中国林产品质量与标准化技术研讨会在杭州召开

<正>2014年6月,"中国林产品质量与标准化技术研讨会"在杭州召开,公益性行业"双打(打击制售假冒伪劣商品、打击侵犯知识产权)"专项的林业相关产品检验鉴定技术标准研讨会同期召开,旨在通过研讨,加强林产品质量和标准化研究,通过质量监控手段,促进我国林产品产业的转型升级。会议由全国人造板标准化技术委员会和木材标准化技术委员会主办,中国林科院木材工业研究所和浙     

热处理木材及其在欧洲的发展

有效的利用木材资源是一个令人们关注的重要课题,尤其是在森林覆盖率低的国家。由于环保意识的增强,人们对木材的功能性改良越来越多地侧重于采用物理处理方法。在这样的背景下,木材热处理在许多发达国家迅速的蓬勃发展起来,尤其是在欧洲。欧洲许多国家的科研机构和生产企业都进行了大量的研究,一些大的木材热处理厂也相继建立。本文回顾了木材热处理技术的发展历程,列举了热处理木材在以荷兰、德国、法国和芬兰为代表的欧洲国家中的工业化现状,总结了热处理材性能改善的原因、环境特性以及性能和用途。图2参26。     

中国林产品质量与标准化研讨会落幕

正2016年9月,"第三届中国林产品质量与标准化研讨会暨木材工业供给侧改革柳州论坛"在广西柳州顺利召开。会议由全国人造板标准化技术委员会、全国木材标准化技术委员会、中国林科院木材工业研究所、柳州市林业局主办,全国人造板标准化技术委员会秘书处、木材所标准化与产业风险研究室、广西林业产业行业协会、广西林产品质量检验检测中心承办。来自全国科研、高校、企业以及当地政府和林业部门的240余名代表出席会议。     

首届全国集成材先进制造技术及应用高峰论坛成功举办

正围绕"生产专业化发展产业化"的主题,首届"全国集成材先进制造技术及应用高峰论坛"2016年9月在山东烟台盛大召开。论坛由我国木材科学与技术的最高专业科研机构——中国林科院木材工业研究所主办,木材所信息中心和威力(烟台)木业技术有限公司承办,山东省家具协会、太尔化工、博海威玛、春喜硬木、普陆洁尘、富士木业协办,以及国家木竹产业技术创新战略联盟、国家人造板与木竹制品质量监督检验中心、全国木材标准化技术委员会、全国人造板标准化技术委员会等单位的大力支持。     

美国的木材保护产业及其标准体系

概述美国木材保护产业的现状,介绍美国木材保护标准体系的基本组成及重要标准,对我国木材保护标准化工作提出建议.     

木材高温热处理技术研究进展

高温热处理技术是木材功能性技术中市场转化率最高和未来前景广阔的主要技术之一,生产过程中不添加化学试剂,在改善尺寸稳定性、生物耐久性、木材材色及声学特性等性能同时不损失产品的环保性能.但高温处理存在木材的力学性能和表面润湿性降低、生产能耗高及废气排放量大等问题,因此了解高温热处理技术对木材材性及性能的影响及作用机理,对进...     

花卉认证对我国花卉产业发展的影响

论述了花卉认证在中国的发展,从花卉生产、花卉贸易、花卉产业结构调整、花卉产业管理体制与经营机制改革等方面分析了花卉认证对我国花卉产业发展可能产生的影响,建立和实施花卉认证标准和体系将全面提升我国花卉产品的国际竞争力,促进我国花卉产业的健康持续发展.     

热改性木材的加工与应用

热改性木材(炭化木)不仅具有防腐及抗生物侵袭的作用,而且材质稳定,不易变形和开裂.经过热处理的木材具有美观、耐久、环保的特性,适合用作室内外任何实木用途的建材和饰材.目前,芬兰的生产技术较先进;法国、德国等发达国家的技术也具有独特的性质和发展方向.我国的热改性木材加工刚刚起步,目前尚未形成生产规模,且独立开发能力较弱.作者阐述了热改性木材的加工工艺和应用范围,旨在促进我国新产品的研发和利用.     

《木材工业标准化工作手册》编写

<正>《木材工业标准化工作手册》,由全国木材标准化技术委员会、全国人造板标准化技术委员会、全国林业生物质材料标准化技术委员会、国家林业局林产品质量和标准化研究中心组织编写,定位为木材工业行业标准项目申报、制定、管理、实施的工具书,旨在总结木材工业标准化工作的实践经验,普及标准化工作知识,推动现代木材工业标准化创     

2010年热处理（ThermoWood）木材销代强劲回升

总部设在芬兰（Finland）的国际热处理木材协会（International Thermo WoodAssociation,ITWA）公布的生产数据,表明了欧洲（Europe）热处理业务最近的发展。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.