杉木成熟合子胚器官发生和体胚发生

以杉木成熟合子胚为起始外植体,研究基本培养基、不同种类的细胞分裂素及生长素对杉木器官发生和体胚发生及不定芽生根的影响,并用石蜡切片法观察不定芽和体胚的发生和发育过程.结果表明:DCR 6-BA 1.0mg·L-1 TDZ 0.002 mg·L-1 NAA 0.1 mg·L-1对成熟合子胚诱导不定芽最有效;DCR 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1 TDZ 0.003mg·L-1 NAA 0.1 mg·L-1是成熟合子胚诱导体胚的最佳培养基;不定芽在DCR基本培养基中可有效伸长;1/4MS IBA 0.2 mg·L-1 NAA 0.1 mg·L-1对不定芽生根最有效.石蜡切片观察表明:不定芽有2种发生方式,一种是表皮及表皮下的3～4层细胞分生组织化发育而成,另一种是外植体内部的小维管束脱分化发育而成.2种发生方式均为直接器官发生途径.     

湿地松成熟合子胚直接器官发生及植株再生

以湿地松成熟胚为外植体诱导不定芽发生,初步建立植株再生体系.先用含不同浓度6-BA的液体培养基处理湿地松成熟胚12～36 h,吸干后转移到无激素的培养基上培养.6周后,经60mg·L-1 6-BA液体培养基预处理12 h的胚不定芽诱导率最高达69%,预处理24 h平均每个外植体产芽数达到最高(9～12个),但芽体较小,在继代培养基中伸长较慢;经30 mg·L-1 6-BA液体培养基预处理的胚不定芽诱导频率较低,仅25%～38%,但芽体健壮,在继代培养基中伸长较快;6-BA浓度大于80 mg·L-1时不利于不定芽分化.不定根诱导的研究结果表明,NAA对不定芽生根具有促进作用,在改良1/2GD NAA0.05mg·L-1培养基中培养4周后,生根率达50%,移栽成活率为60%左右.     

美国黄松离体胚培养条件下不定芽的形成与根产生的研究

以美国黄松成熟胚为外植体在MS、GD、SH和N6 培养基上诱导不定芽 ,试验结果表明 ,基本培养基的种类对外植体不定芽的诱导起主要作用 ,GD最好 ,SH次之 ,MS和N6 最差。GD 0 5mg·L- 1 6 BA ,对外植体不定芽的诱导率达 5 5 % ,平均增殖率为 6 ,最大增殖率达 10 ;NAA不利于外植体不定芽的诱导 ;培养基中加入适量的活性炭有利于不定芽的形成和生长。对不定芽在GD、SH和 1 2SH培养基上进行生根诱导 ,试验结果表明 ,基本培养基的种类对不定芽形成根起主要作用 ,GD、SH不能诱导不定芽生根 ,1 2SH可以使不定芽生根 ,其对不定芽的诱导率为 2 2 % ,1 2SH NAA 0 5mg·L- 1 对不定芽生根的诱导率为 3 3% ;NAA对不定芽生根具有促进作用。在离体培养条件下 ,以美国黄松种胚为外植体获得了再生小植株     

巨桉无性系EG5叶片高效再生体系的建立

以巨桉栽培无性系EG5无菌苗的叶片为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导与植株再生研究。结果表明:愈伤组织高效诱导和不定芽分化的最适培养基为改良MS+0.12 mg·L-1TDZ+0.25 mg·L-1NAA;硝酸铵对EG5叶片愈伤组织生长及植株分化的影响较大,最适宜质量浓度为0.412 5 g·L-1;最佳伸长培养基配方为改良MS+0.3 mg·L-16BA+0.05 mg·L-1IBA+0.3 mg·L-1IAA;暗培养10 d能促进不定芽分化,延缓愈伤组织老化和褐变速度。生根培养基为改良MS+0.4 mg·L-1NAA时生根率最高,为65.47%,移植成活率为90%以上。     

东京樱花组培快繁技术研究

以春季萌发的东京樱花嫩枝为外植体,研究植物激素、GA3等因素对东京樱花的组织培养的影响。实验结果表明:在MS+BA1.0mg·L-1+NAA0.1mg·L-1的培养基上,不定芽诱导率达95.83%;不定芽的最佳增殖培养基为MS+BA1.0mg·L-1+NAA0.1mg·L-1+GA30.5mg·L-1;当芽伸长至2cm时,将其切下置于生根培养基1/2MS+NAA0.1mg·L-1+IBA0.5mg·L-1中,生根率达95%以上,移栽成活率达90%。     

银中杨茎段离体培养再生植株研究

以银中杨茎段为外植体,建立组织培养系统.试验结果表明,MS为最适基本培养基;各激素对诱导不定芽的作用大小为TDZ＞6-BA＞KT,诱导不定芽的最佳培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L-1TDZ+蔗糖20 g·L-1+琼脂0.7%;诱导不定芽再生的最佳光质为白光或黄光;生根培养基以1/2MS+0.5 mg·L-1IBA+蔗糖2...     

京2杨组培条件的优化及再生体系建立

以京2杨为研究对象,确定了影响其组培苗生长的关键因子及组培苗生长的最佳条件,并为其建立了稳定高效的再生体系.试验结果表明:京2杨组织培养的最适基本培养基为MS培养基,继代培养基和不定芽最佳生根培养基均为1/2MS NAA 0.08 mg·L-1 IBA 0.08 mg·L-1;培养基中加入活性碳不利于京2杨生长;光周期对京2杨的生长影响较小,但光照强度和继代培养基pH值对其生长影响显著,最适光照强度为2500 lx,最适pH值为6.5;无菌苗叶片最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS BA 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA 0.1 mg·L-1,叶柄最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS BA 1.0 mg·L-1 NAAO.2 mg·L-1.     

火焰卫矛组织培养及植株再生研究

以火焰卫矛成熟胚培养长出的子叶为外植体进行组织培养及植株再生研究,建立了火焰卫矛再生体系,成熟胚培养基为WPM+TDZ 0.5 mg.L-1;子叶愈伤组织诱导和不定芽分化培养基为WPM+6-BA 6 mg.L-1+IBA 0.2 mg.L-1;生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg.L-1+活性碳0.5 g.L-1。     

湿地松不定芽分化生根与解剖观察

以湿地松器官性愈伤组织为材料,开展不定芽分化、生根与组织解剖学的研究.试验结果表明:不定芽分化最佳培养基为TX+BA 0.5 mg·L-1+IBA 0.5 nag·L-1+30 g·L-1蔗糖;不定芽同步发育最佳培养基为TX+IBA0.5 mg·L-1+30 g·L-1蔗糖;生根培养,初期以无大量元素培养基诱导生根、25天后添加大量元素的培养程序可有效缩短生根培养时间,提高生根率;亮白色、半紧实结构的外部形态及"拟分生组织"的内部结构是器官性愈伤组织的重要标志.     

思茅松丛生芽诱导及植株再生

以思茅松成熟合子胚培育的无菌苗的带子叶顶芽为外植体,建立了思茅松组培的丛生芽诱导、伸长和生根的植株再生体系。丛生芽诱导培养基为1/2MS+2.0～3.0 mg.L-16-BA+0.05～0.1 mg.L-1NAA,其诱导率为93.3%;丛生芽伸长诱导培养基为1/2 MS+0.05 mg.L-1NAA;丛生芽小芽不定根诱导培养基为1/2MS+2.0 mg.L-1IBA,其生根率为46.67%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.