloem (LL), fungal growth in sapwood (FG) and growth (D) were measured on an average of 10 seedlings for each family. The genetic variation and genetic correlations between both LL, FG and growth in the nursery trial and wood quality traits measured previously from 21-year old trees in two progeny trials, including solid-wood quality traits (wood density, and modulus of elasticity) and fiber properties traits (radial fiber width, tangential fiber width, fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness, microfibril angle and fiber length). For both LL and FG, large coefficients of phenotypic variation (>?26%) and genetic variation (>?46%) were detected. Heritabilities of LL and FG were 0.33 and 0.42, respectively. We found no significant correlations between wood quality traits and growth in the field progeny trials with neither LL nor FG in the nursery trial. Our data suggest that the genetic gains may reach 41 and 52% from mass selection by LL and FG, respectively. Early selection for resistance to H. parviporum based on assessments of fungal spread in the sapwood in nursery material, FG, will not adversely affect growth and wood quality traits in late-age performance.     

尾叶桉材性指标在株内、株间和无性系间的变异性研究

以8年生尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)无性系林为试材,就材性指标在株内、株间和无性系之间变异进行了研究分析。结果表明:纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比、管孔弦向直径、纤维双壁厚度和纤维壁腔比在树干水平方向上的不同部位具有极显著性差异,呈由内向外逐渐增大的规律;微纤丝角度、单位面积管孔数和纤维腔径比在树于水平方向上的不同部位亦具有极显著性差异,但呈由内向外逐渐减小的规律;而木材胞壁率、木纤维比量、导管比量、射线比量、轴向薄壁组织比量和木纤维胞腔直径在树干水平方向上没有显著性变异;主要材性指标在同一无性系内的植株之间无显著性差异,但在无性系之间的差异均达到显著或极显著性水平。     

杨树无性系生长和材性的遗传变异及多性状选择

以７年生２５个杨树无性系为材料研究了生长和材质性状的遗传变异及性状之间的相关．６个性状纤维长、纤维宽、长宽比、木材密度、树高、胸径在无性系间均存在极显著的差异。生长和材质性状受中等更强度的遗传控制．６个性状的重复力分别为８１．９％，７３．３％，７０．５２％。６４．３％．６８．８％，７０．５４％．胸径和树高之间、纤维长度与纤维长宽比、胸径之间、木材密度与胸径之间都呈现出较高的遗传正相关．宜接选择效果优于间接选择，指数选择优于直接选择。由４性状树高、胸径、纤维长度与基本密度配合的选择指数对本实验群体比较合适。利用选择指数评选出４个生长和材质兼优的优良无性系。     

Genetic variation of wood tracheid traits and their relationships with growth and wood density in clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis>

To improve wood quality for pulpwood industries, it is important to examine not only wood density but also its components, especially tracheid characteristics. We studied genetic variations in the following tracheid traits by earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW): tracheid length (TL), double wall thickness (WT), radial lumen diameter (R_D1), tangential lumen diameter (T_D1), radial central diameter (R_D2), and tangential central diameter (T_D2). We also studied the relationship with the following growth traits: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), crown breadth south-north axis (NSC), crown breadth east–west axis (EWC), ring width (RW), latewood percentage (LWP), and wood density (WD). All sample materials were collected from a 33-year old clonal seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Genetic variation among clones was moderate for all tracheid traits, 9.49–26.03%. Clones significantly affected WT, R_D1, R_D2, T_D1, T_D2, and the two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 in EW but had no effects in LW. Clones significantly affected TL in LW but had no effects in EW. \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in LW (0.50) than in EW (0.20) for TL, while \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in EW (0.27–0.46) for other tracheid traits and the two ratios (TL/T_D2 and WT/R_D1) than in EW (0.06–0.22). WD and TL were significantly positively correlated, but WT and TL were negatively correlated both at individual and clone levels; all tracheid diameters and the four ratio values (EW_WT/R_D1, LW_WT/R_D1, EW_TL/T_D2 and LW_TL/T_D2), were strongly positively correlated with DBH, H, NSC, WEC and RW, and strongly negatively correlated with WD both at individual and clone levels. The most important variables for predicting WD were LW_TL, EW_WT and R_D1 in both EW and LW (r² = 0.22). Selecting the top 10% of the clones by DBH would improve DBH growth by 12.19% (wood density was reduced by 0.14%) and produced similar responses between EW and LW for all tracheid traits: a reduction of 0.94 and 3.69% in tracheid length and increases in tracheid diameters (from 0.36 to 5.24%) and double wall thickness (0.07 and 0.87%). The two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 across tissues (EW and LW) declined 0.59 and 4.56%, respectively. The decreased tracheid length and the ratio between tracheid length and diameter is disadvantageous for pulp production. The unfavorable relationship of tracheid traits with wood density indicate that multiple trait selection using optimal economic weights and optimal breeding strategies are recommended for the current long-term breeding program for P. tabuliformis.     

Variation analyses of growth and wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix olgensis</Emphasis> clones in China

The growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree) and wood properties [wood density (WD), fiber length, fiber width, ash content (AC), lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content (HEC), and holocellulose content] of 208 26-year-old Larix olgensis clones were analyzed. Except for WD and AC, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) for all traits among clones. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and repeatability of all traits were 9.34–35.33% and 0.218–0.930, respectively. Tree height and diameter at breast height showed significant positive correlation; however, the correlation coefficients among growth characteristics and wood properties were mostly not significant. Ten clones (L70, L56, L82, L90, L59, L91, L61, L92, L86, and L64) were selected as excellent clones under a selection rate of 5%, using tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree as evaluation indexes, providing genetic gains of 28.69, 17.96, and 0.67%, respectively. Ten clones (L88, L305, L59, L66, L253, L304, L277, L298, L248, and L293) were selected as excellent clones using wood properties as an evaluation index, with a selection rate of 5%, providing genetic gains in WD, fiber length, fiber width, cellulose content, and HEC of 4.14, 3.64, 9.28, 6.77, and 9.61%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting excellent L. olgensis clones.     

日本落叶松纸浆材优良家系多性状联合选择

以12年生日本落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林为研究对象,对生长、干形和材性性状进行相关分析、通径分析及间接选择研究,利用综合选择指数法开展了日本落叶松纸浆材优良家系选择,并为湖北等亚热带高海拔山区筛选出一批生长、干形和材性兼优的家系,最后提出了日本落叶松纸浆材选育指标及优良家系利用途径。研究表明:生长性状与纤维长度之间存在显著正相关关系,与壁腔比之间存在显著负相关关系,与木材密度、1%NaOH抽出物、综纤维素含量间相关不显著;木材密度与主枝长之间,纤维长度与主枝长、主枝粗和新枝粗之间,晚材壁腔比与主枝粗、主枝长、皮厚、冠幅、新枝数之间,1%NaOH抽出物与主枝长之间存在显著正相关关系。各控制性状对单木材积直接作用的大小依次为:胸径、树高、主枝长、壁腔比、主枝粗、皮厚、冠幅、晚材纤维长和早材纤维长,其中胸径和树高2个性状对单株材积性状的直接作用占材积总变异的63%,虽然冠幅、壁腔比等性状对单木材积的直接控制作用很小,但这些性状通过胸径对单木材积具有很大的间接遗传控制作用,由这9个性状组成的控制系统可以说明单木材积变异的98.66%。     

桉树纸浆材生长、材性指标近交退化和杂种优势分析

以尾叶桉 (EucalyptusurophyllaS .T .Blake)自交F1子代、尾叶桉株间杂交F1子代、尾叶桉自由授粉F1子代和尾×巨桉 (E .urophylla×grandis)种间杂交F1子代林为试材 ,讨论分析了桉树生长、材性指标的近交退化和杂种优势规律性 .结果如下 :①尾叶桉近交退化现象呈现自交子代比自由授粉子代显著 ,生长性状比材质性状显著的规律性 .②尾叶按自交子代树高、胸径和材积具有显著至极显著的近交退化 ;生材含水率、木材基本密度和树皮厚度无近交退化 .③尾叶桉自由授粉子代树高、胸径和材积有一定程度的近交退化 ,但不甚显著 ;生材含水率、木材基本密度和树皮厚度无近交退化 .④尾叶桉与巨桉种间杂交子代的树高、胸径和材积可获得显著的杂种优势 ,但不同杂交组合的杂种优势率大有差别 ;子代的生材含水率、木材基本密度和成熟材纤维长度无杂种优势 ;子代的树皮厚度和 1%NaOH抽提物含量呈显著性降低     

Genotypic variation in wood properties and growth traits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> hybrid clones in southern China

Growth traits, wood properties and bark percentage were assessed for 19 hybrid eucalypt clones at three sites in southern China sampled at age 51 months. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences in growth traits and wood properties between clones and sites, and that the clone × site interactions were also significant except for basic density. Coefficients of variation ranged from 8.4 to 27.9% for growth traits, 2.7–11.1% for wood properties and 14.0–23.3% for bark percentage. Repeatability ranged from 0.73 to 0.96 for growth traits, 0.32–0.93 for wood properties and 0.77–0.88 for bark percentage. Strong genotypic correlations between the same traits in clones at pairs of sites indicated that the traits were rather stable across sites. The genotypic correlations between growth traits and basic density ranged from −0.67 to 0.43, and generally favorable negative genotypic correlations between growth traits and bark percentage were also found. The correlations between growth traits and Pilodyn pin penetration were positive, ranging from 0.28 to 0.65 and therefore unfavorable as lower wood density will be associated with higher values of Pilodyn pin penetration and improved growth rate. The correlations between traits assessed using non-destructive field methods and wood property assessment results indicated that Pilodyn and Fakopp microsecond timer tools can be confidently used to indirectly select for fiber width and basic density.